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Allama Dr. Sir Muhammad Iqbal (November 9, 1877-April 21, 1938) was an important Indian Muslim poet from the colonial era, a philosopher and thinker of Kashmiri origin. A major Urdu and Persian writer, he is in the unusual position of having penned one of India's major national songs (Sare Jahan Se Accha) while at the same time being credited as a major force behind the creation of Pakistan. He is posthumously revered in Pakistan as Muffakir-e-Pakistan (The Thinker of Pakistan) or Shair-i-Mashriq (The Poet of the East). Along with Muhammad Ali Jinnah he is considered one of the preeminent founding fathers of Pakistan, arguably having convinced Jinnah to return from England and lead the movement demanding a separate homeland for South Asia's Muslims when Britain granted independence to the region. Jinnah had practically gone into self-exile after having given up on trying to get the national secular and Muslim leaderships to work together.)

Family Background

There is some controversey regarding the migration of his grandfather from Kashmir. Iqbal's grandfather Shaikh Rafiq, was a Kashmiri Pandit named Sahaj Ram Sapru before his conversion to Islam and was a revenue collector. According to Dr R.K. Parimu, the author of “History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir" and Ram Nath Kak's book Autumn Leaves, Shaikh Rafiq had embezzeled state funds, and when his guilt was established, the Afghan governor, Azim Khan, gave him the choice of death or conversion to Islam. Sahaj Ram Sapru chose life, and assuming new names, he and his family moved to Sialkot in the Panjab. However according to Moulvi Hassan, another historian , Azim Khan fearing the victory of the Sikhs fled to Kabul and entrusted the treasery and his family to Sahaj Ram Sapru who escorted both the treasury and the family back to Kabul and decided to settle in Sialkot. Shaikh Rafiq had two sons, Shaikh Ghulam Qadir and Shaikh Nur Muhammad, Iqbal's father.

Shaikh Nur Muhammad was a tailor whose handiwork was quite well known in Sialkot. But it was his devotion to Islam, especially its mystical aspects, that gained him respect among his Sufi peers and other associates. His wife, Imam Bibi, was also a devout Muslim. The couple instilled a deep religious consciousness in all their five children.

Youth

Allama Iqbal was born on November 9, 1877 in the city of Sialkot. His initial education was in Sialkot. Iqbal's potential as a poet was first recognized by one of his early tutors, Sayyid Mir Hassan, from whom he learned classical poetry. Mir Hassan never learned English, but his awareness of the merits of Western education and his appreciation of modernity ensured him a position as Professor or Oriental Literature at Scotch Mission. He was Iqbal's tutor until his graduation in 1892.

It was also in 1892 that Iqbal was married to Karim Bibi, the daughter of an effluent Gujarati physician. They separated in 1916, but Iqbal provided financial support to Karim Bibi until he died. The couple had three children.

In 1885, after completing his studies at Scotch Mission, Iqbal entered the Government College in Lahore, where he studied Philosophy and Arabic and English Literature for his Bachelor of Arts degree. He was an excellent student, graudating cum laude and winning a gold medal for being the only candidate who passed the final comprehensive examination. Meanwhile, he continued writing poetry. When he received his Master's degree in 1899, he had already begun to make his mark among the literary circles of Lahore.

While reading for his Master's degree, Iqbal became acquainted with a figure who was to have a strong influence on his intellectual development. Sir Thomas Arnold, an erudite scholar of Islam and modern philosophy, became for Iqbal a bridge between East and West. It was Arnold who inspired in him the desire to pursue higher studies in Europe.

One influence on him was Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan.

Another influence, in his life and his family, it is some times claimed, was Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, the founder of the Ahmadiyyah sect/movement, though the subject is controversial. Iqbal's brother Shaikh Ata Muhammad joined the Ahmadiyya Movement of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad first, and Iqbal made his pledge in 1897 though he seemed to have opposed the movement in his later years.

Iqbal in Europe

In 1903, he went to Europe and began studies at Cambridge. While in England he also was able to practice law, which he did through Lincoln's Inn. At Cambridge, he crossed paths with other great scholars who further influenced his scholastic development. Under their guidance, Iqbal refined his already considerable intellect and widened his mental horizon. After staying in the United Kingdom, he then went on to study at the University of Munich. He earned a Ph.D. with a thesis on the "Development of Metaphysics in Persia", his only other English work being the Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam in 1928. While in Europe he also began to write his poetry in Persian, because it allowed him to reach a wider audience i.e., Iran and Afganistan; but he finally decided on sticking to Urdu since most Indians did not understand Persian.

It was while in Britain that he first went into politics. Following the formation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906, Iqbal was elected to the executive committee of the league's British chapter. Together with two other leaders, Sayyid Hassan Bilgrami and Sayyid Amir Ali, he also sat on the subcommittee which drafted the league's constitution.

Return to the Subcontinent

Upon his return to India from Europe in 1908, Iqbal embarked on a career in law, academics and poetry, all at once. Of the three pursuits, he excelled in what was his true calling and first love--poetry. There is a widely held belief that had the Government College in Lahore been more generous with their monthly stipend and academic freedom, he would have been as brilliant an academician as he was a poet. In fact, it was financial considerations that forced him to relinquish his assistant professorship in 1909 to take up a fulltime law career. But he did not earn much as a lawyer either, although he could have. Instead of concentrating on the profession, he preferred to divide his time between the law and his own spiritual development. Already a famous poet by then, Iqbal received a knighthood from the British Government in honour of the brilliant Asrar-i-Khudi.

While dividing his time between the law and poetry, Iqbal, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, decided once more to enter the political arena. In November 1926, he contested a seat in the Muslim District of Lahore and beat his opponent by a wide margin of 3,177 votes.

In 1931, Iqbal made a second visit to Europe to renew old acquaintances and make new ones and to reflect and write. He attended conferences in Britain and met various scholars and politicians, including the French philosopher Henri Louis Bergson and the Italian dictator Mussolini. A visit to Spain inspired three beautiful poems, which were later incorporated into a major composition, Bal-I Jibril (Gabriel's Wing).

Influences

Amongst the Western Thinkers, Iqbal was deeply impressed by Nietzsche. Some people have criticized Iqbal for endorsing Nietzsche's concept of the Ubermansh (superman) which is reflected in Iqbal's own concept of "The perfect man." Bergson's ideas regarding time also influenced Iqbal. Iqbal wrote Payam-i-Mashriq (The Message of the East) as a reply to Goethe's West-östlicher Diwan and he praises Goethe in his the same book.

Major Works of Iqbal

• Works of Poetry (Urdu & Persian)
  • Asrar-i-Khudi (The Secrets of the Self) (1915)
  • Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (The Secrets of Selflessness) (1918)
  • Payam-i-Mashriq (The Message of the East) (1923)
  • Bang-i-Dara (The Call of the Bell) (1924)
  • Zabur-i-Ajam (Persian Psalms) (1927)
  • Javed Nama (The Book of Eternity) (1932)
  • Ball-i-Jibril (Gabriel's Wing) (1935)
  • Zarb-i-Kalim (The Staff of Moses) (1936)
  • Pas Chih Bayad Kard ay Aqwan-i-Sharq (What should be done O people of the East) (1936)
  • Armagan-i-Hijaz (Gift from Hijaz) (1938)
• Prose Work
  • Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1930)
  • The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908)
  • Ilm-Al Iqtisad (The subject of Economics) (1903)

Death and Legacy

After returning from a trip to Afghanistan in 1933, Iqbal's health deteriorated. But his religious and political ideas were gaining wide acceptance and his popularity was at its peak. One of the last great things he did was to establish the Adarah Darul Islam, an institution where studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science would be subsidized. It was perhaps the last wish of a great man who was fascinated with the yoking of modern science and philosophy to Islam, to create bridges of understanding at the highest intellectual level. This thought he expressed thus:

Iqbal's lectures Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam are banned in Saudi Arabia.

Iqbal died on April 12, 1938 in Lahore, India (in what after 1947 became a part of (Pakistan). He is buried in the space between the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort (which face each other) in that city. The Paksitani government maintains an offical guard at the mausoleum.

Allama Iqbal International Airport (formerly Lahore International Airport) was recently renamed for him).

See also

Urdu poetry, List of Urdu poets

Quotes on Iqbal

"Iqbal’s death creates a void in literature that like a mortal wound will take a long time to heal." Tagore on Iqbal's Death

External links

• Allama Iqbal Essays: Jaihoon
• Manas - Sir Muhammed Iqball
• Homepage of the Allama Iqbal Acadmey
• Allama Iqbal-Searching for Pandit Roots
• Second Opinion: How Islam is used by us

Sources

• Payam-i-Mashriq (The Message of the East) Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Iqbal Academy (1993)

• 1877 births
• 1938 deaths
• Literature of Pakistan
• Pakistani culture
• Pakistani people
• Urdu poets
• Pakistani poets