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| | predecessor = ]<ref>{{cite book|last1= Lipschutz|first1=Mark R.|last2=Rasmussen|first2=R. Kent|title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography|editor=University of California Press|date=1989|page=265}}</ref><br />] | | predecessor = ]<ref>{{cite book|last1= Lipschutz|first1=Mark R.|last2=Rasmussen|first2=R. Kent|title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography|editor=University of California Press|date=1989|page=265}}</ref><br />] | ||
| | headquarters = ], ] | | headquarters = ], ] | ||
| | ideology = ]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leaver |first1=John David |title=Multiracialism and nationalisms: A political retrospective on 1950s Southern Rhodesia ('Colonial Zimbabwe') |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |date=2006 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=167–188 |jstor=45194313 }}</ref><ref name=Lowry>{{cite book |author1=Donal Lowry |authorlink1= |editor1-last=Onslow |editor1-first=Sue |title=Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-47420-7 |page=84 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=%22rhodesian+front%22+white+supremacy#v=onepage |accessdate=7 April 2020 |chapter=The impact of anti-communism on white Rhodesian political culture, c.1920s-1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cilliers |first1=Jakkie |title=Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia |date=April 17, 2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781315713854 |edition=e-Book 1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHRKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=%22rhodesian+front%22+%22white+supremacy%22#v=onepage |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref><br/>]<ref>{{cite book|last=Preston|first=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dND1vyuZefwC|title=Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective|editor=I.B.Tauris|date=2004|page=107|isbn=9781850435792}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=West|first=Michael O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epkrt-Y-qOkC|title=The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965|editor=Indiana University Press|date=2002|page=229|isbn=0253215242}}</ref><br/>]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hume|first=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKVdDwAAQBAJ|title=From the Edge of Empire: A Memoir|editor=Outskirts Press|date=2018|page=149|isbn=9781478794554}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roscoe|first=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIJ4ZTdc5VYC|title=The Columbia Guide to Central African Literature in English Since 1945|editor=Columbia University Press|date=2007|page=35|isbn=9780231503792}}</ref><br/>]<ref name=Lowry/><br/> | | ideology = ]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leaver |first1=John David |title=Multiracialism and nationalisms: A political retrospective on 1950s Southern Rhodesia ('Colonial Zimbabwe') |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |date=2006 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=167–188 |jstor=45194313 }}</ref><ref name=Lowry>{{cite book |author1=Donal Lowry |authorlink1= |editor1-last=Onslow |editor1-first=Sue |title=Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-47420-7 |page=84 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=%22rhodesian+front%22+white+supremacy#v=onepage |accessdate=7 April 2020 |chapter=The impact of anti-communism on white Rhodesian political culture, c.1920s-1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cilliers |first1=Jakkie |title=Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia |date=April 17, 2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781315713854 |edition=e-Book 1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHRKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=%22rhodesian+front%22+%22white+supremacy%22#v=onepage |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref><br/>]<ref>{{cite book|last=Preston|first=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dND1vyuZefwC|title=Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective|editor=I.B.Tauris|date=2004|page=107|isbn=9781850435792}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=West|first=Michael O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epkrt-Y-qOkC|title=The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965|editor=Indiana University Press|date=2002|page=229|isbn=0253215242}}</ref><br/>]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hume|first=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKVdDwAAQBAJ|title=From the Edge of Empire: A Memoir|editor=Outskirts Press|date=2018|page=149|isbn=9781478794554}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roscoe|first=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIJ4ZTdc5VYC|title=The Columbia Guide to Central African Literature in English Since 1945|editor=Columbia University Press|date=2007|page=35|isbn=9780231503792}}</ref><br/>]<ref name=Lowry/><br/> | ||
| | position = ] to ] | | position = ] to ] | ||
| | colours = {{Color box|{{Rhodesian Front/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} ] {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} ] | | colours = {{Color box|{{Rhodesian Front/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} ] {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} ] | ||
Revision as of 07:05, 6 July 2020
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
‹ The template Infobox political party is being considered for merging. ›Political party in Rhodesia
| Rhodesian Front | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | RF |
| Historical leader | Ian Smith |
| Founded | 1 March 1962 (1962-03-01) |
| Dissolved | 6 June 1981 (1981-06-06) |
| Preceded by | Dominion Party Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party |
| Succeeded by | Republican Front |
| Headquarters | Salisbury, Rhodesia |
| Ideology | White supremacy Rhodesian nationalism Conservatism Anti-communism |
| Political position | Right-wing to Far-right |
| Colours | Purple White |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Politics of Rhodesia |
|---|
.svg) |
Political history
|
| Government |
Legislature
|
| Elections |
| Political parties |
| Foreign relations |
| National symbols |
The Rhodesian Front was a conservative political party in Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) when the country was under white minority rule. Led first by Winston Field, and, from 1964, by Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front was the successor to the Dominion Party, which was the main opposition party in Southern Rhodesia during the Federation period. The RF was formed in March 1962 by Whites opposed to any immediate or short-term transition to Black majority rule. It won power at the general election that December. In successive elections (in which 50 of the 66 parliamentary seats were reserved for A-Roll voters, who had to meet a higher standard of qualifications, increasing the proportion of White Africans who came under this roll) between 1964 and 1979, the RF was returned to office, with a large majority; and Ian Smith as Prime Minister.
History
The RF had fifteen founding principles, which included the preservation of each racial group's right to maintain its own identity, the preservation of 'proper standards' through a policy of advancement through merit, the maintenance of the Land Apportionment Act, which formalised the racial imbalance in the ownership and distribution of land, opposition to compulsory racial integration, job protection for white workers, and maintenance of the government's right to provide separate amenities for different races.
Following the elections leading to the country's independence in 1980, as the Republic of Zimbabwe, the RF won all 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the power-sharing agreement that it had forged. On June 6, 1981, the party changed its name to the Republican Front, and on July 21, 1984 it became the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe. Eleven of its twenty parliamentarians defected over the following four years, but the party again won 15 of the 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the 1985 election. In 1986, the CAZ opened its membership to Zimbabweans of all races. In 1987 the ruling government abolished all reserved seats for whites. When these were abolished many white MPs became independents or joined the ruling ZANU party.
Electoral history
House elections
| Year | Popular Vote | Percentage | Seats | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1962 | 38,282 | 54.9% | 35 / 65 | RF |
| 1965 | 28,175 | 78.4% | 50 / 65 | RF |
| 1970 | 39,066 | 76.8% | 50 / 66 | RF |
| 1974 | 55,597 | 77.0% | 50 / 66 | RF |
| 1977 | 57,348 | 85.4% | 50 / 66 | RF |
| 1979 | 11,613 (White Roll) | 82.0% | 28 / 100 | UANC |
| 1980 | 13,621 (White Roll) | 83.0% | 20 / 100 | ZANU |
See also
Further reading
- Rhodesians Never Die, Godwin, P. & Hancock, I., 1995. Baobab Books, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Pollard, William C. A Career of Defiance: The Life of Ian Smith, Agusan River Publishing Co., 1992. Topeka, KS.
- McLaughlin, John . "Ian Smith and the Future of Zimbabwe," The National Review, October 30, 1981, pp. 2168–70.
- Facts on File, 1984 ed., p. 574.
References
- Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1989). University of California Press (ed.). Dictionary of African Historical Biography. p. 265.
- Leaver, John David (2006). "Multiracialism and nationalisms: A political retrospective on 1950s Southern Rhodesia ('Colonial Zimbabwe')". Journal of Third World Studies. 23 (2): 167–188. JSTOR 45194313.
- ^ Donal Lowry (2009). "The impact of anti-communism on white Rhodesian political culture, c.1920s-1980". In Onslow, Sue (ed.). Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation. New York: Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-415-47420-7. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- Cilliers, Jakkie (April 17, 2015). Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia (e-Book 1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315713854. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- Preston, Matthew (2004). I.B.Tauris (ed.). Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. p. 107. ISBN 9781850435792.
- West, Michael O. (2002). Indiana University Press (ed.). The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965. p. 229. ISBN 0253215242.
- Hume, Ian (2018). Outskirts Press (ed.). From the Edge of Empire: A Memoir. p. 149. ISBN 9781478794554.
- Roscoe, Adrian (2007). Columbia University Press (ed.). The Columbia Guide to Central African Literature in English Since 1945. p. 35. ISBN 9780231503792.
- Hsu, Chia Yin; Luckett, Thomas M.; Vause, Erika (2015). The Cultural History of Money and Credit: A Global Perspective. Lexington Books. p. 142. ISBN 9781498505932.
- Onslow, Sue (2009). Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 9781135219338.
- Butler, L. J. (2002). Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World. I.B.Tauris. p. 164. ISBN 9781860644481. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
- Ian Smith Invites Blacks to Join His Party, The New York Times, July 23, 1984, p. A5.
- Zimbabwe whites lose special political status. End of reserved seats in Parliament brings one-party state closer, Christian Science Monitor, August 25, 1987
| Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia articles | |||||||||||||||||
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| 1890–1923: Company rule; 1923–80: Southern Rhodesia; 1953–63: Federation; 1965–79: Rhodesia under UDI; 1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia under UDI; 1980–present: Zimbabwe | |||||||||||||||||
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- Defunct political parties in Zimbabwe
- Rhodesia
- Conservative parties in Zimbabwe
- Political parties in Rhodesia
- White nationalism in Zimbabwe
- Pro-independence parties
- Anti-communist organizations
- Political parties established in 1962
- Political parties disestablished in 1981
- Protestant political parties
- White nationalist parties
- Right-wing parties
- 1962 establishments in Southern Rhodesia
- 1981 disestablishments in Zimbabwe