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] | |||
The '''Declaration of Independence''' is the statement by which the ] in North America declared themselves independent of the ] as the new nation, ''The United States of America.'' The Declaration, written chiefly by ], explained the justifications for doing so. It was ratified by the ] on ], ] in ]. A later engrossed copy was signed by the delegates and is on display in the ] in Washington, D.C. It is considered to be the founding document of the United States of America, where July 4th is celebrated as ]. | |||
==History== | |||
===Background=== | |||
] was the principal author of the Declaration.]] | |||
By justin pfeffer boarder4life@aol.com Σ<ref></ref>Ṇ<includeonly></includeonly>ǁ⅓αǂØΒĝ ΡĒήíŠ{{}} | |||
Throughout the 1760s and 1770s, relations between Great Britain and thirteen of her North American colonies became increasingly strained and distant. Fighting broke out in 1775 at ], marking the beginning of the ]. Although there was little initial sentiment for outright independence, the view of the British as oppressors had widened after the passage of the ], which struck strongly against colonial self-rule. The rising tide against British rule was exemplified and strengthened by Penises such as the ] in Massachusetts during 1774 and ]'s pamphlet '']'', released in January 1776. | |||
===Draft and adoption=== | |||
In June of 1776, a committee of the ] consisting of ] of Massachusetts, ] of Pennsylvania, ] of Virginia, ] of New York, and ] of Connecticut (the "]"), was formed to draft a suitable declaration to frame this resolution. The committee decided that Jefferson would write the draft, which he showed to Franklin and Adams. Franklin himself made at least 69 corrections. Jefferson then produced another copy incorporating these changes, and the committee presented this copy to the Continental Congress on ], ]. | |||
Independence was declared on ], ], pursuant to the "]" presented by ] of Virginia on ], ], which read (in part): '"''Resolved: That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.''"' | |||
The full Declaration was rewritten somewhat in general session of the Continental Congress. Congress, meeting in ] in Philadelphia, finished revising Jefferson's draft statement on July 4, approved it, and sent it to a printer. | |||
==Distribution and copies== | |||
]'s famous ] is usually incorrectly identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration, but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress.]]Charlie roiger, Nathan Bowen, Justin Pfeffer, Charlie Roigers, jenna Jameson,nwa. easy e. dr.dre,50 cent, rodney king, large penis, ron jermy, douche, faggot duce, suck my nuts lesson 1 on the penis.....just dont bite it, lesson 2 put balls in mouth and hummmmmmm, dont rush it and before you know it splashhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.penis. | |||
After its adoption by Congress on ], a handwritten draft signed by the President of Congress ] and the Secretary ] was then sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of ]. Through the night between 150 and 200 copies were made, now known as "]s". One was sent to ] on July 6, who had it read to his troops in New York on July 9. A copy reached London on August 10. The 25 Dunlap broadsides still known to exist are the oldest surviving copies of the document. The original handwritten copy has not survived. | |||
On July 19 Congress ordered a copy be "engrossed" (hand written in fair script on parchment by an expert penman) for the delegates to sign. This engrossed copy was produced by ], assistant to the secretary of Congress. Most of the delegates signed it on August 2, 1776, in geographic order of their colonies from north to south, though some delegates were not present and had to sign later. Two delegates never signed at all. As new delegates joined the congress, they were also allowed to sign. A total of 56 delegates eventually signed. This engrossed copy is now on display at the National Archives. | |||
].]]On January 18, 1777, the Continental Congress ordered that the declaration be more widely distributed. The second printing was made by ]. The first printing had included only the names ''John Hancock'' and ''Charles Thomson''. Goddard's printing was the first to list all signatories. | |||
In 1823, printer William J. Stone was commissioned by Secretary of State ] to create an engraving of the document essentially identical to the original. Stone's copy was made using a wet-ink transfer process, where the surface of the document was moistened, and some of the original ink transferred to the surface of a copper plate which was then etched so that copies could be run off the plate on a press<ref></ref>. Because of poor conservation of the 1776 document through the 19th century, Stone's engraving, rather than the original, has become the basis of most modern reproductions<ref></ref>. | |||
The first German translation of the Declaration was published July 6-8, 1776, as a ] in unfolded form by the printing press of Steiner & Cist of Philadelphia. <ref></ref> | |||
] preserving the U.S. Declaration of Independence in 1951]]<br />Gustafson (2004) traces the paths taken by the original manuscript copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights prior to being placed permanently in the National Archives. From 1776 to 1921 the Declaration moved from one city to another and to different public buildings until placed in the Department of State library. The Constitution was never exhibited, and the Bill of Rights' provenance up to 1938 is largely unknown. From 1921 to 1952 the Declaration and the Constitution were at the Library of Congress, and the National Archives held the Bill of Rights. | |||
In 1952 the librarian of Congress and the US archivist agreed on moving the Declaration and the Constitution to the National Archives. Since 1953 the three documents have been called the Charters of Freedom. Encased in 1951, by the early 1980's deterioration threatened the documents. In 2001, using the latest in preservation technology, conservators treated the documents and reencased them in encasements made of titanium and aluminum. They were put on display again with the opening of the remodeled National Archives Rotunda in 2003. | |||
==Annotated text of the Declaration== | |||
The text of the Declaration of Independence can be divided into five sections: the ''Introduction'', the ''Preamble'', the ''Indictment'' of ], the ''Denunciation'' of the British people, and the ''Conclusion''.<ref></ref> (''Note that these five headings are not part of the text of the document.'') | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| '''Introduction'''<br /><br /> | |||
These principles show why independence is a necessity. | |||
| <center>In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.</center><br /> | |||
<center>The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,</center><br /> | |||
When ''in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political <!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORD TO BONDS. IT IS BANDS. ZOOM IN ON THE GRAPHIC TO SEE IT. -->bands<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORD TO BONDS. IT IS BANDS. ZOOM IN ON THE GRAPHIC TO SEE IT. --> which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the ] and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. | |||
|- | |||
| '''Preamble'''<br /><br /> | |||
Outlines a general philosophy of government that makes revolution justifiable.<ref></ref> | |||
| | |||
'' We hold these truths to be ]: that ], that they are endowed, by their ], with certain ], that among these are ]. | |||
'' That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the ], That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the ], and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. | |||
'' Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute ], it is their right, it is their duty, to ], and to provide new Guards for their future security. | |||
|- | |||
| '''Indictment'''<br /><br /> | |||
A bill of particulars documenting the king's "repeated injuries and usurpations" of the Americans' rights and liberties. <ref></ref> | |||
| ''Such has been the patient sufferance so these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let the Facts be submitted to a candid world.'' | |||
''He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.'' | |||
''He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.'' | |||
''He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.'' | |||
''He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.'' | |||
''He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.'' | |||
''He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.'' | |||
''He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.'' | |||
''He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.'' | |||
''He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.'' | |||
''He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.'' | |||
''He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.'' | |||
''He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.'' | |||
''He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:'' | |||
''For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:'' | |||
''For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:'' | |||
''For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:'' | |||
''For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:'' | |||
''For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:'' | |||
''For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:'' | |||
''For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies'' | |||
''For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:'' | |||
''For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.'' | |||
''He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.'' | |||
''He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.'' | |||
''He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.'' | |||
''He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.'' | |||
''He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.'' | |||
''In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Denunciation'''<br /><br /> | |||
This section essentially finished the case for independence. The conditions that justified revolution and have been shown. <ref></ref> | |||
| ''Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Conclusion'''<br /><br /> | |||
The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government, that | |||
the British have produced such conditions, and by necessity the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states. | |||
The conclusion contains, at its core, the ] that had been passed on ]. | |||
| ''We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Signatures'''<br /><br /> | |||
The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress. Two future presidents, ] and ], were among the signatories. ] (age 26), was the youngest signer, and ] (age 70) was the oldest signer. The fifty-six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows (from North to South):<ref>{{cite web|title = Index of Signers by State|publisher = ushistory.org - Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia|url = http://www.ushistory.org/Declaration/signers/index.htm|accessdate = 2006-10-12}}</ref> | |||
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|} | |||
==Differences between draft and final versions== | |||
] | |||
The Declaration went through three stages from conception to final adoption: | |||
#Jefferson's original draft.<ref></ref> | |||
#Jefferson's draft with revisions from Franklin and Adams.<ref> contains an analysis of changes made by Franklin and Adams.</ref> This was the document submitted by the ] to the Congress. | |||
#The final version, which included changes made by the full Congress.<ref> contains a ] of the Committee draft and the final version adopted by Congress. </ref> | |||
Jefferson's original draft included a denunciation of the ] (''"He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life & liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating & carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither."''), which was later edited out by Congress, as was a lengthy criticism of the British people and parliament. According to Jefferson: | |||
<blockquote>"The pusillanimous idea that we had friends in England worth keeping terms with, still haunted the minds of many. For this reason those passages which conveyed censures on the people of England were struck out, lest they should give them offense." <ref></ref></blockquote> | |||
==Analysis== | |||
===Historical influences=== | |||
The United States Declaration of Independence was influenced by the 1581 ] declaration of independence, called the ]. The ]'s 1320 ] was undoubtedly also an influence as the first known formal declaration of independence. Jefferson drew on the ], which had been adopted in June 1776. | |||
===Philosophical background=== | |||
The Preamble of the Declaration is influenced by the spirit of ], which was used as the basic framework for liberty. In addition, it reflects ] philosophy, including the concepts of ], ], and ]. Ideas and even some of the phrasing was taken directly from the writings of English philosopher ], particularly his ], titled "Essay Concerning the true original, extent, and end of Civil Government." In this treatise, Locke espoused the idea of government by consent. Locke wrote that human beings had certain ]. Other influences included the ''Discourses'' of ], and the writings of ] and ]. According to Jefferson, the purpose of the Declaration was "not to find out new principles, or new arguments, never before thought of . . . but to place before mankind the ] of the subject, in terms so plain and firm as to command their assent, and to justify ourselves in the independent stand we are compelled to take." | |||
===International Law=== | |||
Armitage (2002) examines the Declaration of Independence in the context of late-18th-century ] and argues its legitimacy derived more from its broad appeal to diverse audiences than from its comportment with extant principles of international relations. He analyzes the Declaration's structure and fundamental arguments, concluding that its partial reliance on an individual natural rights political discourse seemed outdated, if not obsolete, in an international arena where ] jurisprudential philosophy was increasingly becoming the preferred referent. Armitage highlights the consequent apprehension felt by leading American statesmen during 1776-78, including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, as the manifesto circulated throughout Europe receiving an ambiguous reception at best. Nonetheless, with the ''de jure'' acceptance of US independence in the ], arguments regarding the legal foundations of the Declaration of Independence became irrelevant, as its objective and its success as a document written to appeal to internal as well as foreign audiences became more widely recognized and admired. | |||
===Practical effects=== | |||
Some historians believe that the Declaration was used as a ] tool, in which the Americans tried to establish clear reasons for their rebellion that might persuade reluctant colonists to join them and establish their just cause to foreign governments that might lend them aid. The Declaration also served to unite the members of the Continental Congress. Most were aware that they were signing what would be their death warrant in case the Revolution failed, and the Declaration served to make anything short of victory in the Revolution unthinkable. (Or, as Benjamin Franklin wryly noted: "We must all now hang together, or we will all surely hang separately.") | |||
===Influence on other documents=== | |||
The Declaration of Independence contains many of the founding fathers' fundamental principles, some of which were later codified in the ]. It was the model for the ] ] ]. It has also been used as the model of a number of later documents such as the declarations of independence of ] and ]. In the United States, the Declaration has been frequently quoted in political speeches, such as ]'s ] and ]'s ] speech. | |||
The Declaration of Independence also acted as inspiration for parts of the ], one of the fundamental documents of the ]. The Declaration also influenced the 1945 ] Declaration of Independence written by ].{{fact}} | |||
==Popular culture== | |||
A fictionalized (but somewhat historically accurate) version of how the Declaration came about is the musical play (and 1972 movie) '']'', which is usually termed a "musical comedy" but deals frankly with the political issues, especially how disagreement over the institution of slavery almost defeated the Declaration's adoption. | |||
The Declaration of Independence is also the central subject of the 2004 film '']'', starring ] and ]. In the film, a hidden treasure map on the back of the Declaration leads treasure hunters to a cache of wealth hidden from the British by ] during the ]. | |||
==Myths== | |||
Several myths surround the document: | |||
*Because it is dated ''July 4, 1776'', many people believe it was signed on that date—in fact, most of the delegates signed the Declaration on ], ]. | |||
*The famous painting by ], which hangs in the Rotunda of the ], is (as mentioned in the caption above) usually incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration, when what it actually shows is the five-man drafting committee presenting its work. Trumbull depicts most of the eventual signers as being present on this occasion, but this gathering never took place. | |||
*The '']'' was not rung to celebrate independence, but to call the local inhabitants to hear the reading of the document on ], and it certainly did not acquire its crack on so doing; that story comes from a children's book of fiction, ''Legends of the American Revolution'', by ]. The Liberty Bell was actually named in the early nineteenth century when it became a symbol of the ]. | |||
==See also== | |||
{{US Historical Document}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
==Footnotes== | |||
<div class="references-small"><references/></div> | |||
==References== | |||
{{wikisourcepar|United States Declaration of Independence}} | |||
* at archives.gov | |||
* - detailing the history of the physical document from conception to today. | |||
* - Text of the rough draft at ]'s website | |||
* Armitage, David. "The Declaration of Independence and International Law." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 2002 59(1): 39-64. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext online at the History Cooperative | |||
* Armitage, David. "The Declaration of Independence in World Context." ''Magazine of History'' 2004 18(3): 61-66. Issn: 0882-228x Fulltext in Ebsco. Discusses the drafting of the Declaration and the international motivations that inspired it, the global reactions to the document in its first fifty years, and its afterlife as a broad modern statement of individual and collective rights. | |||
* Barthelmas, Della Gray. ''The Signers of the Declaration of Independence: A Biographical and Genealogical Reference. '' McFarland, 2003. 334 pp | |||
* Becker, Carl. ''The Declaration of Independence: A Study on the History of Political Ideas'' (1922), | |||
* Ellis, Joseph J., ed. ''What Did the Declaration Declare?'' Bedford Books, 1999. 110 pp. | |||
* Gustafson, Milton. "Travels of the Charters of Freedom." ''Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration'' 2004 (Special Issue): 8-13. Issn: 0033-1031 | |||
* Jayne, Allen. ''Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy and Theology.'' U. Press of Kentucky, 1998. 245 pp. | |||
* Maier, Pauline. ''American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence.'' New York: Vintage, 1997. | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Spoken Misplaced Pages-2|2006-11-18|Declaration of Independence Part 1.ogg|United States Declaration of Independence Part 2.ogg}} | |||
;Official website | |||
* at the National Archives | |||
;Text | |||
*{{gutenberg|no=16780|name=The Declaration of Independence}} | |||
;Audio Narration | |||
* at Americana Phonic | |||
;Additional information | |||
* by Stephen E. Lucas - a thorough linguistic examination of the document. | |||
*Independence Hall Association: with images, Jefferson's account, biographies of signers, extensive additional information. | |||
*Library of Congress: | |||
*PBS/NOVA: | |||
*ERIC Digest: | |||
*National Geographic News: (], ]) | |||
* from the book ''Thrilling Incidents in American History'' | |||
*Colonial Hall: | |||
* from the book ''Washington and His Generals: or, Legends of the Revolution'' by ], published in 1847 | |||
;Maps, photos, and other media | |||
*National Archives: | |||
*Deutsches Historisches Museum: | |||
* 1776. Copy of engraving after Alonzo Chappel. () | |||
* by John Trumbull. () | |||
* | |||
*: A video hosted by ] with a dramatic reading of the Declaration of Independence by actors ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
* from | |||
* | |||
;The Signers | |||
* Sorting Fact from Fiction. | |||
* | |||
{{Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War}} | |||
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Revision as of 02:51, 1 December 2006
ȳ Fuck you for changing this just cuz you have small weiner. just cuz u have a small penis u suck dick ....testicals....................................... lesson 1 on the penis gently lick up and down the shaft dont bite it and dont rush, and before u know it splashhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh....leson 2 on the penis put balls in mouth and hummmmmmmmmmm.
By justin pfeffer boarder4life@aol.com ΣCite error: There are <ref>
tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).Ṇǁ⅓αǂØΒĝ ΡĒήíŠ{{}}