| Revision as of 09:34, 2 January 2007 editEdgarde (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers19,109 edits →References: None of these books were used to write this article. A similar booklist can be obtained by searching "sex tourism" at Amazon.← Previous edit | Revision as of 15:52, 3 January 2007 edit undoEdgarde (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers19,109 editsm copyedit: country --> countriesNext edit → | ||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
| }}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| An attraction for some sex tourists is access to ] that is unavailable in their home |
An attraction for some sex tourists is access to ] that is unavailable in their home countries. Several countries have recently enacted laws with extraterritorial reach, punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors in other countries. These laws are rarely enforced since the crime usually goes undiscovered. | ||
| The ] opposes sex tourism citing health, social and cultural consequences for both tourist home countries and destination countries, especially in situations exploiting gender, age, social and economic inequalities in sex tourism destinations.<ref name ="WTO"/><ref>U.N. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI) ''''</ref><ref>U.N. Congress On The Prevention Of Crime And The Treatment Of Offenders Press Release ''''</ref> | The ] opposes sex tourism citing health, social and cultural consequences for both tourist home countries and destination countries, especially in situations exploiting gender, age, social and economic inequalities in sex tourism destinations.<ref name ="WTO"/><ref>U.N. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI) ''''</ref><ref>U.N. Congress On The Prevention Of Crime And The Treatment Of Offenders Press Release ''''</ref> | ||
Revision as of 15:52, 3 January 2007
Sex tourism is traveling for sexual intercourse with prostitutes or to engage in other sexual activity. The World Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations defines sex tourism as "trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination".
An attraction for some sex tourists is access to child prostitution that is unavailable in their home countries. Several countries have recently enacted laws with extraterritorial reach, punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors in other countries. These laws are rarely enforced since the crime usually goes undiscovered.
The United Nations opposes sex tourism citing health, social and cultural consequences for both tourist home countries and destination countries, especially in situations exploiting gender, age, social and economic inequalities in sex tourism destinations.
Destinations
National destinations for sex tourists include Thailand, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Cuba, Germany, The Netherlands and Cambodia.
Since the collapse of the Iron Curtain, Russia, Hungary, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland and the Czech Republic have also become popular destinations for sex tourists. In many of those destinations, sex tourism is still only a small percentage of overall prostitution, with most prostitutes serving local men.
An individual city or region can have a particular reputation as a sex tourist destination. Many of these coincide with major red-light districts, and include Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Bangkok, Phuket and Pattaya in Thailand and Angeles City in the Philippines.
In the United States, prostitution is largely illegal, with the exception of rural areas of the state of Nevada; these have become a sex tourist destination for some Americans. To a lesser extent, several other large cities in the U.S. are also domestic sex tourist destinations despite legal sanctions on prostitution.
Female Sex Tourism Destinations
Main article: Female sex tourismThe primary destinations for female sex tourism are Southern Europe (mainly Italy, former Yugoslavia, Turkey, Greece and Spain), the Caribbean (led by Jamaica, Barbados and the Dominican Republic), the Gambia and Kenya in Africa, Bali in Indonesia, and Pattaya or Phuket in Thailand. Lesser destinations include Nepal, Morocco, Fiji, Ecuador and Costa Rica. Female sex tourism differs from male sex tourism, in that women do not usually go to specific bars. Women usually give clothes, meals, cash and gifts to their prostitutes, but not all (especially in Southern Europe) expect compensation.
Criminality and controversy
Tourism involving sex with minors
Main article: Prostitution of childrenWhile most sex tourists only engage in this activity with other adults, some actively look for child prostitutes, while others are not very selective either way, regarding age. The WTO makes a distinction between "sex tourism" and "child sex tourism." A tourist who has sex with a child prostitute possibly commits a crime against international law, in addition to the host country, and the country that the tourist is a citizen of. The term "child" is often used as defined by international law and refers to any person below the age of consent. Many countries have signed the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 and implemented domestic law making having sex with child prostitutes a criminal offence for their nationals or inhabitants including when practised abroad regardless of whether it is forbidden by the laws of the other country. Singapore has been criticized for having no such law, in spite of being adjacent to the sex tourism destination of Batam in Indonesia, which has many underage sex workers, many of whom have been forced into prostitution.
In 2004 Canada started to prosecute individuals under the sex tourism law. The first individual charged in Canada under this law was Donald Bakker.
According to the Cambodia minister for Woman's Affairs, it is not tourists who are the prime culprits of pedophillia in her country, but the locals.
Legal issues in the United States
Federal law (see PROTECT Act of 2003) prohibits United States citizens or permanent residents to engage in international travel with the purpose or effect of having commercial sex with a person under the age of 18, or any sex with a person under the age of 16; facilitating such travel is also illegal. Arrests by Immigration and Customs Enforcement are becoming common, however prosecutions under this law are still very rare.
As of 2005, there has been one effort to prosecute a sex tour operator: Big Apple Oriental Tours of New York was prosecuted for "promotion of prostitution" by the New York State Attorney General after lobbying by feminist human rights groups, however the case has been thrown out twice. HR 972, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 reauthorizes the 2000 law, but it also gives U.S. law enforcement better tools to study human trafficking within the United States and to prosecute those who purchase sex acts. The measure authorizes $50 million for grants to state and local law enforcement to investigate and prosecute persons who engage in the purchase of commercial sex acts.
Servaty scandal
In 2005 it was reported that Philippe Servaty, a newspaper columnist for Le Soir, traveled to Morocco where he persuaded women to engage in sexual activity by promising to marry and bring them to Belgium. He then posted photos online to boast of his conquests, but when his explicit materials were circulated back to Morocco many of the women were arrested, had their lives ruined, committed suicide or disappeared.
Academic study
University of Leicester sociologists studied this subject as part of a research project for the Economic and Social Research Council and End Child Prostitution and Trafficking campaign. The study included interviews with over 250 sex tourists. Among their findings:
- Preconceptions about race and gender influenced their opinions.
- Economically underdeveloped tourist-receiving countries are promoted as being culturally different so that (in the Western tourist's understanding) prostitution and traditional male domination of women have less stigma than similar practices might have in their home countries.
Depictions in fiction and popular culture
- The 2005 film Heading South describes the experiences of a group of middle-aged women in the late 1970s, who travel to Haiti for the purposes of sexual tourism.
- In the animated TV series South Park the character Chef joins the Super Adventure Club which travels the world having sex with children.
- Sex tourism is a major theme of Platform, a novel by Michel Houellebecq.
See also
- Female sex tourism
- Prostitution in Germany
- Prostitution in Thailand
- Tourism
- Trafficking in human beings
References
Notes
- ^ "WTO Statement On The Prevention Of Organized Sex Tourism". Adopted by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization at its eleventh session - Cairo (Egypt), 17-22 October 1995 (Resolution A/RES/338 (XI)). Cairo (Egypt): World Tourism Organization. 17–22 October 1995. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|booktitle=ignored (|book-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link) - U.N. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI) Gender Mainstreaming Mandates
- U.N. Congress On The Prevention Of Crime And The Treatment Of Offenders Press Release New Global Treaty to Combat Sex Slavery of Women and Girls
- Cruey, Greg. "Thailand's Sex Industry". About: Asia For Visitors. About, Inc. (The New York Times Co.). Retrieved 2006-12-20.
Nowhere else is it so open and prevalent.
- "Brazil". The Protection Project. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
Brazil is a major sex tourism destination. Foreigners come from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Latin America, and North America ...
- Gentile, Carmen J. (2006-02-02). "Brazil cracks down on child prostitution". San Francisco Chronicle. Chronicle Foreign Service. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
... young prostitutes strut in front of middle-aged American and European tourists ...
- "Dominican Republic". The Protection Project. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
The Dominican Republic is one of the most popular sex tourism destinations in the world, and it is advertised on the Internet as a "single man's paradise."
- Scheeres, Julia (2001-07-07). "The Web, Where 'Pimps' Roam Free". Wired News. CondéNet Inc. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
- Kovaleski, Serge F. (2000-01-02). "Child Sex Trade Rises In Central America". Washington Post Foreign Service. Washington Post Foreign Service. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
... "an accelerated increase in child prostitution" in the country ... blamed largely on the unofficial promotion of sex tourism in Costa Rica over the Internet.
{{cite news}}: Check|archiveurl=value (help) - "Costa Rica". The Protection Project. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
...has come to rival Thailand and the Philippines as one of the world's leading destinations for sex tourism.
- "Cuba". The Protection Project. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
Cuba is a popular destination country for sex tourists from Canada, the United States, and Europe.
- Zúñiga, Jesús. "Cuba: The Thailand of the Caribbean". The New West Indian. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
- Sex tourism
- 'Asia's sex trade is 'slavery' - BBC
- Sex tourist fact sheet
- Full copy of HR 972
- Avenging Muslims Seek to Kill Belgian Journalist, The Brussels Journal, 13 July 2005
- Sex Tourism in the Caribbean by Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor, University of Leicester. Chapter for Tourism, Travel and Sex, eds. Stephen Clift and Simon Carter, 1999
- The New West Indian Sex tourists: survey