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'''''Ypatingasis būrys''''' (''Special Squad'') or '''Special SD and German Security Police Squad''' ({{lang-lt|Vokiečių Saugumo policijos ir SD ypatingasis būrys}}, {{lang-pl|Specjalny Oddział SD i Niemieckiej Policji Bezpieczeństwa}}, also colloquially ''strzelcy ponarscy'' ("] riflemen" in Polish)<ref name="Diap"> on Diapositive.</ref><ref name="Piotrowski-162"/> (1941–1944) was a Lithuanian{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} killing squad also called the "Lithuanian equivalent of ]",<ref name=McQueen/> operating in the ]. The unit, primarily{{Quantify|date=July 2020}} composed of Lithuanian{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} volunteers,<ref name="Snyder">], ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|0-300-10586-X}} </ref> was formed by the German occupational government<ref name=Bubnys2/> and was subordinate to ] and later to ] (SD) and ] (Sipo).<ref>{{cite book| title=Ponary Diary, 1941–1943 : A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder | publisher=Yale University Press |year=2005 |pages=7, 15 | last=Sakowicz |first=Kazimierz |isbn=978-0-300-10853-8}}</ref> |
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'''''Ypatingasis būrys''''' (''Special Squad'') or '''Special SD and German Security Police Squad''' ({{lang-lt|Vokiečių Saugumo policijos ir SD ypatingasis būrys}}, {{lang-pl|Specjalny Oddział SD i Niemieckiej Policji Bezpieczeństwa}}, also colloquially ''strzelcy ponarscy'' ("] riflemen" in Polish)<ref name="Diap"> on Diapositive.</ref><ref name="Piotrowski-162"/> (1941–1944) was a Lithuanian killing squad also called the "Lithuanian equivalent of ]",<ref name=McQueen/> operating in the ]. The unit, primarily composed of Lithuanian volunteers,<ref name="Snyder">], ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|0-300-10586-X}} </ref> was formed by the German occupational government<ref name=Bubnys2/> and was subordinate to ] and later to ] (SD) and ] (Sipo).<ref>{{cite book| title=Ponary Diary, 1941–1943 : A Bystander's Account of a Mass Murder | publisher=Yale University Press |year=2005 |pages=7, 15 | last=Sakowicz |first=Kazimierz |isbn=978-0-300-10853-8}}</ref> |
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There are different estimates regarding the size of the unit. Polish historian ] estimates that it grew from base of 50<ref name="Konspekt">Konspekt ''Ponary – Golgota Wileńszczyzny'' Czesław Michalski Pedagogical University of Cracow 2001</ref> while ] asserts about that there were 100 volunteers at its onset.<ref name="Piotrowski-165">{{cite book | author = ] | title = Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | publisher =McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-7864-0371-3| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&ots=0IlMI8SI-W&sig=7J0sXwRUPjVs1IJ9SapOKBhFqaw | page =165 }}</ref> According to Michalski, after its initial creation, at various times hundreds of people were members.<ref name="Konspekt"/> ] states that it never exceeded a core of forty or fifty men.<ref name=Bubnys1>{{cite web |url= http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm |title=Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) |accessdate=18 February 2007 |last=Bubnys |first=Arūnas |authorlink=Arūnas Bubnys |year=2004 |language=Lithuanian |quote=Pirmą kartą dokumentuose Vilniaus ypatingojo būrio vardas (vok. Sonderkommando) aptinkamas 1941 m. liepos 15 d. Dokumentuose kalbama apie šovinių išdavimą ypatingojo būrio reikmėms.}}</ref> 118 names are known; 20 of the members have been prosecuted and punished.<ref></ref> Together with German police, the squad participated in the ], where some 70,000 Jews were murdered,<ref name="Jews">Jews of Vilna and Lithuania in general had their own complex identity, and labels of ], ] or ] are all applicable only in part. See also: ], ''On Modern Jewish Politics'', Oxford University Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0-19-508319-9}}, and ], ''Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages'', Houghton Mifflin Books, 2003, {{ISBN|0-618-23649-X}}, </ref> along with estimated 20,000 ] and 8,000 ]n POWs, many from nearby Vilnius. |
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There are different estimates regarding the size of the unit. Polish historian ] estimates that it grew from base of 50<ref name="Konspekt">Konspekt ''Ponary – Golgota Wileńszczyzny'' Czesław Michalski Pedagogical University of Cracow 2001</ref> while ] asserts about that there were 100 volunteers at its onset.<ref name="Piotrowski-165">{{cite book | author = ] | title = Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | publisher =McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-7864-0371-3| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&ots=0IlMI8SI-W&sig=7J0sXwRUPjVs1IJ9SapOKBhFqaw | page =165 }}</ref> According to Michalski, after its initial creation, at various times hundreds of people were members.<ref name="Konspekt"/> ] states that it never exceeded a core of forty or fifty men.<ref name=Bubnys1>{{cite web |url= http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm |title=Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) |accessdate=18 February 2007 |last=Bubnys |first=Arūnas |authorlink=Arūnas Bubnys |year=2004 |language=Lithuanian |quote=Pirmą kartą dokumentuose Vilniaus ypatingojo būrio vardas (vok. Sonderkommando) aptinkamas 1941 m. liepos 15 d. Dokumentuose kalbama apie šovinių išdavimą ypatingojo būrio reikmėms.}}</ref> 118 names are known; 20 of the members have been prosecuted and punished.<ref></ref> Together with German police, the squad participated in the ], where some 70,000 Jews were murdered,<ref name="Jews">Jews of Vilna and Lithuania in general had their own complex identity, and labels of ], ] or ] are all applicable only in part. See also: ], ''On Modern Jewish Politics'', Oxford University Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0-19-508319-9}}, and ], ''Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages'', Houghton Mifflin Books, 2003, {{ISBN|0-618-23649-X}}, </ref> along with estimated 20,000 ] and 8,000 ]n POWs, many from nearby Vilnius. |
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==History== |
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==History== |
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The first mention of the name of the Vilnian Special Squad, ({{lang-lt|Ypatingasis būrys}}) is from documents dated 15 July 1941. The Special Squad (YB) began as police units formed after Lithuania was occupied by Germany in 1941. Many{{How many|date=July 2020}} were volunteers,<ref name="Snyder"/> particularly recruited from the former paramilitary ]<ref name="Piotrowski-162">{{cite book | author =] | title =Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | publisher =McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-7864-0371-3| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&ots=0IlJRbNH1_&sig=bRwOeNo9FqhDR1UjNK5amJ9pk2k | page =162 }}</ref><ref name="Sak">], ], Yale University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-10853-2}} </ref> ] ({{lang-lt|Lietuvos Šaulių Sąjunga}}) organization.<ref name="WSP-Ponary">{{in lang|pl}} Czesław Michalski, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224124407/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/konspekt/konspekt5/ponary.html |date=24 December 2008 }} (Ponary – the Golgoth of Wilno Region). ''Konspekt'' nº 5, Winter 2000–2001, a publication of the ]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref><ref name="adw">{{in lang|pl}} Stanisław Mikke, . Relation from a Polish–Lithuanian memorial ceremony in Paneriai, 2000. On the pages of Polish Bar Association</ref> It was composed primarily of Lithuanians{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}, although according to Lithuanian historian Bubnys, a few Russians and a few Poles served in it as well.<ref name=McQueen>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-07-03/paper.pdf |title=Lithuanian Collaboration in the "Final Solution": Motivations and Case Studies |accessdate=19 February 2007 |last=MacQueen |first=Michael |year=2004 |format=pdf |work=Lithuania and the Jews The Holocaust Chapter |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |pages=55 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515225310/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-07-03/paper.pdf |archivedate=15 May 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Bubnys2>{{cite web |url= http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm |title= Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) |accessdate=18 February 2007 |last=Bubnys |first=Arūnas |authorlink=Arūnas Bubnys |year=2004 |language=Lithuanian |quote=Daugumą būrio narių sudarė lietuviai, tačiau buvo keletas rusų ir lenkų.}}</ref> |
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The first mention of the name of the Vilnian Special Squad, ({{lang-lt|Ypatingasis būrys}}) is from documents dated 15 July 1941. The Special Squad (YB) began as police units formed after Lithuania was occupied by Germany in 1941. Many were volunteers,<ref name="Snyder"/> particularly recruited from the former paramilitary ]<ref name="Piotrowski-162">{{cite book | author =] | title =Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | publisher =McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-7864-0371-3| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&ots=0IlJRbNH1_&sig=bRwOeNo9FqhDR1UjNK5amJ9pk2k | page =162 }}</ref><ref name="Sak">], ], Yale University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-10853-2}} </ref> ] ({{lang-lt|Lietuvos Šaulių Sąjunga}}) organization.<ref name="WSP-Ponary">{{in lang|pl}} Czesław Michalski, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224124407/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/konspekt/konspekt5/ponary.html |date=24 December 2008 }} (Ponary – the Golgoth of Wilno Region). ''Konspekt'' nº 5, Winter 2000–2001, a publication of the ]. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.</ref><ref name="adw">{{in lang|pl}} Stanisław Mikke, . Relation from a Polish–Lithuanian memorial ceremony in Paneriai, 2000. On the pages of Polish Bar Association</ref> It was composed primarily of Lithuanians, although according to Lithuanian historian Bubnys, a few Russians and a few Poles served in it as well.<ref name=McQueen>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-07-03/paper.pdf |title=Lithuanian Collaboration in the "Final Solution": Motivations and Case Studies |accessdate=19 February 2007 |last=MacQueen |first=Michael |year=2004 |format=pdf |work=Lithuania and the Jews The Holocaust Chapter |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |pages=55 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515225310/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-07-03/paper.pdf |archivedate=15 May 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Bubnys2>{{cite web |url= http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm |title= Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) |accessdate=18 February 2007 |last=Bubnys |first=Arūnas |authorlink=Arūnas Bubnys |year=2004 |language=Lithuanian |quote=Daugumą būrio narių sudarė lietuviai, tačiau buvo keletas rusų ir lenkų.}}</ref> |
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The unit was subordinated to German police, and had no autonomy.<ref name=Bubnys3>{{cite web |url= http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm |title= Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) |accessdate=18 February 2007 |last=Bubnys |first=Arūnas |authorlink=Arūnas Bubnys |year=2004 |language=Lithuanian |quote=YB buvo pavaldus tik vokiečių saugumo policijai ir vykdė jos pareigūnų nurodymus.}}</ref> Amongst the original organizers of the squad were junior lieutenants Jakubka and Butkus. After 23 July 1941, the commanding officer was ]. Squad members were issued Soviet weapons and white armbands and were used as guards and to move Jews from their apartments to the ]. In November 1941, lieutenant ], became the commander of the squad and his deputy was lieutenant ]. The size of the squad was reduced to between forty and fifty men. By the end of 1943, Norvaiša and Lukošius were deployed to a self-defence battalion and command of the YB was transferred to sergeant ]. Some of the squad members were wearing uniforms of Lithuanian Army until in 1942 they were issued green ] uniforms with ] and skulls on caps. Squad members were also issued SD identity cards. YB was subordinate only to the ]. The longest-serving commander of YB was ] man ]. Weiss not only directed executions but killed victims personally. In 1943 Weiss was replaced by private Fiedler.<ref name="Bubnys">{{cite book | author =] | title =Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941–1944)| year =2004 | publisher =] | location =Vilnius | url = http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm | accessdate =9 June 2006 |language=lt}}</ref> |
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The unit was subordinated to German police, and had no autonomy.<ref name=Bubnys3>{{cite web |url= http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm |title= Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) |accessdate=18 February 2007 |last=Bubnys |first=Arūnas |authorlink=Arūnas Bubnys |year=2004 |language=Lithuanian |quote=YB buvo pavaldus tik vokiečių saugumo policijai ir vykdė jos pareigūnų nurodymus.}}</ref> Amongst the original organizers of the squad were junior lieutenants Jakubka and Butkus. After 23 July 1941, the commanding officer was ]. Squad members were issued Soviet weapons and white armbands and were used as guards and to move Jews from their apartments to the ]. In November 1941, lieutenant ], became the commander of the squad and his deputy was lieutenant ]. The size of the squad was reduced to between forty and fifty men. By the end of 1943, Norvaiša and Lukošius were deployed to a self-defence battalion and command of the YB was transferred to sergeant ]. Some of the squad members were wearing uniforms of Lithuanian Army until in 1942 they were issued green ] uniforms with ] and skulls on caps. Squad members were also issued SD identity cards. YB was subordinate only to the ]. The longest-serving commander of YB was ] man ]. Weiss not only directed executions but killed victims personally. In 1943 Weiss was replaced by private Fiedler.<ref name="Bubnys">{{cite book | author =] | title =Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941–1944)| year =2004 | publisher =] | location =Vilnius | url = http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/arunas1.htm | accessdate =9 June 2006 |language=lt}}</ref> |
The unit was subordinated to German police, and had no autonomy. Amongst the original organizers of the squad were junior lieutenants Jakubka and Butkus. After 23 July 1941, the commanding officer was Juozas Šidlauskas. Squad members were issued Soviet weapons and white armbands and were used as guards and to move Jews from their apartments to the ghetto. In November 1941, lieutenant Balys Norvaiša, became the commander of the squad and his deputy was lieutenant Balys Lukošius. The size of the squad was reduced to between forty and fifty men. By the end of 1943, Norvaiša and Lukošius were deployed to a self-defence battalion and command of the YB was transferred to sergeant Jonas Tumas. Some of the squad members were wearing uniforms of Lithuanian Army until in 1942 they were issued green SD uniforms with Swastika and skulls on caps. Squad members were also issued SD identity cards. YB was subordinate only to the German Security Police. The longest-serving commander of YB was SS man Martin Weiss. Weiss not only directed executions but killed victims personally. In 1943 Weiss was replaced by private Fiedler.
YB killed tens of thousands people, mostly Jews. Ten YB members were sentenced and executed by Soviet authorities in 1945 (Jonas Oželis-Kazlauskas, Juozas Macys, Stasys Ukrinas, Mikas Bogotkevičius, Povilas Vaitulionis, Jonas Dvilainis, Vladas Mandeika, Borisas Baltūsis, Juozas Augustas, Jonas Norkevičius). In total, twenty YB members were convicted by Polish and Soviet authorities, four of them in Poland in the 70s. In 1972 Polish authorities arrested three men, one Polish (Jan Borkowski, who during the war used a Lithuanized version of his name, Jonas Barkauskas), and the other two of mixed Polish–Lithuanian ethnicity (Władysław Butkun aka Vladas Butkunas and Józef Miakisz aka Juozas Mikašius) and sentenced them to death. This was later commuted to 20 years imprisonment. Other YB members died after the war or lived abroad.
According to the Lithuanian historian Arūnas Bubnys, who cited the Polish historian Helena Pasierbska, during 1941–1944, approximately 108 men were members of YB. Bubnys notes that it is difficult to answer two questions: how many members YB had and how many people they killed. Bubnys argues that the number of 100,000 victims attributed to the organization is inflated.
