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| {{short description|American nutritionist}} | |||
| [[File:Helen S. Mitchell.png|thumb|'''Born''' September 21 1895, Bridgeport Connecticut '''Died''' December 12 1984 | |||
| {{Infobox person | |||
| | name = Helen Swift Mitchell | |||
| | image = Helen S. Mitchell.png | |||
| |birth_date = September 25, 1895 | |||
| |birth_place = ] | |||
| |death_date = December 12, 1984 | |||
| |death_place = ] | |||
| | occupation = ], nutritionist}} | |||
| '''Helen Swift Mitchell''' (September 25, 1895 - December 12, 1984) was an American ] and ]. | |||
| '''Occupation''' Biochemist, Nutritionist]] | |||
| '''Helen Swift Mitchell''' (September 21, 1895 - December 12, 1984) was an American ] and ]. She was the research director at the ], and taught courses in nutrition at ] and ] and later became an exchange professor at Hokkaido University in Japan. During World War II, she was part of government committees that did research on nutrition and was critical of fad diets that came about during that time. She did research on and published works about the dietary conditions of rats,<ref name=":1">Kathleen Marie Scott. “Recipe for citizenship: Professionalization and power in World War I dietetics.” College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences</ref> and later co-authored the textbook ''Nutrition in Health and Disease.'' | |||
| Mitchell was born at ]. She obtained her Bachelor's degree from ] in 1917 and a doctorate in biochemistry from ] in 1921.<ref name="Ogilvie 2000">]; ]. (2000). ''The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z''. Routledge. p. 901. {{ISBN|0-415-92038-8}}</ref><ref name="New York Times">. ''The New York Times''.</ref> | |||
| == Early life and education == | |||
| Helen Mitchell was born in ], ] to Walter L. and Minnie Mitchell (née Swift) in 1895.<ref name=":0">"Helen S. Mitchell." ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'', Gale, 2008. ''Gale Literature Resource Center'', <nowiki>https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000069288/LitRC?u=s1185784&sid=LitRC&xid=a14cbbd1</nowiki>. Accessed 25 October 2020.</ref> | |||
| Mitchell was research director at ].<ref name="New York Times"/> She taught nutrition and physiology at ] (1924-1935). She was research professor of nutrition at ].<ref name="New York Times"/> She was principal nutritionist for the ] (1941-1943) and chief nutritionist for the State Department Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation (1943-1944).<ref name="New York Times"/> | |||
| Mitchell earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from ] in 1917.<ref name=":02">"Helen S. Mitchell." ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'', Gale, 2008. ''Gale Literature Resource Center'', <nowiki>https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000069288/LitRC?u=s1185784&sid=LitRC&xid=a14cbbd1</nowiki>. Accessed 25 October 2020.</ref> She continued her education at ], earning a PhD in 1921.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":02" /> She studied under ], who continued to correspond with her later in her career.<ref name=":12">Kathleen Marie Scott. “Recipe for citizenship: Professionalization and power in World War I dietetics.” College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences</ref> Mendel was unique in the early 20th Century, as he taught and mentored female doctoral students, many of whom became leaders in their fields.<ref>Rossiter, M. W. (1994). Mendel the mentor. ''Journal of Chemical Education, 71''(3), 215. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://stats.lib.pdx.edu/proxy.php?url=http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.pdx.edu/docview/212011181?accountid=13265</nowiki></ref> Mitchell's thesis was on 'the choice of adequate and inadequate diets by rats and mice'.<ref name=":12" /> | |||
| She was appointed dean of home economics at the University of Massachusetts (1946-1960).<ref name="Ogilvie 2000"/> Her textbook ''Nutrition in Health and Disease'' was in print for 56 years and sold more than a million copies.<ref name="New York Times"/> It was positively reviewed in science journals as an excellent source of reference for dietitians, public health nurses and students.<ref>Fraser, D. T. (1929). ''Reviewed Work: Nutrition in Health and Disease by Cooper, Baker and Mitchell''. '']'' 20 (1): 54.</ref><ref>Wiehl, Dorothy G. (1948). ''Reviewed Work: Nutrition in Health and Disease by Lenna F. Cooper, Edith M. Barber, Helen S. Mitchell''. '']'' 26 (2): 240-241.</ref><ref>Schneider, B. Aubrey. (1952). ''Reviewed Work: Nutrition in Health and Disease by Lenna F. Cooper, Edith M. Barber, Helen S. Mitchell, Henderika J. Rynbergen''. '']'' 27 (2): 227-228.</ref> | |||
| == Career == | |||
| In 1921 she became the research director at the ]<ref name="New York Times">. ''The New York Times''.</ref> and taught in ]'s School of Dietetics.<ref name=":13">Kathleen Marie Scott. “Recipe for citizenship: Professionalization and power in World War I dietetics.” College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences</ref> At Battle Creek College, Mitchell worked as a professor in nutrition and physiology from 1921-1935.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUCUAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96343-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Harper|first=Alfred E.|date=2003-11-01|title=Contributions of Women Scientists in the U.S. to the Development of Recommended Dietary Allowances|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3698|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=133|issue=11|pages=3698–3702|doi=10.1093/jn/133.11.3698|issn=0022-3166}}</ref> During her time there, her research expertise was called upon by ] to conduct research on behalf of the Grenfell Mission in Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref name=":2">Wood, Gregory, and Jose Lam. “Restoring and Retelling the Story of Grenfell Gardens.” ''MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY HARRIS CENTRE APPLIED RESEARCH FUND'', 31 Jan. 2019, www.mun.ca/harriscentre/reports/arf/2018/Final_Report_SNCC_ARF__Wood.pdf.</ref> Along with Margery and Catherine Vaughn, they conducted a year-long survey in 1929 of gardens and livestock to determine nutritional problems that coastal fishing towns were having.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1930-08-30|title=LABRADOR—A LESSON IN PRACTICAL NUTRITION|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/240576|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|language=en|volume=95|issue=9|pages=665–666|doi=10.1001/jama.1930.02720090027012|issn=0002-9955}}</ref> She found that many families were lacking minerals and vitamins from their overall calorie count.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
| Mitchell took interest in debunking the irrational claims of ]s.<ref>Beecher, Gary R; Dupont, Jacqueline L. (2017). . United States Department of Agriculture. p. 56</ref> In 1959, she commented that "ten million Americans, who live in a scientific age, waste 500 million dollars a year on quack diets and fake pills and the junk of non-scientific medicine men."<ref>Mitchell, Helen S. (1959). . Yearbook of Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. p. 660</ref> | |||
| Mithcell was research professor of nutrition at the ] from 1935-1941.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} School of Public Health & Health Sciences|url=https://www.umass.edu/sphhs/nutrition/about/history|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.umass.edu}}</ref> She later became the Head of the Department of Food and Nutrition and the Dean of the School of Home Economics (1947-1960).<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Helen S. Mitchell, ca. 1935|url=http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/murg120_2-i0001259|access-date=2020-11-18|website=credo.library.umass.edu|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ==Selected publications== | |||
| === '''War years''' === | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1940, the National Research Council, wanting to predict nutritional needs for the military and civilians set up the Food and Nutrition Committee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Judy|last2=Laduke|first2=Jeanne|last3=Rossiter|first3=Margaret W.|date=1997|title=Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action 1940-1972|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40251105|journal=Academe|volume=83|issue=3|pages=89|doi=10.2307/40251105|issn=0190-2946}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Harper|first=Alfred E.|date=2003-11-01|title=Contributions of Women Scientists in the U.S. to the Development of Recommended Dietary Allowances|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3698|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=133|issue=11|pages=3698–3702|doi=10.1093/jn/133.11.3698|issn=0022-3166}}</ref> Mitchell was a part of this committee from 1940-1945<ref name=":42" /> and worked on figuring out the ].<ref name=":3" /> She was one of three women, along with Lydia Roberts and Hazel Stiebeling, who overnight came up with an preliminary standard for wartime diets.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Ralston|first=Penny A|date=2019-09-26|title=History of Human Nutrition Research in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: People, Events and Accomplishments|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz173|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=149|issue=12|pages=2267–2269|doi=10.1093/jn/nxz173|issn=0022-3166}}</ref> During World War II, she was principal nutritionist for the Office of Defense, Health and Welfare Services<ref name=":03">"Helen S. Mitchell." ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'', Gale, 2008. ''Gale Literature Resource Center'', <nowiki>https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000069288/LitRC?u=s1185784&sid=LitRC&xid=a14cbbd1</nowiki>. Accessed 25 October 2020.</ref><ref name=":14">Kathleen Marie Scott. “Recipe for citizenship: Professionalization and power in World War I dietetics.” College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences</ref> (1941-1943)<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|title=Helen S. Mitchell, ca. 1935|url=http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/murg120_2-i0001259|access-date=2020-11-18|website=credo.library.umass.edu|language=en}}</ref> and chief nutritionist for the State Department Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation (1943-1944).<ref name="New York Times2">. ''The New York Times''.</ref> | |||
| *''Nutrition in Health and Disease'' (with Edith Michael Barber; Lenna Frances Cooper, 1928) | |||
| Paul V. McNutt from the Federal Emergency Management Administration supervised Mitchell's duty of elevate nutrition throughout the U.S. by compiling state resources. <ref name=":5" /> | |||
| *''Facts, Fads and Frauds in Nutrition'' (with Gladys Mae Cook, 1937) | |||
| * (1939) | |||
| *''What Educators Should Know About the National Nutrition Program'' (1941) | |||
| * (1958) | |||
| * (1964) | |||
| *''Nutrition in Nursing'' (with Henderika J. Rynbergen; Marjorie V. Dibble; Linnea Anderson, 1968) | |||
| == |
==References== | ||
| In 1960 she also worked as an exchange professor for ] in Japan and conducted research on nutrition of Japanese orphanage children after World War II. <ref name=":04">"Helen S. Mitchell." ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'', Gale, 2008. ''Gale Literature Resource Center'', <nowiki>https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000069288/LitRC?u=s1185784&sid=LitRC&xid=a14cbbd1</nowiki>. Accessed 25 October 2020.</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Santo|first=Setsuko|date=September 1968|title=Nutritional Status of Children in Hokkaido Orphanages : Comparison of 1965 and 1960 Data|url=https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/12836|journal=Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University|language=en|volume=56|issue=1|pages=31–44|issn=0018-344X}}</ref> Working with Setsuko Santo, they determined in their first survey in 1960 that the children's stature was well below that of the national Hokkaido average based on nutritional disadvantages like lacking protein and vitamin A. <ref name=":6" /> In 1965 another survey of these same orphanages was conducted and found that the children's stature had increased due to increased nutritional budget. However, they were still under the Hokkaido national average. <ref name=":6" /> | |||
| === '''Fad diets''' === | |||
| In the early 1900's, Harvey Kellogg, a mentor to Mitchell, was a well know faddist who believed in the vegetarian diet at the Battle Creek Sanitarium.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Levenstein|first=Harvey A.|title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|isbn=|location=New York|pages=92-93}}</ref> He prescribed his patients individualized diets to help cure their ailments and also experimented with meat substitutes.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mansky|first=Jackie|title=We're Entering a New Age of Meatless Meat Today. But We've Been Here Before|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/turn-century-meatless-meat-180972042/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Helen Mitchell was publicly critical of ], calling out the unscientific nature of them. <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Ralston|first=Penny A|date=2019-09-26|title=History of Human Nutrition Research in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: People, Events and Accomplishments|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz173|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=149|issue=12|pages=2267–2269|doi=10.1093/jn/nxz173|issn=0022-3166}}</ref> She was particularly critical of the ] which said that acidic and alkaline foods could not be digested together, she considered these claims irrational and believed they discredited the field of nutrition.<ref name=":52" /> Mitchell thought that fad diets undermine the legitimate contributions to the field of nutrition by scientists.<ref name=":52" /> | |||
| == Publications == | |||
| * ''Studies in Nutrition: The Choice Between Adequate and Inadequate Diet, as Made by Rats and Mice'' (with Lafayette Mendel, 1921) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Helen S.|last2=Mendel|first2=Lafayette B.|date=1921-12-01|title=Studies in nutrition|url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1921.58.2.211|journal=American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content|volume=58|issue=2|pages=211–225|doi=10.1152/ajplegacy.1921.58.2.211|issn=0002-9513}}</ref> | |||
| *''Nutrition in Health and Disease'' (with Leena Cooper, Edith Barber, 1928)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Lenna F. Cooper, Edith M. Barber, Helen S.|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Nutrition_in_health_and_disease.html?id=KdBVxQEACAAJ|title=Nutrition in Health and Disease|date=1943|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Vitamin C Content of Japan Green Tea'' (1929)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Helen S.|date=1929|title=Vitamin C Content of Japan Green Tea|url=|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=5|pages=28-31|via=}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Nutrition Survey in Labrador and Northern Newfoundland'' (1930)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Typed Manuscript. Mitchell, Helen S. "Food Problems of the Labrador Fisher Folk." Notation: "submitted for pub. in Forecast, Jan. 1930" Typed Manuscript. Mitchell, Helen S. "A Call From the Labrador." Notation: "June 1930 submitted for publicat, 1930 - 1930 {{!}} Collection Guides|url=https://collections.library.vanderbilt.edu/repositories/3/archival_objects/8413|access-date=2020-11-28|website=collections.library.vanderbilt.edu}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Cataract in Rats Fed on High Lactose Rations'' (with Warren M. Dodge, 1935)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Helen S.|last2=Dodge|first2=Warren M.|date=1935-01-01|title=Cataract in Rats Fed on High Lactose RationsTwo Figures|url=https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/9/1/37/4725661|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=37–49|doi=10.1093/jn/9.1.37|issn=0022-3166}}</ref> | |||
| *''Facts, Fads and Frauds in Nutrition'' (with Gladys Mae Cook, 1937)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Helen Swift|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112019622189|title=Facts, fads and frauds in nutrition/|date=1937|publisher=Amherst, Mass. :}}</ref> | |||
| *''The vitamin C status of college women as determined by urinary excretion'' (with O.A. Merreiam; E.L. Batchelder, 1938)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Helen S.|date=1938|title=The vitamin C status of college women as determined by urinary excretion|url=|journal=Journal of Home Economics|volume=30|pages=645-650|via=}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Food Fads, Facts, and Fancies'' (1939)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agriculture|first=United States Department of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoVHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=Food+Fads,+Facts,+and+Fancies+helen+mitchell&source=bl&ots=rbAcOeN4Sx&sig=ACfU3U2R61CNeACv1iRJ_D_HMk1gJrfmuw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja9pGsnqbtAhWmHjQIHS1QBFcQ6AEwDXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=Food%20Fads,%20Facts,%20and%20Fancies%20helen%20mitchell&f=false|title=Food and Life|date=1939|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ''What Educators Should Know About the National Nutrition Program'' (1941)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Helen Swift|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9TdIAQAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Helen+Swift+Mitchell&ots=5XoSdk4B24&sig=1GJR8L0F5Fyhmhw87SP0j8Xlocw#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Swift%20Mitchell&f=false|title=What Educators Should Know about the National Nutrition Program|date=1941|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ''What the Consumer Should Know about Fortified Foods'' (1941)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Helen S.|date=1941-06-01|title=What the Consumer Should Know about Fortified Foods|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50378a006|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume=33|issue=6|pages=716–717|doi=10.1021/ie50378a006|issn=0019-7866}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Don't Be Fooled by Fads'' (1959)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Helen|date=1959|title=Don't Be Fooled by Fads|url=https://naldc.nal.usda.gov|journal=Yearbook of Agriculture|volume=|pages=660-668|via=}}</ref> | |||
| * ''A Study of Children in Hokkaido Orphanages Heights, Weights and Dietary Patterns'' (with Setsuko Santo, 1963)<ref name=":6" /> | |||
| * ''Recommended and Non-recommended Nutrition Books for Lay Readers'' (1964)<ref>Mitchell, Helen Swift. Recommended and Non-recommended Nutrition Books for Lay Readers. United States, Indiana State Nutrition Council, 1964.</ref> | |||
| * ''Nutrition in Nursing'' (with Henderika J. Rynbergen; Marjorie V. Dibble; Linnea Anderson, 1968)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/324165|title=Nutrition in nursing Linnea Anderson .|date=1972|publisher=Lippincott|others=Anderson, Linnea.|isbn=0-397-54122-8|location=Philadelphia,|oclc=324165}}</ref> | |||
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Revision as of 15:36, 12 February 2021
American nutritionist| Helen Swift Mitchell | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | September 25, 1895 Bridgeport, Connecticut |
| Died | December 12, 1984 Pleasant Hill, Tennessee |
| Occupation(s) | Biochemist, nutritionist |
Helen Swift Mitchell (September 25, 1895 - December 12, 1984) was an American biochemist and nutritionist.
Mitchell was born at Bridgeport, Connecticut. She obtained her Bachelor's degree from Mount Holyoke College in 1917 and a doctorate in biochemistry from Yale University in 1921.
Mitchell was research director at Battle Creek Sanitarium. She taught nutrition and physiology at Battle Creek College (1924-1935). She was research professor of nutrition at University of Massachusetts. She was principal nutritionist for the Federal Security Agency (1941-1943) and chief nutritionist for the State Department Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation (1943-1944).
She was appointed dean of home economics at the University of Massachusetts (1946-1960). Her textbook Nutrition in Health and Disease was in print for 56 years and sold more than a million copies. It was positively reviewed in science journals as an excellent source of reference for dietitians, public health nurses and students.
Mitchell took interest in debunking the irrational claims of fad diets. In 1959, she commented that "ten million Americans, who live in a scientific age, waste 500 million dollars a year on quack diets and fake pills and the junk of non-scientific medicine men."
Selected publications
- Nutrition in Health and Disease (with Edith Michael Barber; Lenna Frances Cooper, 1928)
- Facts, Fads and Frauds in Nutrition (with Gladys Mae Cook, 1937)
- Food Fads, Facts, and Fancies (1939)
- What Educators Should Know About the National Nutrition Program (1941)
- Don't Be Fooled by Fads (1958)
- Recommended and Non-recommended Nutrition Books for Lay Readers (1964)
- Nutrition in Nursing (with Henderika J. Rynbergen; Marjorie V. Dibble; Linnea Anderson, 1968)
References
- ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy. (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Routledge. p. 901. ISBN 0-415-92038-8
- ^ "Helen S. Mitchell Dies; Nutritionist and Writer". The New York Times.
- Fraser, D. T. (1929). Reviewed Work: Nutrition in Health and Disease by Cooper, Baker and Mitchell. Canadian Public Health Journal 20 (1): 54.
- Wiehl, Dorothy G. (1948). Reviewed Work: Nutrition in Health and Disease by Lenna F. Cooper, Edith M. Barber, Helen S. Mitchell. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 26 (2): 240-241.
- Schneider, B. Aubrey. (1952). Reviewed Work: Nutrition in Health and Disease by Lenna F. Cooper, Edith M. Barber, Helen S. Mitchell, Henderika J. Rynbergen. The Quarterly Review of Biology 27 (2): 227-228.
- Beecher, Gary R; Dupont, Jacqueline L. (2017). History of Human Nutrition Research in the U. S. Department of Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 56
- Mitchell, Helen S. (1959). Don't Be Fooled by Fads. Yearbook of Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. p. 660