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| {{short description|Vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems}} | {{short description|Vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems}} | ||
| {{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| | name = |
| name = North Eastern Hornet | ||
| | image = |
| image = ] | ||
| | image_caption = A young |
| image_caption = A young hornet queen ('']'') starting a new colony | ||
| | regnum = ]ia | | regnum = ]ia | ||
| | phylum = ] | | phylum = ] | ||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
| | subfamilia = ''']''', ''']''', or ''']''' | | subfamilia = ''']''', ''']''', or ''']''' | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| North Eastern Hornets are ] ]s that gather ]s from dead ] and ]s, which they mix with ], and use to construct water-resistant nests made of gray or brown papery material. Some types of paper wasps are also sometimes called Small murder hornet, due to the resemblance to the Asian Giant Hornet<ref name=enc> Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006.</ref> | |||
| == Species == | == Species == | ||
| The name " |
The name "North Eastern Hornets" typically refers to members of the ] subfamily ], located mostly on the east cost of the United States, though it often colloquially includes members of the subfamilies ] (]s and ]s) and ], which also make nests out of paper. Twenty-two species of '']'' paper wasps have been identified in ] and approximately 300 species have been identified worldwide. Tehe most common paper wasp in Europe is '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipc.ibaraki.ac.jp/~jkrte/wasp/polistes/Polistes.htm |title=Distributional checklist of the species of the genus ''Polistes'' (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Polistini) |author=James M. Carpenter |accessdate=2009-02-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710131558/http://www.ipc.ibaraki.ac.jp/~jkrte/wasp/polistes/Polistes.htm |archivedate=2009-07-10 }}</ref> The ] tribe ] contains another 300 species, and the ] tribes ] and ] each contain over 250 more, so the total number of true paper wasps worldwide is about 1100 species, almost half of which can be found in the neotropics. | ||
| == Nests == | == Nests == | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The nests of most true |
The nests of most true NE hornets are characterized by having open combs with cells for brood rearing, and a ']', or constricted stalk, that ] the nest.<ref name=OSU>Lyon, W.F. and G.S. Wegner (1991). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010425015741/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2077.html |date=2001-04-25 }} Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet: Entomology</ref> Hornets secrete a chemical which repels ]s, which they spread around the base of the anchor to prevent the loss of eggs or ]. | ||
| Most social ]s of the family Vespidae make nests from paper, but some ] species, such as '']'', use ]. A small group of ] ] wasps, of the genus '']'' (the only eusocial wasps outside the family Vespidae), also constructs nests out of chewed plant fibers, though the nest consistency is quite different from those of true paper wasps, due to the absence of wood fibers, and the use of silk extruded by female wasps to bind the fibers.<ref>{{cite journal |first=R. W. |last=Matthews |first2=C. K. |last2=Starr |title=Microstigmus comes Wasps have a Method of Nest Construction Unique Among Social Insects |journal=Biotropica |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=55–58 |doi=10.2307/2387895 |jstor=2387895 }}</ref> | Most social ]s of the family Vespidae make nests from paper, but some ] species, such as '']'', use ]. A small group of ] ] wasps, of the genus '']'' (the only eusocial wasps outside the family Vespidae), also constructs nests out of chewed plant fibers, though the nest consistency is quite different from those of true paper wasps, due to the absence of wood fibers, and the use of silk extruded by female wasps to bind the fibers.<ref>{{cite journal |first=R. W. |last=Matthews |first2=C. K. |last2=Starr |title=Microstigmus comes Wasps have a Method of Nest Construction Unique Among Social Insects |journal=Biotropica |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=55–58 |doi=10.2307/2387895 |jstor=2387895 }}</ref> | ||
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| == Behavior == | == Behavior == | ||
| Unlike ]s and ]s, which can be very aggressive, ] |
Unlike ]s and ]s, which can be very aggressive, ] North Eastern Hornets will generally only attack if they themselves or their nest are threatened.<ref>Felixson, Carol (undated). "Paper wasps work together." Retrieved 2009-04-26 from "L.A. Times" at http://www.latimes.com/features/kids/readingroom/la-et-kidcal5mar06,1,7872696.story.</ref> Since their territoriality can lead to attacks on people, and because their stings are quite painful and can produce a potentially fatal ] reaction in some individuals, nests in human-inhabited areas may present an unacceptable hazard.<ref name=Texas>Drees, B.M. and John Jackman (1999). ''Field Guide to Texas Insects.'' Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. Excerpt available at: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205022343/http://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg348.html |date=2006-12-05 }}</ref> A study conducted on European paper wasps (''Polistes dominula'') concluded that wasps with brighter aposematic colors are more venomous, because they have larger poison glands, and offer a stronger warning signal to organisms threatening the nest.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vidal-Cordero|first=J|last2=Moreno-Rueda|first2=Gregorio|last3=López-Orta|first3=Antonio|last4=Marfil-Daza|first4=Carlos|last5=Ros-Santaella|first5=José L|last6=Ortiz-Sánchez|first6=F|date=2012|title=Brighter-colored paper wasps (''Polistes dominula'') have larger poison glands |journal=Frontiers in Zoology | volume=9|issue=1|pages=20|doi=10.1186/1742-9994-9-20|issn=1742-9994|pmc=3495029|pmid=22901602}}</ref> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Most wasps are beneficial in their natural habitat, and are critically important in natural biocontrol.<ref name= OSU/> Paper wasps feed on ] and other insects, including ]s, ], and ] ]e. Because they are a known ] and feed on known garden pests, paper wasps are often considered to be beneficial by gardeners.<ref name=Texas/> | Most wasps are beneficial in their natural habitat, and are critically important in natural biocontrol.<ref name= OSU/> Paper wasps feed on ] and other insects, including ]s, ], and ] ]e. Because they are a known ] and feed on known garden pests, paper wasps are often considered to be beneficial by gardeners.<ref name=Texas/> | ||
Revision as of 23:01, 28 July 2020
Vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems
| North Eastern Hornet | |
|---|---|
| hornet.png | |
| A young hornet queen (Polistes dominula) starting a new colony | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Apocrita |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Polistinae, Stenogastrinae, or Vespinae |
North Eastern Hornets are vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems, which they mix with saliva, and use to construct water-resistant nests made of gray or brown papery material. Some types of paper wasps are also sometimes called Small murder hornet, due to the resemblance to the Asian Giant Hornet
Species
The name "North Eastern Hornets" typically refers to members of the vespid subfamily Polistinae, located mostly on the east cost of the United States, though it often colloquially includes members of the subfamilies Vespinae (hornets and yellowjackets) and Stenogastrinae, which also make nests out of paper. Twenty-two species of Polistes paper wasps have been identified in North America and approximately 300 species have been identified worldwide. Tehe most common paper wasp in Europe is Polistes dominula. The Old World tribe Ropalidiini contains another 300 species, and the neotropical tribes Epiponini and Mischocyttarini each contain over 250 more, so the total number of true paper wasps worldwide is about 1100 species, almost half of which can be found in the neotropics.
Nests
The nests of most true NE hornets are characterized by having open combs with cells for brood rearing, and a 'petiole', or constricted stalk, that anchors the nest. Hornets secrete a chemical which repels ants, which they spread around the base of the anchor to prevent the loss of eggs or brood.
Most social wasps of the family Vespidae make nests from paper, but some stenogastrine species, such as Liostenogaster flavolineata, use mud. A small group of eusocial crabronid wasps, of the genus Microstigmus (the only eusocial wasps outside the family Vespidae), also constructs nests out of chewed plant fibers, though the nest consistency is quite different from those of true paper wasps, due to the absence of wood fibers, and the use of silk extruded by female wasps to bind the fibers.
Nests can be found in sheltered areas, such as the eaves of a house, the branches of a tree, on the end of an open pipe, or on an old clothesline. Some species, such as Ropalidia romandi, will vary their nest architecture depending on where they build their nest.
Three species of Polistes are obligate social parasites, and have lost the ability to build their own nests, and are sometimes referred to as "cuckoo paper wasps". They rely on the nests of their hosts to raise their brood.
Behavior
Unlike yellowjackets and hornets, which can be very aggressive, polistine North Eastern Hornets will generally only attack if they themselves or their nest are threatened. Since their territoriality can lead to attacks on people, and because their stings are quite painful and can produce a potentially fatal anaphylactic reaction in some individuals, nests in human-inhabited areas may present an unacceptable hazard. A study conducted on European paper wasps (Polistes dominula) concluded that wasps with brighter aposematic colors are more venomous, because they have larger poison glands, and offer a stronger warning signal to organisms threatening the nest.
Most wasps are beneficial in their natural habitat, and are critically important in natural biocontrol. Paper wasps feed on nectar and other insects, including caterpillars, flies, and beetle larvae. Because they are a known pollinator and feed on known garden pests, paper wasps are often considered to be beneficial by gardeners.
See also
References
- "Paper Wasp" Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006.
- James M. Carpenter. "Distributional checklist of the species of the genus Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Polistini)". Archived from the original on 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
- ^ Lyon, W.F. and G.S. Wegner (1991). Paper Wasps and Hornets Archived 2001-04-25 at the Wayback Machine Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet: Entomology
- Matthews, R. W.; Starr, C. K. (1984). "Microstigmus comes Wasps have a Method of Nest Construction Unique Among Social Insects". Biotropica. 16 (1): 55–58. doi:10.2307/2387895. JSTOR 2387895.
- Yamane, Soichi; Ito, Yosiaki (1994). "Nest Architecture of the Australian Paper Wasp Ropalidia Romandi Cabeti , With a Note on its Developmental Process (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)". Psyche. 101 (3–4): 145–158. doi:10.1155/1994/92839.
- Dapporto L, Cervo R, Sledge MF, Turillazzi S (2004) "Rank integration in dominance hierarchies of host colonies by the paper wasp social parasite Polistes sulcifer (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)". J Insect Physiol 50 :217–223
- Felixson, Carol (undated). "Paper wasps work together." Retrieved 2009-04-26 from "L.A. Times" at http://www.latimes.com/features/kids/readingroom/la-et-kidcal5mar06,1,7872696.story.
- ^ Drees, B.M. and John Jackman (1999). Field Guide to Texas Insects. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. Excerpt available at: Texas Cooperative extension Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
- Vidal-Cordero, J; Moreno-Rueda, Gregorio; López-Orta, Antonio; Marfil-Daza, Carlos; Ros-Santaella, José L; Ortiz-Sánchez, F (2012). "Brighter-colored paper wasps (Polistes dominula) have larger poison glands". Frontiers in Zoology. 9 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-9-20. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 3495029. PMID 22901602.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
External links
- National Geographic News: Wasps Can Recognize Faces. Retrieved 2012-12-04.