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| == Background == | == Background == | ||
| The ] had effectively achieved independence from the ] in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the ]. The Afsharid Persian emperor ] (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after ]'s death in 1747, the ] (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh |
The ] had effectively achieved independence from the ] in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the ]. The Afsharid Persian emperor ] (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after ]'s death in 1747, the ] (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikk Misls, and later the Sikh Empire. Afghan expansion was checked by the Sikhs. | ||
| ==First Phase== | ==First Phase== | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Sikhs under ] and their ally ] fought against Ahmad Shah Durrani, Durrani was defeated, This was the first sign of Sikh-Maratha alliance and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia along with Adina Beg won and conquered Lahore. | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
| | isbn = 978-81-7625-738-1}}</ref> | | isbn = 978-81-7625-738-1}}</ref> | ||
| * ] .<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/?id=ra19YSPDliQC&pg=P114&dq=hargobind+jahangir#v=onepage&q=hargobind%20jahangir&f=false|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 116}}</ref> | * ] .<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/?id=ra19YSPDliQC&pg=P114&dq=hargobind+jahangir#v=onepage&q=hargobind%20jahangir&f=false|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 116}}</ref> | ||
| Abdali fought against the Sikhs on every occasion he was less successful and Sikhs became stronger. In the end the Sikhs drove him away from India all the way back to the Indus river. | |||
| In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India. Sikhs withdrew and employed guerilla tactics. He captured ].{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Abadly marched on to ], massacring the civilian population and destroying the holy city,{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} however his campaign was short-lived.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan {{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} |
In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India. Sikhs withdrew and employed guerilla tactics. He captured ].{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Abadly marched on to ], massacring the civilian population and destroying the holy city,{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} however his campaign was short-lived.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan {{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Ahmed Shah Durrani also injured his nose after a part of artillery hit him on his face. Ahmad Shah later died in 1772. | ||
| ==Third Phase== | ==Third Phase== | ||
| Line 94: | Line 94: | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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The Afghan–Sikh wars were a series of wars between the Islamic Durrani Empire (centred in present-day Afghanistan), and the Sikh Empire (located in the Punjab region). The conflict had its origins stemming from the days of the Dal Khalsa.
Background
The Sikh Confederacy had effectively achieved independence from the Mughal Empire in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the Chhota Ghallughara. The Afsharid Persian emperor Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after Nader Shah's death in 1747, the Durrani Empire (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikk Misls, and later the Sikh Empire. Afghan expansion was checked by the Sikhs.
First Phase
Sikhs under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and their ally Adina Beg fought against Ahmad Shah Durrani, Durrani was defeated, This was the first sign of Sikh-Maratha alliance and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia along with Adina Beg won and conquered Lahore.
Battle Sabzevar took place near Punjab where Sikh defeated Abdali and his Army. The Sikhs were unhappy with the Mahrattas as they sold the land that the Sikhs and Adina Bag jointly conquered to the Mughals who gave it to the Afghans. After this battle Ahmed Shah Durrani declared Jihad on the Sikhs and the Dal Khalsa and Sarbat Khalsa declared Morcha. At that time all Khalsa Sikhs wore a 3 foot long kirpan so it was easier to fight.
Ahmed Shah Durrani invaded again along with his son Timur Shah Durrani in 1756 on the invitation of Mughlani Begum, the wife of Mir Mannu, late subedar of Punjab under Mughal Empire. They conquered the Mughal cities of Lahore, Sirhind, Delhi, Mathura, Vrindavan. And they were able to take women slaves including daughters of late emperor Muhammad Shah and Alamgir II along with of other Hindu women from towns of Mathura, Vrindavan and Agra.
Further the troops of Adina Beg and Sikhs fought together against Afghans at Hoshiarpur. Later troops of 20,000 horsemen of Timur Shah Durrani was defeated and captured by Sikhs. This resulted in insecurity in mind of Adina Beg, who invited the Marathas, who had taken Delhi to come to Punjab and recapture Lahore. Sikhs and Marathas rout Afghans from Lahore by March 1758. Adina became subedar of Punjab, by promising 75 lakh rupees a year to be paid to Marathas. The Chief Qazi of Lahore fearing Hindu domination by Marathas invited Ahmed Shah Abdali to Punjab, causing Third Battle of Panipat.
The battle of Amritsar was fought between the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl and the Afghans. In this battle the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl decisively won., although their leader Baba Deep Singh ji was martyred. His head was cut off although he still kept on fighting. The Sikhs decisively won.
Second Phase
The second phase was in favor of the Sikhs. The Third Battle of Panipat, despite the Afghan victory, had caused great loss for the Afghan forces. The Afghans began to suffer defeats at the hands of the Sikh armies and were forced to fall back.
- Rescuing of Hindu Women
- Battle of Gujranwala (1761)
- Battle of Sialkot (1761)
- Sikh Occupation of Lahore .
Abdali fought against the Sikhs on every occasion he was less successful and Sikhs became stronger. In the end the Sikhs drove him away from India all the way back to the Indus river.
In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India. Sikhs withdrew and employed guerilla tactics. He captured Lahore. Abadly marched on to Amritsar, massacring the civilian population and destroying the holy city, however his campaign was short-lived. Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan Ahmed Shah Durrani also injured his nose after a part of artillery hit him on his face. Ahmad Shah later died in 1772.
Third Phase
Battle of Attock
Main article: Battle of AttockSiege of Multan
Main article: Siege of Multan (1818)Battle of Shopian
Main article: Battle of ShopianBattle of Nowshera
Main article: Battle of NowsheraBattle of Jamrud
Main article: Battle of JamrudSee also
References
- Mehta 2005, p. 303. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMehta2005 (help)
- ^ Singh 2004. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSingh2004 (help)
- ^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1 January 2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6 – via Google Books.
- Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and Nationalism in India. London and New York: Routledge. The case of Punjab; 189. ISBN 978-0-415-20108-7.
- Brief History of the Sikh Misls. Jalandhar: Sikh Missionary College.
- Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14. ISBN 978-1-4907-1441-7. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- Bhagata, Siṅgha (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 181.
...
- Kakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Pathak, S.R.Bakshi R. (1 January 2007). Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-7625-738-1. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
- Singh, Khushwant (11 October 2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-567308-1. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
- Singh, Khushwant (27 September 2008). Ranjit Singh- Maharaja of the Punjab. New Delhi. ISBN 978-0-14-306543-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- Kakshi, S.R.; Rashmi Pathak; S.R.Bakshi; R. Pathak (2007). Punjab Through the Ages. New Delhi: Sarup and Son. ISBN 978-81-7625-738-1.
- Raj Pal Singh (2004). The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Pentagon Press. p. 116. ISBN 9788186505465.
- ^ Dupree 1980, p. 339.
Sources
- Dupree, Louis (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press.
- Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs. Oxford University Press.
- Glover, William J. (2008). Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. University of Minnesota Press.
- Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press, Inc.
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