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| |date= '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839 | |date= '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839 | ||
| |place=], ], ], ] and ] | |place=], ], ], ] and ] | ||
| |result='''First Phase''': |
|result='''First Phase''':Afghans driven from country; Lahore taken by Sikhs{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=303}}<br>'''Second Phase''':Afghan campaign cut short, return home{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}}<br> '''Third Phase''':<br> | ||
| |combatant1= {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg}} ] (1751-1826)<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg}} ] (1823-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|}} ] tribesmen (1751-1837) | |combatant1= {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg}} ] (1751-1826)<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg}} ] (1823-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|}} ] tribesmen (1751-1837) | ||
| |combatant2= {{flagicon image|Sikh Akali flag.jpg}} ] (1751-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}} ] (1748-1765)<br> {{flagicon image|Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg}} ] (1765-1800)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Empire flag.jpg}} ] (1800-1839)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Regular Infantry standard.png}} ] (1799-1837) | |combatant2= {{flagicon image|Sikh Akali flag.jpg}} ] (1751-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}} ] (1748-1765)<br> {{flagicon image|Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg}} ] (1765-1800)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Empire flag.jpg}} ] (1800-1839)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Regular Infantry standard.png}} ] (1799-1837) | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| == Background == | == Background == | ||
| The ] had effectively achieved independence from the ] in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the ]. The Afsharid Persian emperor ] (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after ]'s death in 1747, the ] (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with |
The ] had effectively achieved independence from the ] in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the ]. The Afsharid Persian emperor ] (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after ]'s death in 1747, the ] (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance. | ||
| ==First Phase== | ==First Phase== | ||
| * ] | |||
| Sikhs under ] and their ally ] fought against Ahmad Shah Durrani, Durrani was defeated, This was the first sign of Sikh-Maratha alliance and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia along with Adina Beg won and conquered Lahore. | |||
| * ] | |||
| Battle Sabzevar took place near Punjab where Sikh defeated Abdali and his Army. The Sikhs were unhappy with the Mahrattas as they sold the land that the Sikhs and Adina Bag jointly conquered to the Mughals who gave it to the Afghans. After this battle Ahmed Shah Durrani declared Jihad on the Sikhs and the ] and ] declared Morcha. At that time all Khalsa Sikhs wore a 3 foot long kirpan so it was easier to fight. | |||
| Ahmed Shah Durrani invaded again along with his son ] in 1756 on the invitation of ], the wife of ], late subedar of Punjab under Mughal Empire. They conquered the Mughal cities of Lahore, Sirhind, Delhi, Mathura, Vrindavan. And they were able to take women slaves including daughters of late emperor ] and ] along with of other Hindu women from towns of ], ] and ].<ref name="delhi"/> | |||
| Further the troops of Adina Beg and Sikhs fought together against Afghans at Hoshiarpur. Later troops of 20,000 horsemen of ] was defeated and captured by Sikhs. This resulted in insecurity in mind of ],<ref name="delhi"/> who invited the ], who had taken Delhi to come to Punjab and recapture Lahore. Sikhs and Marathas rout Afghans from Lahore by March 1758. Adina became subedar of Punjab, by promising 75 lakh rupees<ref name="delhi"/> a year to be paid to Marathas. The Chief Qazi of Lahore fearing Hindu domination by Marathas invited Ahmed Shah Abdali to Punjab, causing ].<ref name="delhi"/> | |||
| ] | |||
| The battle of Amritsar was fought between the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl and the Afghans. In this battle the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl decisively won., although their leader Baba Deep Singh ji was martyred. His head was cut off although he still kept on fighting. The Sikhs decisively won. | |||
| * ]<ref name="delhi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA229&dq=marathas+in+control+of+delhi#v=onepage&q=marathas+in+control+of+delhi&f=false|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|first=Jaswant Lal|last=Mehta|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref> | |||
| * ]<ref name=deol>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Deol | |||
| | first = Harnik | |||
| | title = Religion and Nationalism in India | |||
| | publisher = Routledge | |||
| | year = 2000 | |||
| | location = London and New York | |||
| | isbn = 978-0-415-20108-7 | |||
| | no-pp = true | |||
| | page = The case of Punjab; 189 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |ref=CITEREFSikh_Missionary_College|title=Brief History of the Sikh Misls |publisher=Sikh Missionary College |location=Jalandhar |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/sikh-misls/book-1.php?fldr=book}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |date=1990 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=%22jamadar+khushal+singh%22#v=onepage&q=%22jamadar%20khushal%20singh%22&f=false |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=91 |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |access-date=15 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&dq=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire#v=onepage&q=peshawar%20capture%20durrani%20empire&f=false|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14|access-date=29 December 2014|isbn=978-1-4907-1441-7|last1=Alikuzai|first1=Hamid Wahed|date=October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 181|url=https://books.google.com/?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22deep+singh%22+caste&q=charhat+singh#search_anchor|quote=...}}</ref> | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Second Phase== | ==Second Phase== | ||
| ⚫ | In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India, taking ] without a fight.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} The Sikhs withdrew, resorting to guerrilla warfare against the Afghans.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Ahmad marched on to ], massacring the population and destroying the city,{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} however his campaign was short-lived.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}} Ahmad Shah died in 1772, and by 1799, Sikhs were back in possession of Lahore.{{sfn|Glover|2008|p=12}} | ||
| The second phase was in favor of the Sikhs. The Third Battle of Panipat, despite the Afghan victory, had caused great loss for the Afghan forces. The Afghans began to suffer defeats at the hands of the Sikh armies and were forced to fall back.{{sfn|Singh|2004|}} | |||
| *] | |||
| * ]<ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book|last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak|first3=S.R.Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|pages=15}}</ref><ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=11 October 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=Ranjit Singh- Maharaja of the Punjab|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=D068dKeyGW4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=ranjit+singh#v=onepage&q=ranjit%20singh&f=false|date=27 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |date=1990 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA107&dq=%22jamadar+khushal+singh%22#v=onepage&q=%22jamadar%20khushal%20singh%22&f=false |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=91 |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |access-date=15 April 2014 }}</ref> | |||
| * ]<ref>{{Cite book | |||
| | last = Kakshi | |||
| | first = S.R. | |||
| |author2=Rashmi Pathak |author3=S.R.Bakshi |author4=R. Pathak | |||
| | title = Punjab Through the Ages | |||
| | publisher = Sarup and Son | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | location = New Delhi | |||
| | url = https://books.google.com/?id=kxtEFA5qqR8C&pg=PA15&dq=charat+singh#v=onepage&q&f=false | |||
| | isbn = 978-81-7625-738-1}}</ref> | |||
| * ] .<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/?id=ra19YSPDliQC&pg=P114&dq=hargobind+jahangir#v=onepage&q=hargobind%20jahangir&f=false|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 116}}</ref> | |||
| Abdali fought against the Sikhs on every occasion he was less successful and Sikhs became stronger. In the end the Sikhs drove him away from India all the way back to the Indus river. | |||
| ⚫ | In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India. Sikhs withdrew |
||
| ==Third Phase== | ==Third Phase== | ||
| Line 94: | Line 48: | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 100: | Line 55: | ||
| ==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
| *{{cite book |title=Afghanistan |first=Louis |last=Dupree |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1980 }} | *{{cite book |title=Afghanistan |first=Louis |last=Dupree |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1980 }} | ||
| *{{cite book |title= A History of the Sikhs |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |title=Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City |first=William J. |last=Glover |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 }} | *{{cite book |title=Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City |first=William J. |last=Glover |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 }} | ||
| *{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta |publisher=New Dawn Press, Inc. |year=2005 }} | *{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta |publisher=New Dawn Press, Inc. |year=2005 }} | ||
Revision as of 16:18, 14 January 2021
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The Afghan–Sikh wars were a series of wars between the Islamic Durrani Empire (centred in present-day Afghanistan), and the Sikh Empire (located in the Punjab region). The conflict had its origins stemming from the days of the Dal Khalsa.
Background
The Sikh Confederacy had effectively achieved independence from the Mughal Empire in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the Chhota Ghallughara. The Afsharid Persian emperor Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after Nader Shah's death in 1747, the Durrani Empire (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance.
First Phase
Second Phase
In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India, taking Lahore without a fight. The Sikhs withdrew, resorting to guerrilla warfare against the Afghans. Ahmad marched on to Amritsar, massacring the population and destroying the city, however his campaign was short-lived. Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah died in 1772, and by 1799, Sikhs were back in possession of Lahore.
Third Phase
Battle of Attock
Main article: Battle of AttockSiege of Multan
Main article: Siege of Multan (1818)Battle of Shopian
Main article: Battle of ShopianBattle of Nowshera
Main article: Battle of NowsheraBattle of Jamrud
Main article: Battle of JamrudSee also
References
- Mehta 2005, p. 303.
- ^ Dupree 1980, p. 339.
- Glover 2008, p. 12.
Sources
- Dupree, Louis (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press.
- Glover, William J. (2008). Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. University of Minnesota Press.
- Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press, Inc.
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