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== Background == == Background ==
In 1994, the refugees fleeing the Kurdish villages close to the Turkish Iraqi border were initially based in a camp in Atroush, further north, but in 1997,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Caux|first=Helene|date=June 2011|title=UNAMI Newsletter, United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4e786d0b0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 September 2020|website=Refworld|publisher=United Nations Assistence Mission for Iraq|pages=5–6}}</ref> the Atroush camp was closed by the after ] made accusations that the ] (PKK) recruited members amongst its habitants.<ref name=":1" /> Following, a major part of the habitants accepted an offer by the ] (KDP) to move to Makhmur and an other group moved to ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Iraq|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8cc34.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> From Ain Sifni the refugees had to flee fighting between the PKK and the KDP, who was supported in its fight by the Turkish army. The Refugees then settled to ], but their situation remained dire as the KDP did not allow the the ] to provide help to the refugees.<ref name=":0" /> Eventually the ] and the UNHCR managed to gain access to the refugees. Then the refugees opted to also move to Makhmur and join the other former habitants of the Atroush Camp.<ref name=":0" /> In 1994, the refugees fleeing the Kurdish villages close to the Turkish Iraqi border were initially based in a camp in Atroush, further north, but in 1997,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Caux|first=Helene|date=June 2011|title=UNAMI Newsletter, United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4e786d0b0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 September 2020|website=Refworld|publisher=United Nations Assistence Mission for Iraq|pages=5–6}}</ref> the Atroush camp was closed by the after ] made accusations that the ] (PKK) recruited members amongst its habitants.<ref name=":1" /> Following, a major part of the habitants accepted an offer by the ] (KDP) to move to Makhmur and an other group moved to ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Iraq|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8cc34.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> From Ain Sifni the refugees had to flee fighting between the PKK and the KDP, who was supported in its fight by the Turkish army. The Refugees then settled to ], but their situation remained dire as the KDP did not allow the ] to provide help to the refugees.<ref name=":0" /> Eventually the ] and the UNHCR managed to gain access to the refugees. Then the refugees opted to also move to Makhmur and join the other former habitants of the Atroush Camp.<ref name=":0" />


== Makhmour camp == == Makhmour camp ==
The Makhmur camp was established in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRAQ: A Visit to the Makhmour Refugee Camp {{!}} Christian Peacemaker Teams|url=https://cpt.org/cptnet/2008/12/30/iraq-visit-makhmour-refugee-camp|access-date=2020-09-15|website=cpt.org}}</ref> The camp receives the support of the UNHCR, which helped them to provide the refugees with legal documentation in 2011, which allows them to access to education and health services. Holders of the residency permit are also permitted to apply for work provided by the Government.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, as the ] (ISIL), captured large areas of Iraq, the Makhmour Protection Units (MPU) where established. The same year, ], then the president of the KRG visited the camp, after the Kurdish forces evicted ISIL from the Kurdish regions south of ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Deadly explosion at Kurdish refugee camp was airstrike, statement|url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/07122017|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.rudaw.net}}</ref> From July 2019 onwards, the ] (KRG) has limited the liberty of movement of most of the habitants of the camp in such way, that many have lost their jobs outside of the camp and the health services were not been able to be provided in an adequate way, the ] reported in November 2019. Dindar Zebari from the KRG, stated that the measure was taken out of security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-27|title=Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Refugees’ Movements Restricted|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/27/kurdistan-region-iraq-refugees-movements-restricted|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The Makhmur camp was established in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRAQ: A Visit to the Makhmour Refugee Camp {{!}} Christian Peacemaker Teams|url=https://cpt.org/cptnet/2008/12/30/iraq-visit-makhmour-refugee-camp|access-date=2020-09-15|website=cpt.org}}</ref> The camp receives the support of the UNHCR, which helped them to provide the refugees with legal documentation in 2011, which allows them to access to education and health services. Holders of the residency permit are also permitted to apply for work provided by the Government.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, as the ] (ISIL), captured large areas of Iraq, the Makhmour Protection Units (MPU) where established. The same year, ], then the president of the KRG visited the camp, after the Kurdish forces evicted ISIL from the Kurdish regions south of ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Deadly explosion at Kurdish refugee camp was airstrike, statement|url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/07122017|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.rudaw.net}}</ref> From July 2019 onwards, the ] (KRG) has limited the liberty of movement of most of the habitants of the camp in such way, that many have lost their jobs outside of the camp and the health services were not been able to be provided in an adequate way, the ] reported in November 2019. Dindar Zebari from the KRG, stated that the measure was taken out of security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-27|title=Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Refugees’ Movements Restricted|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/27/kurdistan-region-iraq-refugees-movements-restricted|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref>


The refugee camp and its surroundings are often a target for Turkish airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iraq Summons Turkish Ambassador over Refugee Camp Strike|url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2238491/iraq-summons-turkish-ambassador-over-refugee-camp-strike|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Asharq AL-awsat|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 June 2020|title=Turkey carries out dozens of airstrikes in Iraq's Kurdistan region|url=http://bianet.org/english/print/225705-turkey-carries-out-dozens-of-airstrikes-in-iraq-s-kurdistan-region|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombing a refugee camp with jets|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/features/bombing-a-refugee-camp-with-jets-31418|access-date=2020-09-15|website=ANF News|language=en}}</ref> Makhmur Camp was bombed for 40 minutes during ], launched by the ] on 15 June 2020. A Turkish official spoke to the ] after the operation, "We carried out an operation in Mahmur more than a year ago, we destroyed their warehouses. We saw that they made new storage in a year. New roads were built around Makhmur. They are seeking to infiltrate our country through these roads. For this reason, we organized an operation once again.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|title=TSK'nın Kuzey Irak'taki hava operasyonu hakkında neler biliniyor?|language=tr|work=BBC News Türkçe|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-53056142|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref> The refugee camp and its surroundings are often a target for Turkish airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iraq Summons Turkish Ambassador over Refugee Camp Strike|url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2238491/iraq-summons-turkish-ambassador-over-refugee-camp-strike|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Asharq AL-awsat|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 June 2020|title=Turkey carries out dozens of airstrikes in Iraq's Kurdistan region|url=http://bianet.org/english/print/225705-turkey-carries-out-dozens-of-airstrikes-in-iraq-s-kurdistan-region|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombing a refugee camp with jets|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/features/bombing-a-refugee-camp-with-jets-31418|access-date=2020-09-15|website=ANF News|language=en}}</ref> Makhmur Camp was bombed for 40 minutes during ], launched by the ] on 15 June 2020. A Turkish official spoke to the ] after the operation, "We carried out an operation in Mahmur more than a year ago, we destroyed their warehouses. We saw that they made new storage in a year. New roads were built around Makhmur. They are seeking to infiltrate our country through these roads. For this reason, we organized an operation once again.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|title=TSK'nın Kuzey Irak'taki hava operasyonu hakkında neler biliniyor?|language=tr|work=BBC News Türkçe|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-53056142|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>


Several members of the PKK come from this camp. A "Garden of the Martyrs" was established at the camp, where deceased PKK members are remembered.<ref name=":03" /> ] state television ] journalist Bram Vermeulen has accused the Makhmur Camp of being a PKK camp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tussen twee vuren: Irak - Langs de grenzen van Turkije|url=https://www.vpro.nl/speel~VPWON_1177151~tussen-twee-vuren-irak-langs-de-grenzen-van-turkije~.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=VPRO|language=nl}}</ref> Several members of the PKK come from this camp. A "Garden of the Martyrs" was established at the camp, where deceased PKK members are remembered.<ref name=":03" /> ] state television ] journalist Bram Vermeulen has accused the Makhmur Camp of being a PKK camp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tussen twee vuren: Irak - Langs de grenzen van Turkije|url=https://www.vpro.nl/speel~VPWON_1177151~tussen-twee-vuren-irak-langs-de-grenzen-van-turkije~.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=VPRO|language=nl}}</ref>


== References == == References ==
<references /> <references />

] ]

Revision as of 09:04, 16 September 2020

Refugee camp in Iraq

The Makhmur Refugee Camp, which was founded in 1998, lies in the Makhmur District, Iraq. About 12,000 Kurdish refugees, who fled the civil war between Kurds and the Turkish state in the 1990s, live in this refugee camp.

Background

In 1994, the refugees fleeing the Kurdish villages close to the Turkish Iraqi border were initially based in a camp in Atroush, further north, but in 1997, the Atroush camp was closed by the after Turkey made accusations that the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) recruited members amongst its habitants. Following, a major part of the habitants accepted an offer by the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) to move to Makhmur and an other group moved to Ain Sifni. From Ain Sifni the refugees had to flee fighting between the PKK and the KDP, who was supported in its fight by the Turkish army. The Refugees then settled to Sheikan, but their situation remained dire as the KDP did not allow the UNHCR to provide help to the refugees. Eventually the World Food Programm and the UNHCR managed to gain access to the refugees. Then the refugees opted to also move to Makhmur and join the other former habitants of the Atroush Camp.

Makhmour camp

The Makhmur camp was established in 1998. The camp receives the support of the UNHCR, which helped them to provide the refugees with legal documentation in 2011, which allows them to access to education and health services. Holders of the residency permit are also permitted to apply for work provided by the Government. In 2014, as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), captured large areas of Iraq, the Makhmour Protection Units (MPU) where established. The same year, Masoud Barzani, then the president of the KRG visited the camp, after the Kurdish forces evicted ISIL from the Kurdish regions south of Erbil. From July 2019 onwards, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has limited the liberty of movement of most of the habitants of the camp in such way, that many have lost their jobs outside of the camp and the health services were not been able to be provided in an adequate way, the Human Rights Watch reported in November 2019. Dindar Zebari from the KRG, stated that the measure was taken out of security reasons.

The refugee camp and its surroundings are often a target for Turkish airstrikes. Makhmur Camp was bombed for 40 minutes during Operation Claw-Eagle (2020), launched by the Turkish Armed Forces on 15 June 2020. A Turkish official spoke to the BBC after the operation, "We carried out an operation in Mahmur more than a year ago, we destroyed their warehouses. We saw that they made new storage in a year. New roads were built around Makhmur. They are seeking to infiltrate our country through these roads. For this reason, we organized an operation once again.''

Several members of the PKK come from this camp. A "Garden of the Martyrs" was established at the camp, where deceased PKK members are remembered. Dutch state television NOS journalist Bram Vermeulen has accused the Makhmur Camp of being a PKK camp.

References

  1. ^ Çerny, Hannes. Iraqi Kurdistan, the PKK and International Relations. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 9781138676176.
  2. "'This is a betrayal': Kurdish villagers in Iraq say Turkey is 'no different from Isis'". The Independent. 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
  3. ^ Caux, Helene (June 2011). "UNAMI Newsletter, United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq" (PDF). Refworld. United Nations Assistence Mission for Iraq. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 12 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Iraq". Refworld. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  5. "IRAQ: A Visit to the Makhmour Refugee Camp | Christian Peacemaker Teams". cpt.org. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  6. "Deadly explosion at Kurdish refugee camp was airstrike, statement". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2020-09-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. "Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Refugees' Movements Restricted". Human Rights Watch. 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  8. "Iraq Summons Turkish Ambassador over Refugee Camp Strike". Asharq AL-awsat. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  9. "Turkey carries out dozens of airstrikes in Iraq's Kurdistan region". 15 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. "Bombing a refugee camp with jets". ANF News. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  11. "TSK'nın Kuzey Irak'taki hava operasyonu hakkında neler biliniyor?". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  12. "Tussen twee vuren: Irak - Langs de grenzen van Turkije". VPRO (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-09-12.
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