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==History== ==History==
The ship was launched in July 1952 by ] in ] as the ''Jean Laborde'', the last of four sister ships built for ]. The ships were used on the ] – ] – ] service. The ''Jean Laborde'' went through many different owners and name changes (''Jean Laborde'', ''Mykinai'', ''Ancona'', ''Eastern Princess'') in the succeeding decades. In 1976, she was acquired by ] of Greece and registered under the name of ''Oceanos''.<ref name="vrensburg-1">{{cite web | author=Van Rensburg, Philip G. | title=Diving the Oceanos – Part I | url=http://www.deeperblue.com/article.php/439/28 | publisher=DeeperBlue | date=5 March 2004}}</ref> ''Oceanos'' was launched in July 1952 by ] in ], ] as ''Jean Laborde'', the last of four sister ships built for ]. The ships were used on the ] – ] – ] service. ''Jean Laborde'' went through many different owners and name changes (''Jean Laborde'', ''Mykinai'', ''Ancona'', ''Eastern Princess'') in the succeeding decades. In 1976, she was acquired by ] of ] and registered under the name of ''Oceanos''.<ref name="vrensburg-1">{{cite web | author=Van Rensburg, Philip G. | title=Diving the Oceanos – Part I | url=http://www.deeperblue.com/article.php/439/28 | publisher=DeeperBlue | date=5 March 2004}}</ref>


The ''Oceanos'' and another Epirotiki ship, the '']'', were featured in the 1986 film '']''. ''Oceanos'' and another Epirotiki ship, '']'', were featured in the 1986 film '']''.


===Final voyage=== ===Final voyage===
Line 73: Line 73:
}} }}


On 3 August 1991, the ''Oceanos'' {{ndash}} initially delayed due to a bomb threat {{ndash}} set out from ], ] and headed for ]. Captain ] (born {{circa}} 1940) had been an officer for twenty years and a seaman for thirty.<ref name="james">Barry James, '''', ], 8 August 1991</ref><ref>Desert News, , 7 August 1991</ref> ''Oceanos'' headed into 40-] winds and {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}} ].<ref name="vrensburg-1" /> Usually, there would have been a "sail-away" party on deck with the ship's musicians and British entertainers Moss and Tracy Hills. However, due to the rough seas, this was held inside in the Four Seasons lounge; most passengers chose to stay in their cabins. On 3 August 1991, ''Oceanos'' {{ndash}} initially delayed due to a bomb threat {{ndash}} set out from ], ] and headed for ]. Captain ] (born {{circa}} 1940) had been an officer for twenty years and a seaman for thirty.<ref name="james">Barry James, '''', ], 8 August 1991</ref><ref>Desert News, , 7 August 1991</ref> ''Oceanos'' headed into 40-] winds and {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}} ].<ref name="vrensburg-1" /> Usually, there would have been a "sail-away" party on deck with the ship's musicians and British entertainers Moss and Tracy Hills. However, due to the rough seas, this was held inside in the Four Seasons lounge; most passengers chose to stay in their cabins.


The storm worsened as the evening progressed and when the first sitting of dinner was served, the waiters could hardly carry the trays of food without dropping something. Eventually the ''Oceanos'' was rolling about from side to side so badly that crockery and cutlery began sliding off the tables and potted plants fell over. The storm worsened as the evening progressed and when the first sitting of dinner was served, the waiters could hardly carry the trays of food without dropping something. Eventually ''Oceanos'' was rolling about from side to side so badly that crockery and cutlery began sliding off the tables and potted plants fell over.


====Flooding==== ====Flooding====
While trying to make up time due to the earlier delay, the ''Oceanos'' encountered rough seas. Earlier repairs to the waste disposal system had not been completed, which meant that a vital ventilation pipe which ran through the watertight aft ] and the non-return valves was not replaced. It is believed that after a series of ] slamming against the ship the pipe's shell plating had burst open spilling seawater and began filling the ]. At about 9:30 pm, a muffled explosion was heard and the ''Oceanos'' lost power. The ship started taking on water, rapidly flooding the engine room. By the next morning rescuers found the ''Oceanos'' adrift just off ], listing badly to its ] side.<ref>{{cite news | author=Chua-Eoan, Howard | title=Disasters: Going, Going... | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973632,00.html | work=Time Magazine | date=19 August 1991 }} {{subscription required}}</ref> While trying to make up time due to the earlier delay, ''Oceanos'' encountered rough seas. Earlier repairs to the waste disposal system had not been completed, which meant that a vital ventilation pipe which ran through the watertight aft ] and the non-return valves was not replaced. It is believed that after a series of ] slammed against the ship, the pipe's shell plating burst open and began filling the ] with seawater. At about 9:30 pm, a muffled explosion was heard and ''Oceanos'' lost power. The ship started taking on water, rapidly flooding the engine room. By the next morning rescuers found ''Oceanos'' adrift just off ], listing badly to its ] side.<ref>{{cite news | author=Chua-Eoan, Howard | title=Disasters: Going, Going... | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973632,00.html | work=Time Magazine | date=19 August 1991 }} {{subscription required}}</ref>


====Rescue efforts==== ====Rescue efforts====
As no alarm or announcement had been given that the ship was in trouble, several passengers went to the bridge to look for the crew, only to find it unmanned. Moss Hills then used the radio phone to broadcast a ] distress call until a ship answered.<ref name="msn"/> Of the sixteen rescue helicopters that came out to the ship, thirteen were ] (SADF) ], nine of which hoisted 225 passengers off the deck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa-transport.co.za/aircraft/articles/puma/puma_sa_330.html|title=Puma SA 330 in SAAF Service |publisher=sa-transport.co.za |last=Dubois|first=Paul|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> They were assisted by the lifeboats of the ] ] ], which had responded to the distress call. As no alarm or announcement had been given that the ship was in trouble, several passengers went to the bridge to look for the crew, only to find it unmanned. Moss Hills then used the radio phone to broadcast a ] distress call until a ship answered.<ref name="msn"/> Of the sixteen rescue helicopters that came out to the ship, thirteen were ] (SADF) ], nine of which hoisted 225 passengers off the deck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa-transport.co.za/aircraft/articles/puma/puma_sa_330.html|title=Puma SA 330 in SAAF Service |publisher=sa-transport.co.za |last=Dubois|first=Paul|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> They were assisted by the lifeboats of the ] cargo ship ], which had responded to the distress call.


All 571 people on board were saved. Hills organized the orderly ] of passengers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snapjudgment.org/will-be-day-i-die-sinking-cruiseship-oceanos|title=The Sinking Of The Cruiseship Oceanos|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> by the helicopters and is generally acknowledged as the leading hero of the event. Hills and fellow entertainer Julian Butler<ref name="M90">. YouTube. 6 July 2006.</ref> directed the efforts of the entertainment staff, which included Hills' wife Tracy and Robin Boltman,<ref name="ABC"> (on YouTube). ABC News. 5 August 1991.</ref> to assist the passengers. According to Boltman, "later in the morning, Captain Avarnasi (''sic'') even contacted me from shore to ask how things were going."<ref name="star">The Star, ''""'', 5 August 1991</ref> Butler, Moss Hills and Tracy Hills were among the last five to be rescued.<ref name="hills">{{cite web | title=Oceanos Cruise Ship Sinking | url=http://www.oceanossinking.com/ | author=Hills, Moss | author2=Hills, Tracy | accessdate=10 May 2013 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130104132401/http://www.oceanossinking.com/ | archivedate=4 January 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2013}} All 571 people on board were saved. Hills organized the orderly ] of passengers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snapjudgment.org/will-be-day-i-die-sinking-cruiseship-oceanos|title=The Sinking Of The Cruiseship Oceanos|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> by the helicopters and is generally acknowledged as the leading hero of the event. Hills and fellow entertainer Julian Butler<ref name="M90">. YouTube. 6 July 2006.</ref> directed the efforts of the entertainment staff, which included Hills' wife Tracy and Robin Boltman,<ref name="ABC"> (on YouTube). ABC News. 5 August 1991.</ref> to assist the passengers. According to Boltman, "later in the morning, Captain Avarnasi (''sic'') even contacted me from shore to ask how things were going."<ref name="star">The Star, ''""'', 5 August 1991</ref> Butler and the Hillses were among the last five to be rescued.<ref name="hills">{{cite web | title=Oceanos Cruise Ship Sinking | url=http://www.oceanossinking.com/ | author=Hills, Moss | author2=Hills, Tracy | accessdate=10 May 2013 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130104132401/http://www.oceanossinking.com/ | archivedate=4 January 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2013}}


After many officers and crew had abandoned ship, ] when loading the lifeboats by cruise director Lorraine Betts. Later, after the ship's list had become so severe that the remaining lifeboats were rendered useless, the remaining passengers had to be airlifted onto SADF helicopters by means of a ]. Betts again insisted that women and children be rescued first. After many officers and crew had abandoned ship, ] when loading the lifeboats by cruise director Lorraine Betts. Later, after the ship's list had become so severe that the remaining lifeboats were rendered useless, the remaining passengers had to be airlifted onto SADF helicopters by means of a ]. Betts again insisted that women and children be rescued first.


====Final moments==== ====Final moments====
The following day at approximately 15:30 ], the ''Oceanos'' rolled over onto her side and sank by the bow. The last fifteen minutes of her sinking was captured on video and broadcast by ].<ref>. YouTube. 1 December 2011.</ref> The following day, at approximately 15:30 ], ''Oceanos'' rolled over onto her starboard side and sank by the bow. The last fifteen minutes of her sinking was captured on video and broadcast by ].<ref>. YouTube. 1 December 2011.</ref>


===Aftermath=== ===Aftermath===
Captain Avranas and his crew were criticized for leaving hundreds of passengers behind with no one other than the ship's onboard entertainers to help them evacuate. Avranas received extensive media coverage as an example of unprofessional behaviour whilst in command.<ref name="star" /><ref name="baltimore">Jerelyn Eddings, , Baltimore Sun, 6 August 1991</ref><ref>Craig Allen, '''', Professional Mariner, 17 January 2012</ref><ref>BBC, , 18 January 2012</ref> Avranas tried to defend his actions by claiming that he left the ship first to arrange for a rescue effort, and then supervised the rescue from a helicopter. He justified his actions saying the "ship was in darkness and the batteries on the crew's ]s had died, meaning that he had no communications with his crew or with other rescue craft". Avranas was quoted as saying, "When I order abandon the ship, it doesn't matter what time I leave. Abandon is for everybody. If some people like to stay, they can stay." The captain and some of the crew were convicted of negligence by a Greek board of inquiry for fleeing the ship without helping the passengers.<ref>{{cite news | title=Career Overboard? | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/11/weekinreview/headliners-career-overboard.html | work=The New York Times | date=11 August 1991 }}</ref> Captain Avranas and his crew were criticized for leaving hundreds of passengers behind with no one other than the ship's entertainers to help them evacuate. Avranas received extensive media coverage as an example of unprofessional behaviour whilst in command.<ref name="star" /><ref name="baltimore">Jerelyn Eddings, , Baltimore Sun, 6 August 1991</ref><ref>Craig Allen, '''', Professional Mariner, 17 January 2012</ref><ref>BBC, , 18 January 2012</ref> Avranas tried to defend his actions by claiming that he left the ship first to arrange for a rescue effort, and then supervised the rescue from a helicopter. He justified his actions saying the "ship was in darkness and the batteries on the crew's ]s had died, meaning that he had no communications with his crew or with other rescue craft". Avranas was quoted as saying, "When I order abandon the ship, it doesn't matter what time I leave. Abandon is for everybody. If some people like to stay, they can stay." The captain and some of the crew were convicted of negligence by a Greek board of inquiry for fleeing the ship without helping the passengers.<ref>{{cite news | title=Career Overboard? | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/11/weekinreview/headliners-career-overboard.html | work=The New York Times | date=11 August 1991 }}</ref>


Alevizos Klaudatos, head of Epirotiki Lines, was quoted as saying: "Of course the crew members assigned to the boats have to enter first in order to assist the embarkation of the passengers ... as regards the captain abandoning the vessel, this is untrue and he has maintained his position throughout in assisting the rescue in the most effective way"<ref name="star"/> Epirotiki Lines had lost two other ships within the three years preceding the sinking:<ref>{{cite news | author=Wren, Christopher S. | title=Owner of Lost Greek Cruise Ship Has History of Maritime Mishaps | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/07/world/owner-of-lost-greek-cruise-ship-has-history-of-maritime-mishaps.html?scp=2&sq=Oceanos%20ship&st=cse | work=The New York Times | date= 7 August 1991}}</ref> the company's flagship '']'' only two months before, and the ], three years before. Alevizos Klaudatos, head of Epirotiki Lines, was quoted as saying: "Of course the crew members assigned to the boats have to enter first in order to assist the embarkation of the passengers ... as regards the captain abandoning the vessel, this is untrue and he has maintained his position throughout in assisting the rescue in the most effective way"<ref name="star"/> Epirotiki Lines had lost two other ships within the three years preceding the sinking:<ref>{{cite news | author=Wren, Christopher S. | title=Owner of Lost Greek Cruise Ship Has History of Maritime Mishaps | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/07/world/owner-of-lost-greek-cruise-ship-has-history-of-maritime-mishaps.html?scp=2&sq=Oceanos%20ship&st=cse | work=The New York Times | date= 7 August 1991}}</ref> the company's flagship '']'' only two months before, and ], three years before.


'']'' aired a documentary of the incident on 23 May 2010. The sinking is the subject of a song called "Oceanos" by Celtic rock band ]. It was also discussed in an episode of ] on 18 April 2012, entitled, "Why Ships Sink", which focused mainly on the '']'' accident (whose commanding officer also fled while passengers were still aboard) and how it related to the ]. Hills was interviewed in the special, and related that some years later he had been on board when the ] of ] sank. The rescue featured in episode 4 of ''Shockwave'', first aired 21 December 2007.<ref name="msn">{{cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/shockwave/untitled.4/|title=Shockwave: Episode Info|publisher=MSN|accessdate=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224093101/http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/shockwave/untitled.4/|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=July 2015}}</ref> The NPR radio show and podcast Snap Judgment featured a first person account of the sinking as told by Moss Hills.<ref>"" Snap Judgment Podcast #726</ref> The show ''Extreme Weather: The Survivors'' featured a segment on the sinking. '']'' aired a documentary of the incident on 23 May 2010. The sinking is the subject of a song called "Oceanos" by Celtic rock band ]. It was also discussed in an episode of ] on 18 April 2012, entitled, "Why Ships Sink", which focused mainly on the '']'' accident (whose commanding officer also fled while passengers were still aboard) and how it related to the ]. Hills was interviewed in the special, and related that some years later he had been on board when the ] of ] sank. The rescue featured in episode 4 of ''Shockwave'', first aired 21 December 2007.<ref name="msn">{{cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/shockwave/untitled.4/|title=Shockwave: Episode Info|publisher=MSN|accessdate=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224093101/http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/shockwave/untitled.4/|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=July 2015}}</ref> The NPR radio show and podcast Snap Judgment featured a first person account of the sinking as told by Moss Hills.<ref>"" Snap Judgment Podcast #726</ref> The show ''Extreme Weather: The Survivors'' featured a segment on the sinking.

Revision as of 03:02, 3 May 2020

32°07′15″S 29°07′13″E / 32.12093°S 29.12029°E / -32.12093; 29.12029 (Oceanos wreck)

"Oceanos" redirects here. For the mythological figure, see Oceanus. Cruise ship that sank in 1991

History
NameOceanos
NamesakeJean Laborde
OwnerEpirotiki Lines
OperatorEpirotiki Lines
Port of registryPiraeus, Greece
Launched12 July 1952
CompletedJune 1953
Out of service4 August 1991
IdentificationIMO number: 5170991
FateSunk
StatusWreck lies near Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa
General characteristics
Tonnage14,000 GT
Length153 m (502 ft)
Beam20 m (66 ft)
Draft7 m (23 ft)
Decks6–9
Speed
  • 18.5 knots (maximum)
  • 16 knots (cruise)
Capacity550 passengers
Crew250

MTS Oceanos was a French-built and Greek-owned cruise ship that sank in 1991 due to uncontrolled flooding. Her captain and some of the crew were convicted of negligence for fleeing the ship without helping the passengers, who were subsequently rescued thanks to the efforts of the ship's entertainers.

History

Oceanos was launched in July 1952 by Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde in Bordeaux, France as Jean Laborde, the last of four sister ships built for Messageries Maritimes. The ships were used on the Marseilles – Madagascar – Mauritius service. Jean Laborde went through many different owners and name changes (Jean Laborde, Mykinai, Ancona, Eastern Princess) in the succeeding decades. In 1976, she was acquired by Epirotiki Lines of Greece and registered under the name of Oceanos.

Oceanos and another Epirotiki ship, Apollon XI, were featured in the 1986 film Hardbodies 2.

Final voyage

Sinking of the Oceanos
MTS Oceanos is located in Eastern CapeWreck of the OceanosWreck of the OceanosEast LondonEast Londonclass=notpageimage| Eastern Cape, South Africa

On 3 August 1991, Oceanos – initially delayed due to a bomb threat – set out from East London, South Africa and headed for Durban. Captain Yiannis Avranas (born c. 1940) had been an officer for twenty years and a seaman for thirty. Oceanos headed into 40-knot winds and 9 m (30 ft) swells. Usually, there would have been a "sail-away" party on deck with the ship's musicians and British entertainers Moss and Tracy Hills. However, due to the rough seas, this was held inside in the Four Seasons lounge; most passengers chose to stay in their cabins.

The storm worsened as the evening progressed and when the first sitting of dinner was served, the waiters could hardly carry the trays of food without dropping something. Eventually Oceanos was rolling about from side to side so badly that crockery and cutlery began sliding off the tables and potted plants fell over.

Flooding

While trying to make up time due to the earlier delay, Oceanos encountered rough seas. Earlier repairs to the waste disposal system had not been completed, which meant that a vital ventilation pipe which ran through the watertight aft bulkhead and the non-return valves was not replaced. It is believed that after a series of freak waves slammed against the ship, the pipe's shell plating burst open and began filling the compartment with seawater. At about 9:30 pm, a muffled explosion was heard and Oceanos lost power. The ship started taking on water, rapidly flooding the engine room. By the next morning rescuers found Oceanos adrift just off Coffee Bay, listing badly to its starboard side.

Rescue efforts

As no alarm or announcement had been given that the ship was in trouble, several passengers went to the bridge to look for the crew, only to find it unmanned. Moss Hills then used the radio phone to broadcast a mayday distress call until a ship answered. Of the sixteen rescue helicopters that came out to the ship, thirteen were South African Defence Force (SADF) Pumas, nine of which hoisted 225 passengers off the deck. They were assisted by the lifeboats of the Dutch cargo ship Nedlloyd Mauritius, which had responded to the distress call.

All 571 people on board were saved. Hills organized the orderly evacuation of passengers by the helicopters and is generally acknowledged as the leading hero of the event. Hills and fellow entertainer Julian Butler directed the efforts of the entertainment staff, which included Hills' wife Tracy and Robin Boltman, to assist the passengers. According to Boltman, "later in the morning, Captain Avarnasi (sic) even contacted me from shore to ask how things were going." Butler and the Hillses were among the last five to be rescued.

After many officers and crew had abandoned ship, women and children were given priority when loading the lifeboats by cruise director Lorraine Betts. Later, after the ship's list had become so severe that the remaining lifeboats were rendered useless, the remaining passengers had to be airlifted onto SADF helicopters by means of a safety harness. Betts again insisted that women and children be rescued first.

Final moments

The following day, at approximately 15:30 UTC+2, Oceanos rolled over onto her starboard side and sank by the bow. The last fifteen minutes of her sinking was captured on video and broadcast by ABC News.

Aftermath

Captain Avranas and his crew were criticized for leaving hundreds of passengers behind with no one other than the ship's entertainers to help them evacuate. Avranas received extensive media coverage as an example of unprofessional behaviour whilst in command. Avranas tried to defend his actions by claiming that he left the ship first to arrange for a rescue effort, and then supervised the rescue from a helicopter. He justified his actions saying the "ship was in darkness and the batteries on the crew's walkie-talkies had died, meaning that he had no communications with his crew or with other rescue craft". Avranas was quoted as saying, "When I order abandon the ship, it doesn't matter what time I leave. Abandon is for everybody. If some people like to stay, they can stay." The captain and some of the crew were convicted of negligence by a Greek board of inquiry for fleeing the ship without helping the passengers.

Alevizos Klaudatos, head of Epirotiki Lines, was quoted as saying: "Of course the crew members assigned to the boats have to enter first in order to assist the embarkation of the passengers ... as regards the captain abandoning the vessel, this is untrue and he has maintained his position throughout in assisting the rescue in the most effective way" Epirotiki Lines had lost two other ships within the three years preceding the sinking: the company's flagship Pegasus only two months before, and MV Jupiter, three years before.

Dateline NBC aired a documentary of the incident on 23 May 2010. The sinking is the subject of a song called "Oceanos" by Celtic rock band Coast. It was also discussed in an episode of Nova on 18 April 2012, entitled, "Why Ships Sink", which focused mainly on the Costa Concordia accident (whose commanding officer also fled while passengers were still aboard) and how it related to the Titanic. Hills was interviewed in the special, and related that some years later he had been on board when the MS Achille Lauro of Star Lauro sank. The rescue featured in episode 4 of Shockwave, first aired 21 December 2007. The NPR radio show and podcast Snap Judgment featured a first person account of the sinking as told by Moss Hills. The show Extreme Weather: The Survivors featured a segment on the sinking.

Wreck

The Oceanos wreck lies at a depth of between 92 m (302 ft) and 97 m (318 ft), about 5 km (3.1 mi) offshore. Divers have visited it, but strong currents make it difficult. Photographs taken in 2002 show that the bridge section has collapsed.

See also

References

  1. ^ Van Rensburg, Philip G. (5 March 2004). "Diving the Oceanos – Part I". DeeperBlue.
  2. Barry James, A Captain's Tale: 'The Rescue Was Perfect - Everybody Is Safe', International Herald Tribune, 8 August 1991
  3. Desert News, "Oceanos Captain Insisted On Early Rescue, Diver Says", 7 August 1991
  4. Chua-Eoan, Howard (19 August 1991). "Disasters: Going, Going..." Time Magazine. (subscription required)
  5. ^ "Shockwave: Episode Info". MSN. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  6. Dubois, Paul. "Puma SA 330 in SAAF Service". sa-transport.co.za. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  7. "The Sinking Of The Cruiseship Oceanos".
  8. "Cruise ship sinking". YouTube. 6 July 2006.
  9. World News Tonight (on YouTube). ABC News. 5 August 1991.
  10. ^ The Star, "Crew abandoned us", 5 August 1991
  11. Hills, Moss; Hills, Tracy. "Oceanos Cruise Ship Sinking". Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  12. "Oceanos Sinks". YouTube. 1 December 2011.
  13. Jerelyn Eddings, South Africa probes cause of luxury liner's sinking, Baltimore Sun, 6 August 1991
  14. Craig Allen, The Captain's Duty on a Sinking Ship, Professional Mariner, 17 January 2012
  15. BBC, Must a captain be the last one off a sinking ship?, 18 January 2012
  16. "Career Overboard?". The New York Times. 11 August 1991.
  17. Wren, Christopher S. (7 August 1991). "Owner of Lost Greek Cruise Ship Has History of Maritime Mishaps". The New York Times.
  18. "Down With The Ship" Snap Judgment Podcast #726
  19. Van Rensburg, Philip G. (2 April 2004). "Diving the Oceanos – Part II". DeeperBlue.

External links

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