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=== Autonomous areas === | === Autonomous areas === |
Revision as of 16:34, 15 February 2021
Indian national administrative subdivisions Not to be confused with Administrative divisions of India. "Indian state" redirects here. Not to be confused with Indiana or Indian Territory.
States and Union Territories of India | |
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Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
National Capital Territory Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry | |
Category | Federated states |
Location | Republic of India |
Number | 28 States 8 Union territories |
Populations | States: Sikkim - 610,577 (lowest); Uttar Pradesh - 199,812,341(highest) Union Territories: Lakshadweep - 64,473 (lowest); Delhi - 16,787,941 (highest) |
Areas | States: 3,702 km (1,429 sq mi) Goa – 342,269 km (132,151 sq mi) Rajasthan Union territories: 32 km (12 sq mi) Lakshadweep – 59,146 km (22,836 sq mi) Ladakh |
Government |
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Subdivisions |
India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.
History
Pre-independence
Main articles: Presidencies and provinces of British India, Agencies of British India, Residencies of British India, and Princely stateThe Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region. During the British Raj, the preceding Mughal administrative structure was mostly kept. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held de facto sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.
1947–1950
Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of HyderabadBetween 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:
- Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam (formerly Assam Province), Bihar (formerly Bihar Province), Bombay (formerly Bombay Province), East Punjab (formerly Punjab Province), Madhya Pradesh (formerly the Central Provinces and Berar), Madras (formerly Madras Province), Orissa (formerly Orissa Province), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal (formerly Bengal Province).
- The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The Part B states were Hyderabad (formerly Hyderabad Princely State), Jammu and Kashmir (formerly Jammu and Kashmir Princely State), Madhya Bharat (formerly Central India Agency), Mysore (formerly Mysore Princely State), Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan (formerly Rajputana Agency), Saurashtra (formerly Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency), and Travancore-Cochin (formerly Travancore Princely State and Cochin Princely State).
- The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer (formerly Ajmer-Merwara Province), Bhopal (formerly Bhopal Princely State), Bilaspur (formerly Bilaspur Princely State), Coorg State (formerly Coorg Province), Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch (formerly Cutch Princely State), Manipur (formerly Manipur Princely State), Tripura (formerly Tripura Princely State), and Vindhya Pradesh (formerly Central India Agency).
- The only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the union government.
States reorganisation (1951–1956)
Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation CommissionAndhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.
Pondicherry, comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé was transferred to India in 1954 and became a union territory in 1962. The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal.
In the same year, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, it was annexed by India as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. As a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to form Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the Coorg State. The Laccadive Islands, Aminidivi Islands and Minicoy Island which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep.
Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer State and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal!
Post-1956
Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, Goa Opinion Poll, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movementBombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.
Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. North-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became separate union territory as Daman and Diu.
In November 2000, three new states were created; namely, Chhattisgarh from eastern Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal from northwest Uttar Pradesh (renamed Uttarakhand in 2007) and Jharkhand from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 and Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 respectively. Pondicherry was renamed as Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed as Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 as ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019. Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.
Current proposals
Main article: Proposed states and union territories of IndiaStates and Union territories
See also: List of state and union territory capitals in IndiaStates
State | ISO 3166-2:IN | Vehicle code |
Zone | Capital | Largest city | Statehood | Population | Area (km) |
Official languages |
Additional official languages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra Pradesh | IN-AP | AP | Southern | Amaravati | Visakhapatnam | 1 November 1956 | 49,506,799 | 160,205 | Telugu | — |
Arunachal Pradesh | IN-AR | AR | North-Eastern | Itanagar | 20 February 1987 | 1,383,727 | 83,743 | English | — | |
Assam | IN-AS | AS | North-Eastern | Dispur | Guwahati | 26 January 1950 | 31,205,576 | 78,550 | Assamese | Bengali, Bodo |
Bihar | IN-BR | BR | Eastern | Patna | 26 January 1950 | 104,099,452 | 94,163 | Hindi | Urdu | |
Chhattisgarh | IN-CT | CG | Central | Nava Raipur | Raipur | 1 November 2000 | 25,545,198 | 135,194 | Hindi | Chhattisgarhi |
Goa | IN-GA | GA | Western | Panaji | Vasco da Gama | 30 May 1987 | 1,458,545 | 3,702 | Konkani | Marathi |
Gujarat | IN-GJ | GJ | Western | Gandhinagar | Ahmedabad | 1 May 1960 | 60,439,692 | 196,024 | Gujarati | — |
Haryana | IN-HR | HR | Northern | Chandigarh | Faridabad | 1 November 1966 | 25,351,462 | 44,212 | Hindi | Punjabi |
Himachal Pradesh | IN-HP | HP | Northern | Shimla (Summer) Dharamshala (Winter) |
Shimla | 25 January 1971 | 6,864,602 | 55,673 | Hindi | Sanskrit |
Jharkhand | IN-JH | JH | Eastern | Ranchi | Jamshedpur | 15 November 2000 | 32,988,134 | 74,677 | Hindi | Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu |
Karnataka | IN-KA | KA | Southern | Bengaluru | 1 November 1956 | 61,095,297 | 191,791 | Kannada | — | |
Kerala | IN-KL | KL | Southern | Thiruvananthapuram | Kochi | 1 November 1956 | 33,406,061 | 38,863 | Malayalam | — |
Madhya Pradesh | IN-MP | MP | Central | Bhopal | Indore | 26 January 1950 | 72,626,809 | 308,252 | Hindi | — |
Maharashtra | IN-MH | MH | Western | Mumbai (Summer) Nagpur (Winter) |
Mumbai | 1 May 1960 | 112,374,333 | 307,713 | Marathi | — |
Manipur | IN-MN | MN | North-Eastern | Imphal | 21 January 1972 | 2,855,794 | 22,347 | Meitei | English | |
Meghalaya | IN-ML | ML | North-Eastern | Shillong | 21 January 1972 | 2,966,889 | 22,720 | English | Khasi | |
Mizoram | IN-MZ | MZ | North-Eastern | Aizawl | 20 February 1987 | 1,097,206 | 21,081 | English, Hindi, Mizo | — | |
Nagaland | IN-NL | NL | North-Eastern | Kohima | Dimapur | 1 December 1963 | 1,978,502 | 16,579 | English | — |
Odisha | IN-OR | OD | Eastern | Bhubaneswar | 26 January 1950 | 41,974,218 | 155,820 | Odia | — | |
Punjab | IN-PB | PB | Northern | Chandigarh | Ludhiana | 1 November 1966 | 27,743,338 | 50,362 | Punjabi | — |
Rajasthan | IN-RJ | RJ | Northern | Jaipur | 26 January 1950 | 68,548,437 | 342,269 | Hindi | English | |
Sikkim | IN-SK | SK | North-Eastern | Gangtok | 16 May 1975 | 610,577 | 7,096 | English, Nepali | Bhutia, Gurung, Lepcha, Limbu, Manggar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang | |
Tamil Nadu | IN-TN | TN | Southern | Chennai | 1 November 1956 | 72,147,030 | 130,058 | Tamil | English | |
Telangana | IN-TG | TS | Southern | Hyderabad | 2 June 2014 | 35,193,978 | 114,840 | Telugu | Urdu | |
Tripura | IN-TR | TR | North-Eastern | Agartala | 21 January 1972 | 3,673,917 | 10,492 | Bengali, English, Kokborok | — | |
Uttar Pradesh | IN-UP | UP | Central | Lucknow | Kanpur | 26 January 1950 | 199,812,341 | 243,286 | Hindi | Urdu |
Uttarakhand | IN-UT | UK | Central | Gairsain (Summer) Dehradun (Winter) |
Dehradun | 9 November 2000 | 10,086,292 | 53,483 | Hindi | Sanskrit |
West Bengal | IN-WB | WB | Eastern | Kolkata | 26 January 1950 | 91,276,115 | 88,752 | Bengali, Nepali | Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Urdu |
nion territories}}
Autonomous areas
Main article: Autonomous administrative divisions of IndiaThe Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous councils to administer areas which have been given autonomy within their respective states. Most of these autonomous areas are located in Northeast India.
Former states
Former union territories
This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Former union territories.Name | Zone | Capital | Area | Begin | End | Successor(s) | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | North-Eastern | Itanagar | 83,743 km (32,333 sq mi) | 21 January 1972 | 20 February 1987 | As an Indian state | |
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Western | Silvassa | 491 km (190 sq mi) | 11 August 1961 | 26 January 2020 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT) | |
Daman and Diu | Western | Daman | 112 km (43 sq mi) | 30 May 1987 | 26 January 2020 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT) | |
Goa, Daman and Diu | Western | Panaji | 3,814 km (1,473 sq mi) | 19 December 1961 | 30 May 1987 | Goa (state), Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT) | |
Himachal Pradesh | Northern | Shimla | 55,673 km (21,495 sq mi) | 1 November 1956 | 25 January 1971 | As an Indian state | |
Manipur | North-Eastern | Imphal | 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi) | 1 November 1956 | 21 January 1972 | As an Indian state | |
Mizoram | North-Eastern | Aizawl | 21,081 km (8,139 sq mi) | 21 January 1972 | 20 February 1987 | As an Indian state | |
Nagaland | North-Eastern | Kohima | 16,579 km (6,401 sq mi) | 29 November 1957 | 1 December 1963 | As an Indian state | |
Tripura | North-Eastern | Agartala | 10,491 km (4,051 sq mi) | 1 November 1956 | 21 January 1972 | As an Indian state |
Responsibilities and authorities
Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent ListThe Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.
See also
- Administrative divisions of India
- Autonomous administrative divisions of India
- List of states and union territories of India by area
- List of states and union territories of India by population
- List of states in India by past population
- List of states of India by wildlife population
- List of adjectives and demonyms for states and territories of India
- List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies
- List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)
Notes
- Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
- Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014. Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years. The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.
- Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.
References
- DelhiAugust 5. "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
{{cite web}}
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{{cite news}}
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External links
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