Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 11:58, 16 February 2021

People's Mujahedin Organization سازمان مجاهدين خلق
Abbreviation	MEK, MKO, PMOI
Leader	Maryam Rajavi and Massoud Rajavi
Secretary-General	Zahra Merrikhi
Founders Mohammad Hanifnejad Saeid Mohsen Mohammad Asgarizadeh Rasoul Meshkinfam Ali-Asghar Badi'zadegan Ahmad Rezaei
Founded	5 September 1965; 59 years ago (1965-09-05)
Banned	1981 (in Iran)
Split from	Freedom Movement
Headquarters	Manëz, Durrës, Albania (2018–)41°25′36″N 19°34′26″E / 41.42667°N 19.57389°E / 41.42667; 19.57389 Paris, France (1981–1986; 2003–) Tirana, Albania (2016–) Camp Liberty, Iraq (2012–2016) Camp Ashraf, Iraq (1986–2013) Tehran, Iran (1965–1981)
Newspaper	Mojahed
Military wing	National Liberation Army (NLA) - disarmed by the US in 2003.
Political wing	National Council of Resistance (NCR)
Membership (2011)	5,000 to 13,500 (DoD estimate)
Ideology	see below
Political position	Far-left (until 2003) Right wing to far-right (from 2003, alleged)
Religion	Shia Islam
Colours	Red
Party flag
Website
www.mojahedin.org
Politics of Iran Political parties Elections

Former armed wing of the MEK National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA)
Leaders	Massoud Rajavi Maryam Rajavi, deputy commander-in-chief Mousa Khiabani, Commander (1981–1982)  † Ali Zarkesh, Commander (1982–1988)  † Ebrahim Zakeri, Head of 'Security and Counter-Terrorism' (1993–2003)
Dates of operation	Since 20 June 1987 - disarmed in 2003.
Active regions	Iran and Iraq
Size	Brigade (at peak)
Allies	Soviet Union (1965–1991) Iraq (1982–2003)  United States  Israel  Saudi Arabia  Canada  Albania  Azerbaijan Non-state allies Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1960s–1981) File:Fatah Flag.svg Fatah (1969–1970s) Palestine Liberation Organization (1969–1970s) Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (1981–1985) Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle (1995–present)
Opponents	Imperial State of Iran (1965–1979) Islamic Republic of Iran (Since 1981)  Iraq (since 2009) Non-state opponents Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Islamic Supreme Council
Battles and wars	Operation Shining Sun Operation Forty Stars Operation Eternal Light
Designated as a terrorist group by	Iran  Iraq

The People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran, or the Mujahedin-e-Khalq (Template:Lang-fa, abbreviated MEK, PMOI, or MKO), is an Iranian political-militant organization. It advocates overthrowing the leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran and installing its own government. Its revolutionary interpretation of Islam contrasts with the conservative Islam of the traditional clergy as well as the populist Islamism developed by Ayatollah Khomeini in the 1970s. It is also considered the Islamic Republic of Iran's biggest and most active political opposition group.

MEK was founded on 5 September 1965 by leftist Iranian students affiliated with the Freedom Movement of Iran to oppose the U.S.-backed Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The organization engaged in armed conflict with the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1970s and contributed to the overthrow of the Shah during the Iranian Revolution. It subsequently pursued the establishment of a democracy in Iran, particularly gaining support from Iran’s middle class intelligentsia. After the fall of Pahlavi, the MEK refused to take part in the constitutional referendum of the new government, which led to Khomeini preventing Massoud Rajavi and other MEK members from running for office in the new government. This created conflicts with Ayatollah Khomeini, and, by early 1981, authorities had banned the MEK, carrying out a major "crackdown on the group’s members and supporters", driving the organization underground.

In June 1981, the MEK organized a large demonstration in Iran against the Islamic Republic and in support of president Abolhassan Banisadr, claiming that the Islamic Republic had carried out a secret coup d'état. Afterwards, the government arrested and executed numerous MEK members and sympathizers. The MEK initiated attacks targeting the clerical leadership that lasted until 1982.

The MEK attacked the Iran regime for "disrupting rallies and meetings, banning newspapers and burning down bookstores, rigging elections and closing down Universities; kidnapping, imprisoning and torturing political activists". The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps raided MEK safe houses, killing Massoud Rajavi's first wife, Ashraf Rabi'i, and Musa Khiabani, MEK's second in command at the time.

By 1983, Masud Rajavi had sided with Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq War in exchange for financial support, a decision that was viewed as treason by the vast majority of Iranians and that destroyed the MEK's appeal in its homeland. In 1986, the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) requested France to expel the MEK from its base in Paris. In response, it re-established its base in Iraq, where it was involved, alongside Saddam Hussein, in Operation Mersad, Operation Forty Stars, Operation Shining Sun, and the 1991 nationwide uprisings. Following Operation Mersad, Iranian officials ordered the execution of thousands of political prisoners said to remain steadfast in their support for the MEK. In 2002, the MEK was a source for claims about Iran’s clandestine nuclear program. Following the occupation of Iraq by U.S. and coalition forces in 2003, the MEK signed a ceasefire agreement with the U.S. and put down their arms in Camp Ashraf.

The European Union, Canada, the United States, and Japan have previously listed the MEK as a terrorist organization. This designation has since been lifted, first by the Council of the European Union on 26 January 2009, by the U.S. government on 21 September 2012, by the Canadian government on 20 December 2012, and by the Japanese government in 2013. The MEK is designated as a terrorist organization by Iran and Iraq. In June 2004, the U.S. had designated members of the MEK to be ‘protected persons’ under the Geneva Convention IV, relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, which expired in 2009 after the attainment of the full sovereignty of Iraq.

Critics have described the group as "resembling a cult". Those who back the MEK describe the group as proponents of "a free and democratic Iran" that could become the next government there.

Other names

The group had no name until February 1972.

The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran is known by a variety of names including:

• Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MEK)
• The National Liberation Army of Iran (the group's armed wing)
• National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) – the MEK is the founding member of a coalition of organizations called the NCRI. The organization has the appearance of a broad-based coalition; many analysts consider NCRI and MEK to be synonymous and recognize NCRI as an only "nominally independent" political wing of MEK.
• Monafiqeen (Template:Lang-fa) – the Iranian government consistently refers to the organization with this derogatory name. The term is derived from the Quran, which describes it as people of "two minds" who "say with their mouths what is not in their hearts" and "in their hearts is a disease".

History

The MEK was founded on 5 September 1965 by leftist Iranian students affiliated with the Freedom Movement of Iran to oppose the Shah Pahlavi. The MEK was the first Iranian organization to systematically develop a modern revolutionary interpretation of Islam. Its members mainly belonged to the Iranian intelligentsia, particularly the salaried middle class, college students, teachers, civil servants, and other professionals. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, the MEK's "modernist interpretation of Islam appealed to the educated youth, who, while still culturally attached to Islam, rejected its old-fashioned clerical interpretations". Unlike the clergy, it accepted Western concepts (specially in social sciences). The organization engaged in armed conflict with the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1970s and played an active role in the downfall of Shah in 1979. The MEK is considered to be Iran's "largest and most active Iranian exile organization".

Khomeini did not like the MEK's philosophy, which "combined Marxist theories of social evolution and class struggle with a view of Shiite Islam that suggested Shiite clerics has misinterpreted Islam and had been collaborators with the ruling class".

By early 1979, the MEK had organized themselves and recreated armed cells, especially in Tehran. The MEK (together with other guerilla organizations) helped overthrow the Pahlavi regime. Le Monde reported that "In the course of two decisive and dramatic days, the guerilla organizations, both Marxist and non-Marxist, had managed to bring down the Pahlavi monarchy". Ayandegan, the independent mass circulation daily, wrote that it had been predominantly the Feda'iyan and the MEK who had defeated the Imperial Guards. Kayhan, the mass circulation evening paper, said that the MEK, the Feda'iyan and other left-wing guerillas had played the decisive role in the final battles of 11 February. The first person to speak at length on national television immediately after the revolution was the father of three members of MEK who had been killed, Khalilollah Rezai. One of the first persons to address Iran on Radio Tehran was a MEK spokesman who congratulated the country for the revolution and hailed "His highness Ayatollah Khomeini as a glorious mojahed". The MEK had managed to emerge from the underground onto the public arena, although it would soon enter into conflict with Khomeini. Asghar Ali described the MEK as "using for serving the exploited masses". The author said that although the MEK lacked the prestige of Khomeini, they were "certainly fighting the poor and downtrodden, giving Islam a radical image".

According to the group's historian Ervand Abrahamian, the MEK drew strong public support after the revolution and became a leading opposition to the new theocratic regime. After the 1979 Iranian revolution that overthrew the Shah, "Khomeini had little use for the MEK."

The MEK was joined by other groups that vehemently opposed the new constitution. Despite the opposition, the 3 December 1979 referendum vote approved the new constitution.

The People's Mujahedin of Iran refused to participate in the referendum to ratify the constitution, and was also joined by other groups that opposed the new As a result, Khomeini subsequently refused to permit Massoud Rajavi and PMOI members to run in the 1980 Iranian presidential election. Furthermore, despite the fact that the organization's top candidate received as many as 531,943 votes in Tehran electoral district and had a few candidates in the run-offs, it was unable to win a single seat in the 1980 Iranian legislative election. The MEK accused Khomeini of "monopolizing power", "hijacking the revolution", "trampling over democratic rights", and "plotting to set up a fascistic one-party dictatorship". The MEK represented Islamic leftists who had fought the Shah's regime independently of Ayatollah Khomeini. Khomeini, having denied the MEK participation in the new regime, forced it into opposition.

The Islamic Republic's Chief Prosecutor banned MEK demonstrations. In an open letter to Ayatollah Khomeini, the MEK warned that if all peaceful avenues were closed off they would have no choice but to return to "armed struggle". In a letter to President Bani-Sadr, the MEK requested the president as the "highest state authority, to "protect the rights of citizens, especially their right to demonstrate peacefully". "We have ignored past provocations, but as good Muslims we have the right to resist and to take up arms if necessary, particularly if the monopolists deprive us of our rights to demonstrate," the MEK stated. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, the ban on demonstrations met with protests not only from intellectuals well known in secular circles, but also from veterans of the anti-Shah struggles.

On 20 June 1981, MEK organized a peaceful demonstration in Tehran. Khomeini’s Revolutionary Guards suppressed the demonstration, resulting in "50 deaths, 200 injured, and 1000 arrested". In 1980-81, the MEK and other leftist and moderate groups rallied in favor of President Abolhassan Banisadr to resist a total takeover by the Islamic Republic Party. The Islamic Republic answered by "unleashing an unprecedented reign of terror", shooting demonstrators, including children. In less than six months, 2,665 persons, 90 per cent of whom were MEK members, were executed.

Allied with President Abolhassan Banisadr, the group clashed with the ruling Islamic Republican Party while avoiding direct and open criticism of Khomeini until June 1981, when they declared war against the Government of Islamic Republic of Iran and initiated a number of bombings and assassinations targeting the clerical leadership. Many MEK sympathizers and middle-level organizers were detained and executed after June 1981.

The arrested members of Mujahedin by the Islamic Republic were made to repent and were sent to rehabilitation camps, while about eight to ten thousand were kept in prison for minor charges such as "possession of copies of clandestine the Mujahid newspaper and similar acts of defiance". In 1982 the MEK group in Paris claimed that Khomeini’s "re-education campaign" involved ordering repenting MEK members to "join the firing squads in charge of executing their former comrades in arms". In 1982, the Pasdaran assassinated MEK's field commander, his wife, Massoud Rajavi's wife, and six others. The MEK then announced that its "legitimate resistance" would be carried out clandestinely. From 1982 to 1988, it performed sixty operations on average per week, resulting in assassinations of important Khomeini deputies.

The organization gained a new life in exile, founding the National Council of Resistance of Iran and continuing to conduct violent attacks in Iran. According to Ronen Cohen, the MEK's "presence in Iraq was proof for Iraq that the MEK's diplomatic wing, the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), as an authentic representative of the Iranian community diaspora, which opposed the present religious government in Iran and that it had nothing to do with Iraqs's unilateral hostility."

In 2003, following the invasion of Iraq, the MEK signed a ceasefire agreement with U.S. forces and put their arms down at Camp Ashraf.

While the MEK's leadership has resided in Paris, the group's core members were for many years confined to Camp Ashraf in Iraq, particularly after the MEK and U.S. forces signed a cease-fire agreement of "mutual understanding and coordination" in 2003. The group was later relocated to a former U.S. military base, Camp Liberty, in Iraq, and eventually to Albania.

In 2002 the MEK revealed the existence of Iran's nuclear program. They have since made various claims about the programme, not all of which have been accurate.

There have also been documented cases concerning the Iranian government mounting campaigns aimed at eradicating MEK members and their influence, including assassinations abroad. In 1990, Professor Kazem Rajavi (brother of Massoud Raavi and a human rights activist), was notably assassinated in Geneva. The Swiss government named thirteen Iranian officials, with special mission stamped into their passports as participants in the assassination. According to Kenneth Katzman, the MEK is "a major target of Iran’s international security apparatus and its campaign in assassinating opponents abroad". The MEK has had headquarters located in France (1981–1986; since 2003), Iraq (1986–2016) and Albania (since 2016).

According to infoplease.com, more than 16,000 Iranian people have been killed by the MEK since 1979. According to the MEK, over 100,000 of its members have been killed and 150,000 imprisoned by the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The MEK mainly appealed to young Iranian women and people from an urban social background. Their publications are commonly circulated within the Iranian diaspora.

Founding (1965–1971)

The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran was founded on 5 September 1965 by six former members of the Liberation or Freedom Movement of Iran, students at Tehran University, including Mohammad Hanifnejad, Saied Mohsen and Ali-Asghar Badizadegan. The MEK offered a "a modern, democratic interpretation of Islam, with a decidedly nationalist political perspective". This differed from other opposition groups during this time, which included nationalists, Marxists, and fundamentalists.

The MEK opposed the rule of the Shah, considering him corrupt and oppressive, and considered the mainstream Liberation Movement too moderate and ineffective. Although the MEK are often regarded as devotees of Ali Shariati, in fact, their pronouncements preceded Shariati's, and they continued to echo each other throughout the late 1960s and the early 1970s.

In its first five years, the group primarily engaged in ideological work. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, their thinking aligned with what was a common tendency in Iran at the time – a kind of radical, political Islam based on a Marxist reading of history and politics. The group's main source of inspiration was the Islamic text Nahj al-Balagha, a collection of analyses and aphorisms attributed to Imam Ali. Despite some describing a Marxist influence, the group never used the terms "socialist" or "communist" to describe themselves. During the 1970s, the MEK propagated radical Islam through some of Ali Shariati's works (as opposed to their own publications, which were banned in Iran at the time). The MEK (and Shariati) claimed that Islam should oppose feudalism and capitalism; should eradicate inhumane practices; should treat all as equal citizens, and should socialize the means of production. The MEK adopted elements of Marxism in order to update and modernize their interpretation of radical Islam.

During August–September 1971, SAVAK managed to strike a great blow to the MEK, arresting many members and executing the senior members, including its co-founders. SAVAK had severely shattered MEK’s organizational structure, and the surviving leadership and key members of the organization were kept in prisons until three weeks before the revolution, when political prisoners were released.

Some surviving members restructured the group by replacing the central cadre with a three-man central committee. Each of the three central committee members led a separate branch of the organization with their cells independently storing their own weapons and recruiting new members. Two of the original central committee members were replaced in 1972 and 1973, and the replacing members were in charge of leading the organization until the internal purge of 1975.

On 30 November 1970 a failed attempt was made to kidnap the U.S. Ambassador to Iran, Douglas MacArthur II. MEK gunmen ambushed MacArthur's limousine while he and his wife were en route to their house. Shots were fired at the vehicle and a hatchet was hurled through the rear window, however MacArthur remained unharmed. On 9 February 1979, four of the assailants were sentenced to life imprisonment for acts of terrorism and sixteen others received confinements up to ten years.

By August 1971, the MEK’s Central Committee included Reza Rezai, Kazem Zolanvar, and Brahram Aram. Up until the death of the then leader of the MEK in June 1973, Reza Rezai, there was no doubt about the group’s Islamic identity.

Schism (1971–1979)

By 1973, the members of the Marxist–Leninist MEK launched an "internal ideological struggle". Members who did not convert to Marxism were expelled or reported to SAVAK. This new group adopted a Marxist, more secular and extremist identity. They appropriated the MEK name, and in a book entitled Manifesto on Ideological Issues, the central leadership declared "that after ten years of secret existence, four years of armed struggle, and two years of intense ideological rethinking, they had reached the conclusion that Marxism, not Islam, was the true revolutionary philosophy".

This led to two rival Mujahedin, each with its own publication, its own organization, and its own activities. The new group was known initially as the Mujahedin M.L. (Marxist-Leninist). A few months before the Iranian Revolution, the majority of the Marxist Mujahedin renamed themselves Peykar (Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class) on 7 December 1978 (16 Azar, 1357). This name derived from the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, which had been a left-wing group in Saint Petersburg, founded by Vladimir Lenin in the autumn of 1895. Later, during the Iranian revolution, Peykar merged with some Maoist groups. From 1973 to 1979, the Muslim MEK survived partly in the provinces but mainly in prisons, particularly Qasr Prison where Massoud Rajavi was held.

In August 1971, the Shah's security services arrested 69 members of the MEK, with additional arrests and executions following in 1972 that "practically shattered the organization". Further infighting within the organization followed, with a breakaway group highjacking the MEK name and identity. Other analysts support this, including director of research at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Patrick Clawson, claiming that "Rajavi, upon release from prison during the revolution, had to rebuild the organization, which had been badly battered by the Peykar experience".

The group conducted several assassinations of U.S. military personnel and civilians working in Iran during the 1970s. Between 1973 and 1975, the Marxist–Leninist MEK increased their armed operations in Iran. In 1973 they engaged in two street battles with Tehran police. That same year, they bombed ten buildings including Plan Organization, Pan-American Airlines, Shell Oil Company, Hotel International, Radio City Cinema, and an export company owned by a Baha’i businessman. In February 1974, they launched an attack against a police station in Isfahan. In April 1974 they bombed the reception hall, Oman Bank, gates of the British embassy, and offices of Pan-American Oil company in protest of the Sultan of Oman’s state visit. A communiqué by the organization declared that their actions had been to show solidarity with the people of Dhofar. On 19 April 1974, they attempted to bomb the SAVAK centre at Tehran University. In 25 May, they set off bombs at three multinational corporations.

Lt. Col. Louis Lee Hawkins, a U.S. Army comptroller, was shot dead in front of his home in Tehran by two men on a motorcycle on 2 June 1973. A car carrying three American employees of Rockwell International was attacked by MEK in August 1976. William Cottrell, Donald Smith, and Robert Krongard were killed working on the Ibex system. Leading up to the Islamic Revolution, members of the MEK conducted attacks and assassinations against both Iranian and Western targets. After the revolution, some say that the group supported the U.S. embassy takeover in Tehran in 1979. According to Ervand Abrahamian and Kenneth Katzman, the MEK "could not have supported the hostage taking because the regime used the hostage crises as excuse to eliminate its internal opponents". In May 1972, an attack on Brig. Gen. Harold Price was attributed to the MEK. MEK described the eventual release of the American hostages a "surrender".

According to George Cave, CIA's former Chief of Station in Tehran, MEK hit squad members impersonated road workers and buried an improvised explosive device under the road that Brig. Gen. Harold Price regularly used. When he was spotted, the operative detonated the bomb, destroying the vehicle and disabling Price for the rest of his life. Cave states that it was the first instance of remotely detonating that kind of bomb.

Vahid Afrakhteh, a founding member of Peykar, confessed to the killings of Americans, and later was executed. Bahram Aram and Vahid Afrakhteh both belonged to the (Marxist) rival splinter group Peykar that emerged in 1972, and not the (Muslim) MEK. Despite this, some sources have attributed these assassinations to the MEK.

In 2005, the Department of State also attributed the assassinations of Americans in Iran to Peykar. The Country Reports issued on April 2006 stated: "A Marxist element of the MEK murdered several of the Shah's US security advisers prior to the Islamic Revolution".

In January 1979, Massoud Rajavi was released from prison and rebuilt the MEK together with other members that had been imprisoned with him at Qar.

Political phase (1979–1981)

After the Islamic Revolution, the MEK grew quickly, becoming "a major force in Iranian politics".

The group supported the revolution in its initial phases. MEK launched an unsuccessful campaign supporting total abolition of Iran's standing military, the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, in order to prevent a coup d'état against the system. They also claimed credit for infiltration against the Nojeh coup plot.

It participated in the referendum held in March 1979. Its candidate for the head of the newly founded council of experts was Massoud Rajavi in the election of August 1979. However, he lost the election.

In 1980, the MEK was under the control of Massoud Rajavi, one of the few surviving members of the MEK’s Central cadre. Although allied with Khomeini against the shah, Khomeini "disliked the MEK’s philosophy, which combined Marxist theories of social evolution and class struggle with a view of Shiite Islam that suggested Shiite clerics had misinterpreted Islam and had been collaborators with the ruling class". Rajavi became allied with Iran’s new president, Abolhassan Banisadr, elect in January 1980.

Although Khomeini had misgivings about the MEK's ideology, he allied with the MEK during the 1970s against the Shah. After the fall of the Shah, Khomeini had little use for the MEK. The MEK was then joined by other groups that opposed the new constitution, including the People's Fedayeen and the Muslim People's Republican Party. Despite the opposition, the 3 December 1979 referendum vote approved the new constitution.

The Mojahedin later refused to participate in the referendum held in December to ratify the Constitution drafted by the Assembly of Experts, even when Ruhollah Khomeini had called upon "all good Muslims to vote 'yes'". By boycotting the referendum, the MEK argued that the new Constitution had "failed to set up proper councils, nationalize foreign holdings, guarantee equal treatment to all nationalities, give 'land to the tiller', place a ceiling on agricultural holdings and accept the concept of the classless tawhidi society". Once the Constitution had been ratified, the MEK proposed Rajavi as their presidential candidate. In launching his presidential campaign, Rajavi promised to rectify the Constitution's shortcomings.

As a result, Khomeini subsequently refused Massoud Rajavi and MEK members to run in the 1980 Iranian presidential election. By the middle of the year 1980, clerics close to Khomeini were openly referring to the MEK as "monafeghin", "kafer", and "elteqatigari". The MEK, instead accused Khomeini of "monopolizing power", "hijacking the revolution", "trampling over democratic right", and "plotting to set up a fascistic one-party dictatorship".

In the immediate aftermath of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the MEK was suppressed by Khomeini's revolutionary organizations and harassed by the Hezbollahi, who attacked meeting places, bookstores, and kiosks of the Mujahideen. Toward the end of 1981, several PMOI members and supporters went into exile. Their principal refuge was in France.

By early 1981, Iranian authorities then closed down MEK offices, outlawed their newspapers, prohibited their demonstrations, and issued arrest warrants for the MEK leaders, forcing the organization go underground once again. According to Professor Cheryl Bernard, in 1981, a mass execution of political prisoners was carried out by the Islamic Republic, and the MEK fled splitting into four groups. One of the groups went underground remaining in Iran, the second group left to Kurdistan, the third group left to other countries abroad, and the remaining member were arrested, imprisoned or executed. Thereafter, the MEK took armed opposition against Khomeini's Islamic Republic.

Electoral history

Conflict with the Islamic Republic government (1981–1988)

By the middle of the year 1980, clerics close to Khomeini were openly referring to the MEK as "monafeghin", "kafer", and "elteqatigari". The MEK, instead accused Khomeini of "monopolizing power", "hijacking the revolution", "trampling over democratic right", and "plotting to set up a fascistic one-party dictatorship".

In February 1980 concentrated attacks by hezbollahi pro-Khomeini militia began on the meeting places, bookstores and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists driving the left underground in Iran. Hundreds of MEK supporters and members were killed from 1979 to 1981, and some 3,000 were arrested.

On 30 August a bomb was detonated killing the elected President Rajai and Premier Mohammad Javad Bahonar. Khomeini's government identified secretary of the Supreme National Security Council and active member of the Mujahedin, Massoud Keshmiri, as the perpetrator. although there has been much speculation among academics and observers that the bombings may have been carried out by IRP leaders to rid themselves of political rivals.

The reaction to both bombings was intense with many arrests and executions of Mujahedin and other leftist groups, but "assassinations of leading officials and active supporters of the government by the Mujahedin were to continue for the next year or two".

According to Ervand Abrahamian, the MEK attacked the regime for "disrupting rallies and meetings, banning newspapers and burning down bookstores, rigging elections and closing down Universities; kidnapping imprisoning, and torturing political activists; reviving SAVAK and using the tribunals to terrorize their opponents, and engineering the American hostage crises to impose on the nation the ‘medieval’ concept of the velayat-e faqih".

Although the MEK had fought against Iraq in September 1980, it called for peace and signed a peace agreement with Iraq in 1983, "calling the continuation of the war as illegitimate". According to Alireza Jafarzadeh, the MEK had managed to halt Iraqi air raids on Iran on various occasions.

In 1981, the MEK formed the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) with the stated goal of uniting the opposition to the Iranian government under one umbrella organization. The MEK says that in the past 25 years, the NCRI has evolved into a 540-member parliament-in-exile, with a specific platform that emphasizes free elections, gender equality and equal rights for ethnic and religious minorities. The MEK claims that it also advocates a free-market economy and supports peace in the Middle East. In 2002 the FBI reported that the NCRI has always been "an integral part" of the MEK and is its "political branch". MEK is today the main organization of the NCRI, although the NCRI previously hosted other organizations, such as the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran.

The foundation of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and the MEK´s participation in it allowed Rajavi to assume the position of chairman of the resistance to the Islamic Republic. Because other opposition groups were banned from legal political process and forced underground, the MEK´s coalition build among these movements allowed for the construction of a legitimate opposition to the Islamic Republic.

The MEK claims that over 100,000 of its members have been killed and 150,000 imprisoned by the regime, but there is no way to independently confirm these figures. Ambassador Lincoln Bloomfield describes this period in an article in The National Interest "when confronted with growing resistance in the spring of 1981 to the restrictive new order that culminated in massive pro-democracy demonstrations across the country invoked by MEK leader Massoud Rajavi on June 20, Khomeini's reign was secured at gunpoint with brute force, driving Iran's first and only freely elected president, Abolhassan Bani-Sadr, underground and into permanent exile. This fateful episode was described by Ervand Abrahamian as a "reign of terror"; Marvin Zonis called it "a campaign of mass slaughter".

In 1981, Massoud Rajavi issued a statement shortly after it went into exile. This statement, according to James Piazza, identified the MEK not as a rival for power but rather a vanguard of popular struggle:

Our struggle against Khomeini is not the conflict between two vengeful tribes. It is the struggle of a revolutionary organisation against a totalitarian regime... This struggle, as I said, is the conflict for liberating a people; for informing and mobilizing a people in order to overthrow the usurping reaction and to build its own glorious future with its own hands

— Massoud Rajavi

In 1982, the Islamic Republic cracked down MEK operations within Iran. This pre-emptive measure on the part of the regime provoked the MEK into escalating its paramilitary programs as a form of opposition. By June 1982, Iraqi forces had ceased military occupation of Iranian territories. Massoud Rajavi stated that "there was no longer any reason to continue the war and called for an immediate truce, launching a campaign for peace inside and outside of Iran".

In January 1983, then Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz and Massoud Rajavi signed a peace communique that co-outlined a peace plan "based on an agreement of mutual recognition of borders as defined by the 1975 Algiers Agreement". According to James Piazza, this peace initiative became the NCRI´s first diplomatic act as a "true government in exile". During the meeting, Rajavi claimed that the Iranian leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, had been "the only person calling for the continuation of the war".

Eventually, the majority of the MEK leadership and members fled to France, where it operated until 1985. In June 1986, France, then seeking to improve relations with Iran, expelled the MEK and the organization relocated to Iraq. MEK representatives contend that their organization had little alternative to moving to Iraq considering its aim of toppling the Iranian clerical government.

Operations Shining sun, Forty Stars, and Mersad

In 1986, after French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac struck a deal with Tehran for the release of French hostages held prisoners by the Hezbollah in Lebanon, the MEK was forced to leave France and relocated to Iraq. Investigative journalist Dominique Lorentz has related the 1986 capture of French hostages to an alleged blackmail of France by Tehran concerning the nuclear program.

According to James Piazza, Khomeini intended the MEK to be exiled to an obscure location that would weaken their position. However, Iraq hastened to court the MEK "prior to its ousting". The MEK moved its base to Mehran. The Islamic Republic of Iran took an "extensive aerial bombing campaign to push the MEK from their position," and the MEK retaliated with a bombing spree.

The Islamic Republic launched two military operations against the MEK in 1986-1987 named "Nasr" (one and two). This attack on the MEK "failed to eradicate the guerrilla bases along the Iran-Iraq Kurdish borders".

On March 27 of 1988, the NLA launched its first military offensive against the Islamic Republic's armed forces. The NLA captured 600 square-kilometres of Islamic Republic territory and 508 soldiers from the Iranian 77th infantry division in Khuzestan Province. The operation was named "Shining Sun" (or "Operation Bright Sun").) "2,000 Islamic Republic soldiers were killed and $100 million worth of regime weaponry and equipment was captured and displayed for foreign journalists," Masoud Rajavi added.

On the night of Saturday 18 June 1988, Iraq launched the Operation Forty Stars with the help of the MEK. With 530 aircraft sorties and heavy use of nerve gas, they attacked to the Iranian forces in the area around Mehran, killing or wounding 3,500 and nearly destroying a Revolutionary Guard division. The forces captured the city and took positions in the heights near Mehran, coming close to wiping the whole Iranian Pasdaran division and taking most of its equipment.

Near the end of the Iran–Iraq War, a military force of 7,000 members of the MEK, armed and equipped by Saddam's Iraq and calling itself the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA) was founded. On 26 July 1988, six days after Ayatollah Khomeini had announced his acceptance of the UN-brokered ceasefire resolution, the NLA advanced under heavy Iraqi air cover, crossing the Iranian border from Iraq. Massoud Rajavi hoped to mobilize Iranian opposition and overthrow the Islamic Republic. It seized and razed to the ground the Iranian town of Islamabad-e Gharb. As it advanced further into Iran, Iraq ceased its air support and Iranian forces cut off NLA supply lines and counterattacked under cover of fighter planes and helicopter gunships. On 29 July the NLA announced a voluntary withdrawal back to Iraq. The MEK claims it lost 1,400 dead or missing and the Islamic Republic sustained 55,000 casualties (either IRGC, Basij forces, or the army). The Islamic Republic claims to have killed 4,500 NLA during the operation. The operation was called Foroughe Javidan (Eternal Light) by the MEK and the counterattack Operation Mersad by the Iranian forces. The MEK contended that it had no choice to its presence in Iraq if it was to have any chance at toppling the Iranian regime. Rajavi stated that the failure of Eternal Light was not a military blunder, but was instead rooted in the members’ thoughts for their spouses.

1988 execution of MEK prisoners

According to the US State Department, the "death commissions" responsible for the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners started on 19 July (1988) and included the current head of the Iranian judiciary and current Minister of Justice. Following Operation Mersad, a military attack on Iranian forces by the MEK desiring to gather Iranian opposition at home and overthrow the Islamic Republic, a large number of prisoners from the MEK, but many also from other leftist opposition groups were executed. Khomeini used failed invasion as a pretext for the mass execution of thousands of MEK "who remained steadfast in their support for the MEK" and other leftists in Iranian jails through a fatwa. The executions carried out by several high-ranking members of Iran's current government. According to Amnesty International, "thousands of political dissidents were systematically subjected to enforced disappearance in Iranian detention facilities across the country and extrajudicially executed pursuant to an order issued by the Supreme Leader of Iran and implemented across prisons in the country. Many of those killed during this time were subjected to torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment in the process."

On 19 July 1988, Iranian authorities suddenly isolated major prisons, having its courts of law go on an unscheduled holiday to avoid relatives finding out about those imprisoned. According to Ervand Abrahamian, "thus began an act of violence unprecedented in Iranian history." Prisoners were initially told that this was not a trial but a process for initiating a general amnesty and separating the Muslims from the non-Muslims. Prisoners were asked if they were willing to denounce the MEK before cameras, help the IRI hunt down MEK members, name secret sympathizers, identify phoney repenters, or go to the war front and walk through enemy mindfields. According to Abrahamian, the questions were designed to "tax to the utmost the victim’s sense of decency, honor, and self-respect". The Mojahedin who gave unsatisfactory answers were promptly taken to a special room and later hanged in batches of six.

Most of the prisoners executed were serving prison terms on account of peaceful activities (distributing opposition newspapers and leaflets, taking part in demonstrations, or collecting donations for political oppositions) or holding outlawed political views. In order to eliminate potential political oppositions, the Islamic Republic started "coordinated extrajudicial killings" in Iran. Under International law, the killings were considered a "crime against humanity". The commissions including judicial, prosecution, intelligence and prison officials proceeded executions that were not approved by their own existing legislation, and sentenced prisoners to death despite any proven "internationally recognized criminal offence". The Prisoners were questioned if they were willing to give written repentance for their political activities and beliefs. Those executed included women and children.

Ayatollah Montazeri wrote to Ayatollah Khomeini saying "at least order to spare women who have children ... the execution of several thousand prisoners in a few days will not reflect positively and will not be mistake-free ... A large number of prisoners have been killed under torture by interrogators ... in some prisons of the Islamic Republic young girls are being raped ... As a result of unruly torture, many prisoners have become deaf or paralysed or afflicted with chronic decease."

In 2016, an audio recording was posted online of a high-level official meeting that took place in August 1988 between Hossein Ali Montazeri and the officials responsible for the mass killings in Tehran. In the recording, Hossein Ali Montazeri is heard saying that the ministry of intelligence used the MEK's armed incursion as a pretext to carry out the mass killings, which "had been under consideration for several years". Iranian authorities have dismissed the incident as "nothing but propaganda", presenting the executions as a lawful response to a small group of incarcerated individuals who had colluded with the MEK to support its 25 July 1988 incursion. Those executed were put in collective graves containing multiple corpses at the Khavaran cemetery, which the Iranian government tried to cover up by changing the cemetery into a park.

Human rights organizations say that the number of those executed remains a point of contention. Prisoners were charged with "moharebeh" or "waging war on God" and those who said to be affiliated with the MEK, including children as young as 13 years old, were hanged from cranes by Ayatollah Khomeini's direct orders. The Iranian government accused those investigating the executions of "disclosing state secrets" and threatening national security". According to Amnesty International, "there has also been an ongoing campaign by the Islamic Republic to demonize victims, distort facts, and repress family survivors and human rights defenders. In 2019, Maryam Rajavi, released a book named "Crime Against Humanity". The book is about the 1988 massacres of political prisoners in Iran, listing the location of 36 Iranian mass graves and explaining that about 30,000 people were executed, with the majority being MEK members.

Post-war Saddam era (1988–2003)

The organization owns a free-to-air satellite television network named Vision of Freedom (Sima-ye-Azadi), launched in 2003 in England. It previously operated Vision of Resistance analogue television in Iraq in the 1990s, accessible in western provinces of Iran. They also had a radio station, Radio Iran Zamin, that was closed down in June 1998.

In April 1992, the MEK attacked 10 Iranian embassies, including the Iranian Mission to the United Nations in New York. Some of the attackers were armed with knives, firebombs, metal bars, sticks, and other weapons. In the various attacks, they took hostages, burned cars and buildings, and injured multiple Iranian ambassadors and embassy employees. There were additional injuries, including to police, in other locations. The MEK also caused major property damage. There were dozens of arrests.

The Iranian Ministry of Intelligence (MOIS) cracked down on MEK activity, carrying out what a US Federal Research Division, Library of Congress Report referred to as "psychological warfare".

The MEK claims to play a major role in anti-regime demonstrations. According to Kenneth Katzman, many analysts believe that the MEK lacks sufficient strength or support to seriously challenge the Iranian government's grip on power. However, MEK followers in Iran "have been resilient and persistent, defying the regime's efforts to eliminate the organization within Iran". The Iranian regime is concerned about MEK activities in Iran, and MEK supporters are a major target of Iran's internal security apparatus and its campaign of assassinating opponents abroad. The Iranian government is believed to be responsible for killing MEK members, Kazem Rajavi on 24 April 1990 and Mohammad-Hossein Naghdi, a NCRI representative on 6 March 1993.

"In a sign of the group’s appreciation for Saddam’s generous hospitality and largesse", MEK assisted the Iraqi Republican Guard in suppressing the 1991 nationwide uprisings of Shias, Kurds and Turkmens against Baathist regime.

FIFA president Sepp Blatter said in June 1998 that he received "anonymous threats of disruption from Iranian exiles" for the 1998 FIFA World Cup match between Iran and the U.S. football teams at Stade de Gerland. The MEK bought some 7,000 out of 42,000 tickets for the match between, in order to promote themselves with the political banners they smuggled. When the initial plan foiled with TV cameras of FIFA avoiding filming them, intelligence sources had been tipped off about a pitch invasion. To prevent an interruption in the match, extra security entered Stade Gerland.

According to Ilan Berman, in 2002 the NCRI publicly called or the formation of a National Solidarity Front against the Iranian regime saying that it is "prepared for cooperation with other political forces" that seek a republican form of government and are committed to rejecting Iran’s current theocracy.

2003 French arrests

In June 2003, French police raided the MEK's properties, including its base in Auvers-sur-Oise, under the orders of anti-terrorist magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguière, after suspicions that it was trying to shift its base of operations there. 160 suspected MEK members were then arrested, including Maryam Rajavi and her brother Saleh Rajavi. After questioning, most of those detained were released, but 24 members, including Maryam Rajavi, were kept in detention.

In response, 40 supporters began hunger strikes to protest the arrests, and ten immolated themselves in various European capitals by lighting themselves on fire in front of French embassies. French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy declared that the MEK "recently wanted to make France its support base, notably after the intervention in Iraq", while Pierre de Bousquet de Florian, head of France's domestic intelligence service, claimed that the group was "transforming its Val d'Oise centre into an international terrorist base". Police found $1.3 million in $100 bills in cash in their offices.

U.S. Senator Sam Brownback, a Republican from Kansas and chairman of the Foreign Relations subcommittee on South Asia, then accused the French of doing "the Iranian government's dirty work". Along with other members of Congress, he wrote a letter of protest to President Jacques Chirac, while longtime MEK supporters such as Sheila Jackson Lee, a Democrat from Texas, criticized Maryam Radjavi's arrest.

Following orders from MEK and in protest to the arrests, about ten members including Neda Hassani, set themselves on fire in front of French embassies abroad and two of them died. A court later found that there were no grounds for terrorism or terrorism-related finance charges. In 2014, prosecuting judges also dropped all charges of money laundering and fraud.

Post-U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003–2016)

During the Iraq War, the coalition forces bombed MEK bases and forced them to surrender in May 2003. U.S. troops later posted guards at its bases. The U.S. military also protected and gave logistical support to the MEK as U.S. officials viewed the group as a high value source of intelligence on Iran.

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, MEK camps were bombed by the U.S., resulting in at least 50 deaths. It was later revealed that the U.S. bombings were part of an agreement between the Iranian government and Washington. In the agreement Tehran offered to oust some al-Qaeda suspects if the U.S. came down on the MEK.

In the operation, the U.S. reportedly captured 6,000 MEK soldiers and over 2,000 pieces of military equipment, including 19 British-made Chieftain tanks. The MEK compound outside Fallujah became known as Camp Fallujah and sits adjacent to the other major base in Fallujah, Forward Operating Base Dreamland. Captured MEK members were kept at Camp Ashraf, about 100 kilometers west of the Iranian border and 60 kilometers north of Baghdad.

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld declared MEK personnel in Ashraf protected persons under the Fourth Geneva Convention. US forces disarmed the residents of Camp Ashraf, signing a formal agreement that promised them the status of "protected persons", which "outlines the rules for protecting civilians in times of war". They were then placed under the guard of the U.S. Military. Defectors from the MEK requested assistance from the coalition forces, who created a "temporary internment and protection facility" for them. In the first year these numbered "several hundred", mainly Iranian soldiers captured in the Iran-Iraq war and other Iranians lured to the MEK. On 19 August 2003, MEK bombed the United Nations compound in Iraq, prompting UN withdrawal from the country.

In 2010, Iranian authorities charged five MEK protesters of "rioting and arson" under the crime of moharebeh, an offense reserved for those who "take up arms against the state" and carries the death penalty.

In July 2010, the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal issued an arrest warrant for 39 MEK members, including Massoud and Maryam Rajavi, for crimes against humanity committed while suppressing the 1991 uprisings in Iraq.

Iraqi government's 2009 crackdown

On 23 January 2009, while on a visit to Tehran, Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie reiterated the Iraqi Prime Minister's earlier announcement that the MEK organization would no longer be able to base itself on Iraqi soil and stated that the members of the organization would have to make a choice, either to go back to Iran or to go to a third country, adding that these measures would be implemented over the next two months.

In 2009 American troops gave the Iraqi government responsibility of the MEK. Iraqi authorities, which were sympathetic to Iran, allowed Iran-linked militias to attack the MEK. On 29 July 2009, eleven Iranians were killed and over 500 were injured in a raid by Iraqi security on the MEK Camp Ashraf in Diyala province of Iraq. U.S. officials had long opposed a violent takeover of the camp northeast of Baghdad, and the raid is thought to symbolize the declining American influence in Iraq. After the raid, the U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton, stated the issue was "completely within purview". In the course of attack, 36 Iranian dissidents were arrested and removed from the camp to a prison in a town named Khalis, where the arrestees went on hunger strike for 72 days, 7 of which was dry hunger strike. Finally, the dissidents were released when they were in an extremely critical condition and on the verge of death.

Iran's nuclear programme

The MEK and the NCRI revealed the existence of Iran's nuclear program in a press conference held on 14 August 2002 in Washington DC. MEK representative Alireza Jafarzadeh stated that Iran is running two top-secret projects, one in the city of Natanz and another in a facility located in Arak, which was later confirmed by the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Journalists Seymour Hersh and Connie Bruck have written that the information was given to the MEK by Israel. Among others, it was described by a senior IAEA official and a monarchist advisor to Reza Pahlavi, who said before MEK they were offered to reveal the information, but they refused because it would be seen negatively by the people of Iran. Similar accounts could be found elsewhere by others, including comments made by US officials.

On 18 November 2004, MEK representative Mohammad Mohaddessin used satellite images to state that a new facility existed in northeast Tehran named "Center for the Development of Advanced Defence Technology". This allegation by MEK and all their subsequent allegations were false.

In 2010 the NCRI claimed to have uncovered a secret nuclear facility in Iran. These claims were dismissed by U.S. officials, who did not believe the facilities to be nuclear. In 2013, the NCRI again claimed to have discovered a secret underground nuclear site.

In 2012, NBC News' Richard Engel and Robert Windrem published a report quoting U.S. officials, who spoke to NBC News on condition of anonymity, that the MEK was being "financed, trained, and armed by Israel's secret service" to assassinate Iranian nuclear scientists. A Senior State Department Official said that they never said that the MEK was involved in the assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists. Former CIA case officer in the Middle East, Robert Baer said that the perpetrators "could only be Israel", and that "it is quite likely Israel is acting in tandem with" the MEK.

In 2015, MEK again claimed to have found a secret nuclear facility they called "Lavizan-3". The claim turned out to be inaccurate as the site was revealed to be operated by a firm which produces identification documents for the Iranian government.

Relocation from Iraq

On 1 January 2009 the U.S. military transferred control of Camp Ashraf to the Iraqi government. On the same day, Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki announced that the militant group would not be allowed to base its operations from Iraqi soil.

In 2012 MEK moved from Camp Ashraf to Camp Hurriya in Baghdad (a onetime U.S. base formerly known as Camp Liberty). A rocket and mortar attack killed 5 and injured 50 others at Camp Hurriya on 9 February 2013. MEK residents of the facility and their representatives and lawyers appealed to the UN Secretary-General and U.S. officials to let them return to Ashraf, which they say has concrete buildings and shelters that offer more protection. The United States has been working with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees on the resettlement project.

Settlement in Albania (2016–present)

In 2013, the United States requested that the MEK relocate to Albania, but the organization initially rejected the offer. The MEK eventually accepted to move about 3,000 members to Albania, and the U.S. donated $20 million to the U.N. refugee agency to help them resettle. On 9 September 2016, more than 280 MEK members remaining were relocated to Albania. In May 2018, MSNBC aired never-before-seen footage of the MEK's secret base in Albania, described as a "massive military-style complex". The installation is located in Manëz, Durrës County, where they have been protested by the locals.

Relationship during Trump presidency

In 2017, the year before John Bolton became President Trump's National Security Adviser, he addressed members of the MEK and said that they would celebrate in Tehran before 2019. By 2018, over 4,000 MEK members had entered Albania, according to the INSTAT data.

However, by 2018, operatives of the MEK were believed to be still conducting covert operations inside Iran to overthrow Iran's government. Seymour Hersh reported that "some American-supported covert operations continue in Iran today," with the MEK's prime goal of removing the current Iranian government.

During the Free Iran 2019 conference in Albania, Rudy Giuliani attended an MEK podium, where the former New York City mayor described the group as a "government-in-exile", saying it is a ready-to-go alternative to lead the country if the Iranian government falls. Additionally, the Trump administration said it would not rule out the MEK as a viable replacement for the current Iranian regime while Rajavi reaffirmed for "democratic governance, free elections, gender equality, separation of church and state, and a nuclear weapon-free Iran".

Islamic Republic of Iran operations against MEK inside Europe

On 30 June 2018 Belgian police arrested married couple of Iranian heritage Amir Saadouni and Nasimeh Naami on charges of "attempted terrorist murder and preparing a terrorist act" against the an MEK rally in France. The couple had in their possession half of a kilogram of TATP explosives and a detonator. Police also detained Asadollah Assadi, an Iranian diplomat in Vienna. German prosecutors charged Assadi with "activity as foreign agent and conspiracy to commit murder by contacting the couple and giving them a device containing 500 grams of TATP". Prosecutors said Assadi was a member of the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security service, an organization that focuses on "combating of opposition groups inside and outside of Iran". Iran responded that the arrests were a "false flag ploy", with the Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman saying the "two suspects in Belgium were in fact members of the People’s Mujahideen". In October 2018, the French government officially and publicly blamed Iran's Intelligence Service for the failed attack against the MEK. U.S. officials also condemned Iran over the foiled bomb plot that France blames on Tehran. In December 2018, Albania expelled two Iranian diplomats due to alleged involvement in the bomb plot against the MEK (where Mayor Giuliani and other US government officials were also gathered) accusing the two of "violating their diplomatic status". Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said that the People's Mujahedin of Iran incited violence during the 2017–2018 Iranian protests.

In October 2019, Albanian police discovered an Iranian paramilitary network that allegedly planned attacks against MEK members in Albania. Albania's police chief, Ardi Veliu, said that the Iran Revolutionary Guard's foreign wing operated an "active terrorist cell" that targeted members of the MEK. A police statement said that two Iranian security officials led the network from Tehran, and that it was allegedly linked to organised crime groups in Turkey. It also said that the network used a former MEK member to collect information in Albania. Valiu also said that a planned attack on the MEK by Iranian government agents was foiled in March.

In 2020, newspaper De Standaard said evidence that Iranian intelligence and security was involved in the failed 2018 bomb plot against an MEK rally was mounting. In a note to the federal prosecutor's office, the State Security writes that "the attack was devised in the name and under the impetus of Iran", with the note also describing one of the case's suspects, Assadolah Assadi, as a MOIS agent. Amir Saadouni and Nasimeh Naami, who in 2018 were found with half a kilo of explosives and are also being charged in the case, admitted that they had been in contact with Assadolah Assadi. On October 2020, the Iranian diplomat Assadolah Assadi charged in Belgium with planning to bomb a rally by the MEK "warned authorities of possible retaliation by unidentified groups if he is found guilty". Assadi will be one of the first Iranian diplomats to go on trial on charges of terrorism within the European Union. In February 2021, Assadi was found guilty.

Ideology

Before the revolution

According to Katzman, the MEK's early ideology is a matter of dispute, while scholars generally describe the MEK's ideology as an attempt to combine "Islam with revolutionary Marxism", today the organization claims that it has always emphasized Islam, and that Marxism and Islam are incompatible. Katzman writes that their ideology "espoused the creation of a classless society that would combat world imperialism, international Zionism, colonialism, exploitation, racism, and multinational corporations". The MEK’s ideological foundation was developed during the period of the Iran revolution. According to its official history, the MEK first defined itself as a group that wanted to establish a nationalist, democratic, revolutionary Muslim organization in favour of change in Iran.

Historian Ervand Abrahamian observed that the MEK were "consciously influenced by Marxism, both modern and classical", but they always denied being Marxists because they were aware that the term was colloquial to 'atheistic materialism' among Iran's general public. The Iranian regime for the same reason was "eager to pin on the Mojahedin the labels of Islamic-Marxists and Marxist-Muslims".

According to Abrahamian, it was the first Iranian organization to develop systematically a modern revolutionary interpretation of Islam that "differed sharply from both the old conservative Islam of the traditional clergy and the new populist version formulated in the 1970s by Ayatollah Khomeini and his disciples". According to James Piazza, the MEK worked towards the creation by armed popular struggle of a society in which ethnic, gender, or class discrimination would be obliterated.

During the early 1970s, the MEK denied government allegations that it had espoused Marxism as ideology. Nasser Sadegh told military tribunals that although the MEK respected Marxism as a "progressive method of social analysis, they could not accept materialism, which was contrary to their Islamic ideology". The MEK eventually had a falling out with Marxist groups. According to Sepehr Zabir, "they soon became Enemy No. 1 of both pro-Soviet Marxist groups, the Tudeh and the Majority Fedayeen".

Abrahamian said that the MEK's early ideology constituted a "combination of Muslim themes; Shii notions of martyrdom; classical Marxist theories of class struggle and historical determinism; and neo-Marxist concepts of armed struggle, guerilla warfare and revolutionary heroism". However, the MEK claim that this misrepresents their ideology in that Marxism and Islam are incompatible, and that the MEK has always emphasized Islam.

The MEK's ideology of revolutionary Shiaism is based on an interpretation of Islam so similar to that of Ali Shariati that "many concluded" they were inspired by him. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, it is clear that "in later years" that Shariati and "his prolific works" had "indirectly helped the Mujahedin".

In the group's "first major ideological work", Nahzat-i Husseini or Hussein's Movement, authored by one of the group's founders, Ahmad Reza'i, it was argued that Nezam-i Towhid (monotheistic order) sought by the prophet Muhammad, was a commonwealth fully united not only in its worship of one God but in a classless society that strives for the common good. "Shiism, particularly Hussein's historic act of martyrdom and resistance, has both a revolutionary message and a special place in our popular culture".

As described by Abrahamian, one Mojahedin ideologist argued

Reza'i further argued that the banner of revolt raised by the Shi'i Imams, especially Ali, Hassan, and Hussein, was aimed against feudal landlords and exploiting merchant capitalists as well as against usurping Caliphs who betrayed the Nezam-i-Towhid. For Reza'i and the Mujahidin it was the duty of all muslims to continue this struggle to create a 'classless society' and destroy all forms of capitalism, despotism, and imperialism. The Mujahidin summed up their attitude towards religion in these words: 'After years of extensive study into Islamic history and Shi'i ideology, our organization has reached the firm conclusion that Islam, especially Shi'ism, will play a major role in inspiring the masses to join the revolution. It will do so because Shi'ism, particularly Hussein's historic act of resistance, has both a revolutionary message and a special place in our popular culture.

After the revolution

Massoud Rajavi supported the idea that the Shiite religion is compatible with pluralistic democracy. In 1981, after signing the "covenant of freedom and independence" with Banisadr, and establishing NCRI Massoud Rajavi made an announcement to the foreign press about the MEK’s ideology saying that "First we want freedom for all political parties. We reject both political prisoners and political executions. In the true spirit of Islam, we advocate freedom, fraternity, and an end to all repression, censorship, and injustices." They appealed to all opposition groups to join NCRI, but failed to attract any except for the Kurdish Democratic Party. The failure is mainly associated to MEK's religious ideology.

According to Kenneth Katzman, the MEK has "tried to show itself as worthy of U.S. support on the basis of its commitment to values compatible with those of the United States – democracy, free market economics, protection of the rights of women and minorities, and peaceful relations with Iran’s neighbors". According to Department of State's October 1994 report, the MEK used violence in its campaign to overthrow the Iranian regime. In 2001, Kenneth Katzman wrote that the organization publicly espouses principles that include "democracy, human rights protections, free market economics, and Middle East peace", but some analysts dispute that are genuinely committed to what they state. A 2009 U.S. Department of State annual report states that their ideology is a blend of Marxism, Islamism and feminism.

Current

The MEK says it is seeking regime change in Iran through peaceful means with an aim to replace the clerical rule in Iran with a secular government. It also claims to have disassociated itself from its former revolutionary ideology in favor of liberal democratic values, but they fail to "present any track record to substantiate a capability or intention to be democratic". The MEK is also said to have a "commitment to a policy of peaceful coexistence and a non-nuclear Iran".

View on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In the beginning, MEK used to criticize the Pahlavi dynasty for allying with Israel and apartheid South Africa, calling them racist states and demanding cancellation of all political and economic agreements with them. The MEK opposed Israeli–Palestinian peace process and was anti-Zionist.

The Central Cadre established contact with the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), by sending emissaries to Paris, Dubai, and Qatar to meet PLO officials. In one occasion, seven leading members of the MEK spent several months in the PLO camps in Jordan and Lebanon. On 3 August 1972, they bombed the Jordanian embassy as a means to avenge King Hussein's unleashing his troops on the PLO in 1970.

According to Sam Razavi, observers have noted Israel's support of the MEK after their exile from Iran. According to Patrick Cockburn "Israeli commentators have confirmed the MEK-Israeli connection", although the MEK have denied any association with Israel.

MEK leader Maryam Rajavi publicly met with the President of the State of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas on 30 July 2016 in Paris, France.

View on the United States

In the late 1970s, the intelligentsia as a class in Iran was distinctly nationalistic and anti-imperialistic. The MEK had impeccable nationalistic credentials, calling for the nationalization of foreign companies and economic independence from the capitalist world, and praising writers such as Al-e Ahmad, Saedi and Shariati for being "anti-imperialist". Rajavi in his presidential campaign after revolution used to warn against what he called the "imperialist danger". The matter was so fundamental to MEK that it criticized the Iranian government on that basis, accusing the Islamic Republic of "capitulation to imperialism" and being disloyal to democracy that according to Rajavi was the only means to "safeguard from American imperialism".

After exile, the MEK sought the support of as many prominent politicians, academics and human rights lawyers. Rajavi tried to reach as broad a Western public as possible by giving frequent interviews to Western newspapers. In these interviews, Rajavi toned down the issues of imperialism, foreign policy, and social revolution. Instead, he stressed the themes of democracy, political liberties, political pluralism, human rights, respect for 'personal property', the plight of political prisoners, and the need to end the senseless war.

In January 1993, President-elect Clinton wrote a private letter to the Massoud Rajavi, in which he set out his support for the organization. The organization has also received support United States officials including Tom Ridge, Howard Dean, Michael Mukasey, Louis Freeh, Hugh Shelton, Rudy Giuliani, John Bolton, Bill Richardson, James L. Jones, and Edward G. Rendell.

As Mukasey mentioned in The New York Times, in 2011 he had received $15,000 to $20,000 to present a lecture about "MEK-related events", as well as what he listed as "a foreign agent lobbying pro bono for MEK’s political arm".

Some politicians have declared receiving payment for supporting the MEK, but others support the group without payment.

On 30 June 2018, Rudy Giuliani, Donald Trump’s personal lawyer, lectured an MEK gathering in Paris, calling for regime change in Tehran. John McCain and John Bolton and he have met the MEK’s leader Maryam Rajavi or spoken at its rallies.

Ideological revolution and women's rights

During the transitional period, the MEK projected an image of a "forward looking, radical and progressive Islamic force". Throughout the revolution, the MEK played a major role in developing the "revolutionary Muslim woman", which was portrayed as "the living example of the new ideal of womanhood". The MEK is "known for its female-led military units". According to Ervand Abrahamian, the MEK "declared that God had created men and women to be equal in all things: in political and intellectual matters, as well as in legal, economic, and social issues". According to Tohidi, in 1982, as the government in Tehran led an expansive effort to limit women’s rights, the MEK adopted a female leadership. In 1987, the National Liberation Army (NLA), "saw female resistors commanding military operations from their former base at Camp Ashraf (in Diyala, Iraq) to Iran’s westernmost provinces, where they engaged alongside the men in armed combat with Iran’s regular and paramilitary forces".

According to Ervand Abrahamian "the Mojahedin, despite contrary claims did not give women equal representation within their own hierarchy. The book of martyrs indicates that women formed 15 percent of the organization's rank-and-file, but only 9 percent of its leadership. To rectify this, the Mojahedin posthumously revealed some of the rank and file women martyrs especially those related to prominent figures, into leadership positions".

Shortly after the revolution, Rajavi married Ashraf Rabii, an MEK member regarded as "the symbol of revolutionary womanhood". Rabii was killed by Iranian forces in 1982. On 27 January 1985, Massoud Rajavi appointed Maryam Azodanlu as his co-equal leader. The announcement, stated that this would give women equal say within the organization and thereby 'would launch a great ideological revolution within Mojahedin, the Iranian public and the whole Muslim World'. Five weeks later, the MEK announced that its Politburo and Central Committee had asked Rajavi and Azondalu, who was already married, to marry one another to deepen and pave the way for the "ideological revolution. At the time Maryam Azodanlu was known as only the younger sister of a veteran member, and the wife of Mehdi Abrishamchi. According to the announcement, Maryam Azodanlu and Mehdi Abrishamchi had recently divorced in order to facilitate this 'great revolution'. According to Ervand Abrahamian "in the eyes of traditionalists, particularly among the bazaar middle class, the whole incident was indecent. It smacked of wife-swapping, especially when Abrishamchi announced his own marriage to Khiabani’s younger sister. It involved women with young children and wives of close friends – a taboo in traditional Iranian culture;" something that further isolated the Mojahedin and also upset some members of the organization. Also according to Ervand Abrahamian, "the incident was equally outrageous in the eyes of the secularists, especially among the modern intelligentsia. It projected onto the public arena a matter that should have been treated as a private issue between two individuals." Many criticized Maryam Azodanlu's giving up her own maiden name (something most Iranian women did not do and she herself had not done in her previous marriage). They would question whether this was in line with her claims of being a staunch feminist.

Maryam Rajavi became increasingly important over feminism-colored politics. The emancipation of women is now depicted in Maryam Rajavi's writings "as both a policy end and a strategy toward revolutionizing Iran. Secularism, democracy, and women's rights are thus today's leading themes in the group's strategic communications. As for Maryam Rajavi's leadership, in 2017 it appears to be political and cultural; any remnants of a military force and interest in terrorist strategies have faded away."

Membership

According to Kenneth Katzman, most analysts agree that MEK members tend to be "more dedicated and zealous" than those of other organizations.

1980s

According to George E. Delury, the organization was thought to have 5,000 hard-core members and 50,000 supporters in early 1980. In June 1980, at perhaps the height of their popularity, the Mojahedin attracted 150,000 sympathizers to a rally in Tehran. According to a RAND Corporation policy report, the MEK initially acquired supporters and members through "its Marxist social policy, coeducational living opportunities, antipathy to U.S. influence, and—unlike traditional Leftist groups—support for a government that reflected Islamic ideals. The members, which primarily consisted of University students and graduates, were encouraged to live together and form close social bonds. Pierre Razoux estimates MEK's maximum strength from 1981–1983 to 1987–1988, about 15,000 fighters with a few tanks and several dozen light artillery pieces, recoilless guns, machine guns, anti-tank missiles and SAM-7s. Jeffrey S. Dixon and Meredith Reid Sarkees estimate their prewar strength to be about 2,000, later peaking to 10,000.

Post-2000

The MEK was believed to have a 5,000–7,000-strong armed guerrilla group based in Iraq before the 2003 war, but a membership of between 3,000–5,000 is considered more likely. In 2005, the U.S. think-tank the Council on Foreign Relations stated that the MEK had 10,000 members, one-third to one-half of whom were fighters. According to a 2003 article by The New York Times, the MEK was composed of 5,000 fighters based in Iraq, many of them female. Reports by The Military Balance in 2003 and 2004, as well as BMI Research's 2008 report estimate MEK's armed wing strength 6,000–8,000 and its political wing around 3,000, thus a total 9,000–11,000 membership. In April 2003, US forces signed a cease-fire agreement of "mutual understanding and coordination" with the MEK. A 2013 article in Foreign Policy claimed that there were some 2,900 members in Iraq. In 2011, United States Department of Defense estimated global membership of the organization between 5,000 and 13,500 persons scattered throughout Europe, North America, and Iraq. Asharq Al-Awsat reported that the MEK's 2016 gathering attracted "over 100,000 Iranian dissidents" in Paris. In February 2020, the MEK claimed to have 2500 members in its Albania camp (§ Settlement in Albania (2016–present)); a New York Times reporter visiting the camp estimated 200 people were present over two days.

Designation as a terrorist organization

The countries and organizations below have officially listed MEK as a terrorist organization:

Currently listed by	Iran	Designated by the current government since 1981, also during Pahlavi dynasty until 1979
	Iraq	Designated by the post-2003 government
Formerly listed by	United States	Designated on 8 July 1997, delisted on 28 September 2012
	United Kingdom	Designated on 28 March 2001, delisted on 24 June 2008
	European Union	Designated in May 2002, delisted on 26 January 2009
	Japan	Designated on 5 July 2002, delisted on 24 March 2013
	Canada	Designated on 24 May 2005, delisted on 20 December 2012
Other designations	Australia	Not designated as terrorist but added to the 'Consolidated List' subject to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 on 21 December 2001
	United Nations	The group is described as "involved in terrorist activities" by the United Nations Committee against Torture in 2008

In 1997, the United States put the MEK on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The Clinton administration reported the Los Angeles Times that "The inclusion of the People’s Mojahedin was intended as a goodwill gesture to Tehran and its newly elected president, Mohammad Khatami".

Since 2004, the United States also considered the group as "noncombatants" and "protected persons" under the Geneva Conventions because most members had been living in a refugee camp in Iraq for more than 25 years. In 2002, the European Union, pressured by Washington, added MEK to its terrorist list. In 2008, the U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice denied MEK its request to be delisted, while MEK leaders then began a lobbying campaign to be removed from the list by promoting itself as a viable opposition to the clerical in Iran.

MEK had a "strong" base in U.S. who tried to remove the group from the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations and consequently turning it into a legitimate actor. In 2011, several former senior U.S. officials, including Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge, three former chairmen of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, two former directors of the CIA, former commander of NATO Wesley Clark, two former U.S. Ambassadors to the United Nations, the former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey, a former White House Chief of Staff, a former commander of the United States Marine Corps, former U.S. National Security Advisor Frances Townsend, and U.S. President Barack Obama's retired National Security Adviser General James L. Jones called for the MEK to be removed from its official State Department foreign terrorist listing on the grounds that they constituted a viable opposition to the Islamic Republic Government.

Hersh reported names of former U.S. officials paid to speak in support of MEK, including former CIA directors James Woolsey and Porter Goss; New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani; former Vermont Governor Howard Dean; former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Louis Freeh and former U.N. Ambassador John Bolton.

The National Council of Resistance of Iran has rejected allegations of Hersh.

According to Lord Alex Carlile, the organization was put on the terrorist list "solely because the mullahs insisted on such action if there was to be any dialogue between Washington and Tehran".

Removal of the designation

The United Kingdom lifted the MEK's designation as a terrorist group in June 2008, followed by the Council of the European Union on 26 January 2009, after what the group called a "seven-year-long legal and political battle". It was also lifted in the United States following a decision by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on 21 September 2012 and lastly in Canada on 20 December 2012.

In 2008, the Luxembourg European Court of First Instance upheld that there was no justification for including the MEK in the EU terrorist list and freezing its funds. The Court then allowed an appeal to delist the MEK from the EU’s terror list. An attempt by EU governments to maintain the MEK in the terror list was rejected by the European Court of Justice, with ambassadors of the 27 member states agreeing that the MEK should be removed from the EU terrorism list. The MEK was removed from the EU terror list on 26 January 2009, becoming the first organization to have been removed from the EU terror list.

The Council of the European Union removed the group's terrorist designation following the Court of Justice of the European Union's 2008 censure of France for failing to disclose new alleged evidence of the MEK's terrorism threat. Delisting allowed MEK to pursue tens of millions of dollars in frozen assets and lobby in Europe for more funds. It also removed the terrorist label from MEK members at Camp Ashraf in Iraq.

On 28 September 2012, the U.S. State Department formally removed MEK from its official list of terrorist organizations, beating an 1 October deadline in an MEK lawsuit. Secretary of State Clinton said in a statement that the decision was made because the MEK had renounced violence and had cooperated in closing their Iraqi paramilitary base. It was reported that MEK was removed from the U.S. list of terrorist organizations after intensive lobbying by a bipartisan group of lawmakers. An official denied that lobbying by well-known figures influenced the decision. Some former U.S. officials vehemently reject the new status and believe the MEK has not changed its ways.

The MEK advocated to remove itself from the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, having paid high-profile officials upwards of $50,000 give speeches calling for delisting. Among them, Rendell who admitted himself being paid to speak in support of the MEK and Hamilton who said he was paid to "appear on a panel Feb. 19 at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington". In February 2015, The Intercept published that Bob Menendez, John McCain, Judy Chu, Dana Rohrabacher and Robert Torricelli received campaign contributions from MEK supporters.

In May 2018, Daniel Benjamin who held office as the Coordinator for Counterterrorism between 2009 and 2012, told The New York Times that the MEK offered him money in exchange for his support.

Ervand Abrahamian, Shaul Bakhash, Juan Cole and Gary Sick among others, published "Joint Experts' Statement on the Mujahedin-e Khalq" on Financial Times voicing their concerns regarding MEK delisting. The National Iranian American Council denounced the decision, stating it "opens the door to Congressional funding of the M.E.K. to conduct terrorist attacks in Iran" and "makes war with Iran far more likely". Iran state television also condemned the delisting of the group, saying that the U.S. considers MEK to be "good terrorists because the U.S. is using them against Iran".

Designation as a cult

The MEK has barred children in Camp Ashraf in an attempt to have its members devote themselves to their cause of resistance against the Iranian regime, a rule that has given the MEK reputation of being "cultish"." Various sources have also described the MEK as a “cult”, “cult-like", or having a “cult of personality”, while other sources say the Iranian regime is running a disinformation campaign to label the MEK a "cult".

According to a RAND Corporation policy report, while in Paris, Masoud Rajavi began to implement an "ideological revolution", which required members an increased study and devotion that later expanded into "near religious devotion to the Rajavis". After its settlement in Iraq, however, it experienced a shortfall of volunteers. This led to the recruitment of members including Iranian dissidents, as well as Iranian economic migrants in countries such as Turkey and the United Arab Emirates, through "false promises of employment, land, aid in applying for asylum in Western countries, and even marriage, to attract them to Iraq". MEK also gave free visit trips to its camps to the relatives of the members. According to the RAND report, the recruited members were mostly brought by MEK into Iraq illegally and then were asked to submit their identity documents for "safekeeping", an act which would "effectively trap" them. With the assistance of Saddam's government, MEK also recruited some of its members from the Iranian prisoners of the Iran-Iraq war. During the second phase of the ideological revolution, all members were forced to surrender their individuality to the organization, an incident which Masoud Banisadr described as changing into "ant-like human beings", i.e. following orders by their instinct.

Assassinations

On 22 June 1981, IRGC and Hezbollahis responded to anti-regime demonstrations against the dismissal of President Abolhassan Banisadr, to what came to be known as "reign of terror" in Iran. The Warden of Evin prison announced the firing squad executions of demonstrators, including teenage girls.

According to Sandra Mackey, the MEK responded by targeting key Iranian official figures for assassination: they bombed the Prime Minister's office, attacked low-ranking civil servants and members of the Revolutionary Guards, along with ordinary citizens who supported the new government. The MEK was the first group carrying out suicide attacks in Iran.

On 30 August 1981, a bomb was detonated killing the elected President Rajai and Premier Mohammad Javad Bahonar. Iranian authorities announced that Massoud Keshmiri, "a close aide to the late President Muhammad Ali Rajai and secretary of the Supreme Security Council, had been responsible". Keshmiri, an MEK member who was thought to have died in the explosion, "was accorded a martyr's funeral" and was "buried alongside Rajai and Bahonar". Various MEK supporters were arrested and executed in reprisal, but Keshmiri apparently slipped through the dragnet. The reaction to both bombings was intense with many arrests and executions of MEK and other leftist groups. The MEK also claimed responsibility of assassinating Ali Sayad Shirazi, and Asadollah Lajevardi, director of Iran's prison system (1998). The MEK also failed to assassinate some key figures, including Iran's current leader Ali Khameni.

During the fall of 1981, the MEK was in charge of 65 percent of assassinations carried out in Iran (approximately one thousand officials of the Khomeini establishment) including police officers, judges, and clerics. On 28 June 1981, opponents of the regime retaliated by bombing IRP headquarters, killing Mohammad Beheshti and seventy people. Two days after the bombing, Ayatollah Khomeini blamed the MEK. From 26 August 1981 to December 1982, it orchestrated 336 attacks. After the Iran regime had executed 2,500 MEK members, the group counter-attacked against Friday-prayer leaders, revolutionary court judges and members of the IRGC. In July 1982, 13 IRGC members and Ayatollah Sadduqi, a close advisor to Khomeini were killed by Ebrahimzadeh a member of MEK who detonated a hand grenade in a suicide attack.

According to Ronen A. Cohen, the MEK saw Iran's security agencies as servants of a religious government and a cause for Iran population's state of unhappiness. The MEK first fought against the Revolutionary Guards and later against military units. Struan Stevenson and other analysts have stated that MEK targets included only the Islamic Republic’s governmental and security institutions. MEK leader Massoud Rajavi stated that they did not target civilians:

I pledge on behalf of the Iranian resistance that if anyone from our side oversteps the red line concerning absolute prohibition of attacks on civilians and innocent individuals, either deliberately or unintentionally, he or she would be ready to stand trial in any international court and accept any ruling by the court, including the payment of compensation.

According to Chris Zambelis senior middle east analyst of Jamestown Foundation, the MEK "has never been known to target civilians directly, though its use of tactics such as mortar barrages and ambushes in busy areas have often resulted in civilian casualties".

Hafte Tir bombing

The MEK is accused of detonating a bomb at the Islamic Republican Party headquarters on 28 June 1981. Two days later after the incident, Ruhollah Khomeini accused the MEK. The incident, called Hafte Tir bombing in Iran, killed 73, including Mohammad Beheshti, the party's secretary-general and Chief Justice of Iran, 4 cabinet ministers, 10 vice ministers and 27 members of the Parliament of Iran.

The MEK never claimed responsibility for the attack. According to Kenneth Katzman, "there has been much speculation among academics and observers that these bombings may have actually been planned by senior IRP leaders, to rid themselves of rivals within the IRP". According to Ervand Abrahamian, "whatever the truth, the Islamic Republic used the incident to wage war on the Left opposition in general and the Mojahedin in particular". According to the U.S department of state, the bombing was carried out by the MEK.

Intelligence and misinformation campaign against the MEK

The Shah's regime waged a propaganda campaign against the MEK, accusing them "of carrying out subversive acts at the behest of their foreign patrons" and claiming that "the shoot-outs and bombings caused heavy casualties among bystanders and innocent civilians, especially women and children". It also obtained "public confessions" that accused former colleagues of crimes including sexual promiscuity. The regime claimed that the MEK were "unbelievers masquerading as Muslims", and used the Qur'anic term "monafeqin" (hypocrites) to describe them. This label was also later used by the Islamic Republic to discredit the MEK. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, the Iranian regime "did everything it could" to tarnish the MEK "through a relentless campaign by labeling them as Marxist hypocrites and Western-contaminated ‘electics’, and as ‘counter-revolutionary terrorists’ collaborating with the Iraqi Ba’thists and the imperialists".

According to Katzman, the Iranian regime is concerned about MEK activities and are a major target of Iran's internal security apparatus and its campaign as assassinating opponents abroad. The Iranian regime is believed to be responsible for killing NCR representative in 1993, and Massoud Rajavi's brother in 1990. The MEK claims that in 1996 a shipment of Iranian mortars was intended for use by Iranian agents against Maryam Rajavi.

After the bombing at the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad which killed 25 and wounded at least 70 people, the Iranian regime immediately blamed the MEK. A month after the attack, a Sunni group calling itself "al-haraka al-islamiya al-iraniya" claimed responsibility for the attack (as well as for the Makki Mosque attack in Zahedan in 1994). Despite this, the Iranian government continued to hold the MEK responsible for both attacks. According to the NCRI, in a trial in November 1999, interior minister Abdullah Nouri admitted that the Iranian regime had carried out the attack in order to confront the MEK and tarnish its image. According to an anonymous U.S. official, Ramzi Yousef built the bomb and MEK agents placed it in the shrine.

Yonah Alexander has stated that Ministry of Intelligence (MOIS) agents have conducted "intelligence gathering, disinformation, and subversive operations against individual regime opponents and opposition governments. According to European intelligence and security services, current and former MEK members, and other dissidents, these intelligence networks shadow, harass, threaten, and ultimately, attempt to lure opposition figures and their families back to Iran for prosecution".

According Abbas Milani, lobbyists paid for by the Iranian regime campaigned against delisting the MEK calling it a "dangerous cult". There have also been reports that the Islamic Republic has manipulated Western media in order to generate false allegations against the MEK.

According to terrorism specialist Yonah Alexander, in May 2005 Iran's Ministry of Intelligence ran a disinformation operation against the MEK by deceiving Human Rights Watch into "publishing a report detailing alleged human rights abuses committed by MEK leadership against dissident members. The report was allegedly based upon information provided to Human Rights Watch by known Iranian MOIS agents who were former MEK members working for the Iranian Intelligence service."

In 2018, U.S. District Court charged two alleged Iran agents of "conducting covert surveillance of Israeli and Jewish facilities in the United States and collecting intelligence on Americans linked to a political organization that wants to see the current Iranian government overthrown". During the court process, it was revealed that the two alleged agents of Iran had mostly gathered information concerning activities involving the MEK.

The two men pleaded guilty in November 2019 to several charges including conspiracy and "acting as an undeclared agent of the Iranian government". The Justice Department said that one of the men arrived in the US to gather "intelligence information" about the MEK (as well as Israeli and Jewish entities). The other admitted to taking photographs at a 2017 MEK rally in order to profile attendees.

In January 2020 Iranian-American Ahmadreza Mohammadi-Doostdar was sentenced by a U.S. court to 38 months in prison for conducting surveillance on American MEK members. In September 2020 The New York Times published a report where researchers alleged that opponents of the Iranian regime had been targets of a cyber attack by Iranian hackers through a variety of infiltration techniques. MEK was reportedly among the most prominent targets of the attacks.

Disinformation through recruited MEK members

A 2001 report by the General Intelligence and Security Service said that "one of the tasks of the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) is to track down and identify those who are in contact with opposition groups abroad. Supporters of the most important opposition group, the PMOI , are especially under scrutiny of Iranian Security Services more than any other group."  The report also said that officials of the Iranian regime place pressure on Western countries to ban the MEK in order to "destabilise the organisation and demonise the MEK in the host country and thus end their political and social activities". A report named "People's Mojahedin of Iran" by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution said that "VAVAK is directing and financing a misinformation campaign, which is also carried out through former opponents of the regime. As in previous years, the Iranian intelligence service is trying to recruit active or former members of opposition groups. This in many cases is done by threats to use force against them or their families living in Iran." A 2005 report added that "for collecting information and spying activities, Iran's intelligence service (MOIS) uses a network of agents who have defected from these organizations."

A December 2012 report by the US library of Congress’s Federal Research Division profiling the MOIS describes how the MOIS recruited former MEK members and "used them to launch a disinformation campaign against the MEK". MOIS has also been known to recruit and extort non-Iranians to demonize the MEK.

The Islamic Republic of Iran has also been known to kidnap and torture captured MEK members and their families.

In 2009, activists and MEK supporter Farzad and Sabham Madadzadeh were arrested by Iranian police. According to Farzad, Iranian officers tortured him and his sister, and wanted him to confess to crimes that he had not committed: "They told me, 'You come and do an interview against the PMOI, the MEK, and the NCRI . They would throw me on the ground and treat me like a football between three people. Several times they did this to me in front of Shabnam’s eyes in order to break her".

Assassination of MEK members outside Iran

From 1989 to 1993, the Islamic Republic of Iran carried out numerous assassinations of MEK members. Between March and June 1990, three MEK members were assassinated in Turkey. In 24 February 1990, Dr Kazem Rajavi (a National Council member) was assassinated in Geneva. In January 1993, an MEK member was murdered in Baghdad.

In March 1993, the NCRI’s spokesman was murdered in Italy. In May 1990, a MEK member was murdered in Cologne. In February 1993, a MEK member was murdered in Manila. In April 1992, a MEK member was murdered in the Netherlands. In August 1992, a MEK member was murdered in Karachi. In March 1993, two assassins on motorcycles murdered NCRI representative Mohammad Hossein Naqdi in Italy. This led to the European Parliament issuing a condemnation of the Islamic Republic of Iran for political murder.

In May 1994, Islamic Republic agents assassinated two MEK members in Iraq. In May 1995, five MEK members were assassinated in Iraq. In 1996, two MEK members were murdered in Turkey (including NCRI member Zahra Rajabi); in the same year two MEK members were killed in Pakistan and another one in Iraq.

Assassination attempts

In 23 September 1991, an attempt was carried out to assassinate Massoud Rajavi in Baghdad. In August 1992, a MEK member was kidnapped and brought to Iran. In September 1992, MEK offices in Baghdad were broken into. In January 1993, a MEK bus was bombed without casualties. Towards the end of 1993, anonymous gunmen attacked Air France offices and the French embassy in Iran after France allowed Maryam Rajavi and 200 MEK members to enter France.

Islamic Republic of Iran allegations against the MEK

Execution of Mohammad-Reza Sa’adati

In 1979, engineer Mohammad-Reza Sa’adati was arrested by Iranian security forces outside the Soviet embassy and charged with spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. Revolutionary Guards detained him while trying to enter the Soviet Embassy reportedly carrying sensitive documents about the Revolutionary Council. According to historian Abbas Milani, the MEK had informed the Soviets that they had obtained the documents and case of Ahmad Moggarrebi, an Imperial Iranian Army general who was executed for espionage for the Soviets by the Shah's regime.

The MEK claimed that Sa’adati, who was responsible for foreign relations on behalf of the MEK, had only interviewed officials from various nations and organizations, and had been arrested on false charges. Sa’adati also accused the Iranian regime of trying to link MEK operations to the Soviet Union. Sa'adati was tried and sentenced to serve ten years in prison. In June 1981 when conflicts escalated between the MEK and Khomeini’s government, Sa'adati was retried and executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran for "allegedly managing the guerrilla war from inside the prison".

1992 attacks

In April 1992, Iranian authorities carried out an air raid against MEK bases in Iraq. The IRI claimed that the attack had been in retaliation to the MEK targeting Iranian governmental and civilian targets. The MEK and Iraq denied the allegations, claiming that Iran had "invented this attack on its territory to cover up the bombardment of the Mojahedin bases on Iraqi territory".

Other

On 9 February 2012, Iran senior officer Mohammad-Javad Larijani alleged to NBC news that "MOSSAD and the MEK were jointly responsible for the targeted killing of Iranian scientists," although the claim has never been backed up with evidence.

On 19 June 2017, the Alborz Central Prosecutor and Revolutionary Prosecutor announced the arrests of two people in Karaj in connection with the Mojahedin Khalq Organization. Those arrested confessed to have received money from the MEK for gathering information and pictures of the elections.

As Ali Shamkhani, national security chief mentioned in the saying to members of parliament the "Mujahedin-e-Khalq was behind the protests" which raised after increasing the price of petrol. Arab News reported that "key organizers of recent protests could be said to be associates of this oppositional group (MEK)". Tehran has criticised the United States for "failure to condemn and disarm the MEK".

In January 2018, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani phoned French president Emmanuel Macron, asking him to order kicking the MEK out of its base in Auvers-sur-Oise, alleging that the MEK stirred up the 2017–18 Iranian protests.

On 27 November 2020, Iran's top nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh was assassinated. Iranian official, Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani, who heads the Supreme National Security Council, blamed Mujahideen-e-Khalq and Israel. for the attack.

Ties to foreign and non-state actors

MEK was among the opposition groups receiving supports from Gulf nations such as Saudi Arabia.

On 7 January 1986, the MEK leaders sent a twelve-page letter to the "comrades" of Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, asking for temporary asylum and a loan of $300 million to continue their "revolutionary anti-imperialist" actions. It is not clear how the Soviets responded, according to Milani. Israel's foreign intelligence agency Mossad maintains connections with the MEK, dating back to the 1990s.

Hyeran Jo, associate professor of Texas A&M University wrote in 2015 that the MEK is supported by the United States. According to Spiegel Online security experts say that U.S., Saudi Arabia and Israel provide the group with financial support, though there is no proof for this supposition and MEK denies this.

According to Ervand Abrahamian, while dealing with anti-regime clergy in 1974, the MEK became close with secular Left groups in and outside Iran. These included the confederation of Iranian Students, The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and the People's Front for the Liberation of Oman, among others. The MEK sent five trained members into South Yemen to fight in the Dhofar Rebellion against Omani and Iranian forces.

In April 2012, the Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Seymour Hersh reported that the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command had trained MEK operatives at a secret site in Nevada from 2005 to 2009. According to Hersh, MEK members were trained in intercepting communications, cryptography, weaponry and small unit tactics at the Nevada site up until President Barack Obama took office in 2009.

Intelligence and operational capabilities

During the years MEK was based in Iraq, it was closely associated with the intelligence service Mukhabarat (IIS), and even had a dedicated department in the agency. Directorate 14 of the IIS worked with the MEK in joint operations while Directorate 18 was exclusively responsible for the MEK and issued the orders and tasks for their operations. The MEK offered IIS with intelligence it gathered from Iran, interrogation and translation services.

An unclassified report published by US Army's University of Military Intelligence in 2008, states that the MEK operates a HUMINT network within Iran, which is "clearly a MEK core strength". It has started a debate among intelligence experts that "whether western powers should leverage this capability to better inform their own intelligence picture of the Iranian regime’s goals and intentions". Rick Francona told Foreign Policy in 2005 that the MEK teams could work in conjunction with collection of intelligence and identifying agents. U.S. security officials maintain that the organization has a record of exaggerating or fabricating information, according to Newsweek. David Kay believes that "they’re often wrong, but occasionally they give you something".

American government sources told Newsweek in 2005 that the Pentagon is hoping to utilize MEK members as informants or give them training as spies for use against Tehran.

The MEK is able to conduct "telephone intelligence" operations effectively, i.e. gathering intelligence through making phone calls to officials and government organizations in Iran. According to Ariane M. Tabatabai, the MEK's "capabilities to conduct terrorist attacks may have decreased in recent years".

Propaganda campaign

The MEK’s first act of counter-propaganda was to release about 2014 Iranian prisoners of war within a period of 9 months. It started on 11 March 1986 when the NLA released 370 prisoners of war. They then released 170 prisoners of war on November 1987 that had been captured by the NLA. A third wave of 1300 prisoners of war were released on August 1988, with some joining the NLA ranks. During the last release, Masoud Rajavi promoted it this as an act of compassion by the NCRI, which was in contrast to the Islamic Republic’s "cruel manner of treating" prisoners of war. According to Wilfried Buchta, the MEK has used propaganda in the West since the 1980s. In the 1980s and the 1990s, their propaganda was mainly targeted against the officials in the establishment. According to Anthony H. Cordesman, since the mid-1980s the MEK has confronted Iranian representatives overseas through "propaganda and street demonstrations". Other analysts have also alleged that there is a propaganda campaign by the MEK in the West, including Christopher C. Harmon, Wilfried Buchta, and others.

According to Kenneth Katzman, the MEK is able to mobilize its exile supporters in demonstration and fundraising campaigns. The organization attempts to publicize regime abuses and curb foreign governments’ relations with Tehran. To do so, it frequently conducts anti-regime marches and demonstrations in those countries.

A 1986 U.S. State Department letter to KSCI-TV described "MEK propaganda" as being in line with the following: "he Iranian government is bad, the PMOI is against the Iranian government, the Iranian government represses the PMOI, therefore, the PMOI and its leader Rajavi are good and worth of support". According to Masoud Kazemzadeh, the MEK has also used propaganda against defectors of the organization.

Al Jazeera reported on an alleged Twitter-based MEK campaign. According to Exeter University lecturer Marc Owen Jones, accounts tweeting #FreeIran and #Iran_Regime_Change "were created within about a four-month window", suggesting bot activity.

In an article published by The Intercept on 9 June 2019, two former MEK members claimed that "Heshmat Alavi" is not a real person, and that the articles published under that name were actually written by a team of people at the political wing of MEK. Alavi contributed to several media outlets including Forbes, The Diplomat, The Hill, The Daily Caller, The Federalist and the English edition of Al Arabiya's website. According to the Intercept, one of Alavi's articles published by Forbes was used by the White House to justify Donald Trump Administration's sanctions against Iran. Since the article's publication, Twitter has suspended the "Heshmat Alavi" account, and the writings in the name of "Heshmat Alavi" were removed from The Diplomat and Forbes' website. A website purported to be a personal blog of "Heshmat Alavi" published a post with counterclaims saying that their Twitter account had been suspended.

Human rights record

In 2006, Iraqi Prime Minister Al-Maliki told the MEK it had to leave Iraq, but the MEK responded that the "request violated their status under the Geneva Convention". Al-Maliki and the Iraqi Ministry of Justice maintained that the MEK had committed human rights abuses in the early 1990s when it aided Saddam Hussain's campaign against the Shia uprising. According to Time magazine, the MEK has denied aiding Saddam in quashing Kurdish and Shia rebellions.

In a 2004 public release, Amnesty International stated it continues to receive reports of human rights violations carried out by the MEK against its own members. In 2018, Amnesty International also condemned the government of Iran for executing MEK prisoners in 1988 and presented the MEK as being mainly peaceful political dissidents despite reports that they have killed thousands of Iranians and Iraqis since 1981.

In May 2005, Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued a report named "No Exit: Human Rights Abuses Inside the MKO Camps", describing prison camps run by the MEK and severe human rights violations committed by the group against its members, ranging from prolonged incommunicado and solitary confinement to beatings, verbal and psychological abuse, coerced confessions, threats of execution, and torture that in two cases led to death. However, disagreements over this provided evidence has been expressed.

The report prompted a response by the MEK and four European MPs named "Friends of a Free Iran" (FOFI), who published a counter-report in September 2005. They stated that HRW had "relied only on 12 hours interviews with 12 suspicious individuals", and stated that "a delegation of MEPs visited Camp Ashraf in Iraq" and "conducted impromptu inspections of the sites of alleged abuses". Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca (PP), one of the Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament, said that Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) was the source of the evidence against the MEK. In a letter of May 2005 to HRW, the senior US military police commander responsible for the Camp Ashraf area, Brigadier General David Phillips, who had been in charge during 2004 for the protective custody of the MEK members in the camp, disputed the alleged human rights violations. Former military officers who had aided in guarding the MEK camp in Iraq said "its members had been free to leave since American military began protecting it in 2003." The officers said they had not found any prison or torture facilities.

Human Rights Watch released a statement in February 2006, stating: "We have investigated with care the criticisms we received concerning the substance and methodology of the report, and find those criticisms to be unwarranted". It provided responses to the FOFI document, whose findings "have no relevance" to the HRW report.

In July 2013, the United Nations special envoy to Iraq, Martin Kobler, accused the leaders the group of human rights abuses, an allegation the MEK dismissed as "baseless" and "cover-up". The United Nations spokesperson defended Kobler and his allegations, stating: "We regret that MEK and its supporters continue to focus on public distortions of the U.N.'s efforts to promote a peaceful, humanitarian solution on Camp Ashraf and, in particular, its highly personalized attacks on the U.N. envoy for Iraq".

Hyeran Jo, in her work examining humanitarian violations of rebel groups to international law, states that the MEK has not accepted International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) visits to its detention centers. According to Ronen A. Cohen, the MEK controlled their people most importantly by "abuse of women". According to criticism of Human Right groups, marriage had been banned in the camp. Upon entry into the group, new members are indoctrinated in ideology and a revisionist history of Iran. All members are required to participate in weekly "ideologic cleansings".

Journalist Jason Rezaian remarked in his detailing the connections between John R. Bolton and the MEK that "the few who were able to escape" were "cut off from their loved ones, forced into arranged marriages, brainwashed, sexually abused, and tortured". Members who defected from the MEK and some experts say that these Mao-style self-criticism sessions are intended to enforce control over sex and marriage in the organization as a total institution. MEK denied the brainwashing claims and described the former members as Iranian spies, also saying that "any cult' comparisons were coming from the Iranian regime as part of its 'misinformation campaign.'"

Some MEK defectors have accused the MEK of human right abuses, while the MEK has denied these claims saying they are part of a misinformation campaign by the Iranian regime.

In March 2019 a Hamburg court ruled that Der Spiegel had "acted illegally in publishing false allegations of 'torture' and 'terrorist training' by the MEK in Albania". In July 2020 a German court ordered the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to remove false information about the MEK including untrue reports of human right abuses by the MEK against its members.

Fundraising

In Germany, the MEK used a NGO to "support asylum seekers and refugees". Another alleged organization collected funds for "children whose parents had been killed in Iran" in sealed and stamped boxes placed in city centers. According to the Netjang Society, in 1988, the Nuremberg MEK front organization was uncovered by police. Initially, The Greens supported these organizations while it was unaware of their purpose.

In December 2001, a joint FBI-Cologne police operation discovered what a 2004 report calls "a complex fraud scheme involving children and social benefits", involving the sister of Maryam Rajavi. The High Court ruled to close several MEK compounds after investigations revealed that the organization fraudulently collected between $5 million and $10 million in social welfare benefits for children of its members sent to Europe.

In 2003, General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) claimed that Netherland charity that raises money for "children who suffer under the Iranian regime" (SIM (Template:Lang-nl) was fundraising for the MEK. A spokesperson for the charity said that SIM was unrelated to the MEK, and that these allegations were "lies from the Iranian regime". 'Committee for Human Rights' and 'Iran Aid', were two charities operated by MEK "claimed to raise money for Iranian refugees persecuted by the Islamic regime," but was later found to be a front for the National Liberation Army, MEK's military arm.

It also operated a UK-based charity Iran Aid which "claimed to raise money for Iranian refugees persecuted by the Islamic regime" and was later revealed to be a front for its military wing (according to conversations at the Nejat Society). In 2001, Charity Commission for England and Wales closed it down after finding no "verifiable links between the money donated by the British public and charitable work in Iran".

As RAND Corporation policy reported, MEK supporters seek donations at public places, often showing "gruesome pictures" of human rights victims in Iran and claiming to raise money for them but funnelling it to MEK. A 2004 report by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that the organization is engaged "through a complex international money laundering operation that uses accounts in Turkey, Germany, France, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates".

In 1999, after a 2 1⁄2-year investigation, Federal authorities arrested 29 individuals in Operation Eastern Approach, of whom 15 were held on charges of helping MEK members illegally enter the United States. The ringleader was pleaded guilty to providing phony documents to MEK members and violation of Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.

On 19 November 2004, two front organizations called the Iranian–American Community of Northern Virginia and the Union Against Fundamentalism organized demonstrations in front of the Capitol building in Washington, DC and transferred funds for the demonstration, some $9,000 to the account of a Texas MEK member. Congress and the bank in question were not aware that the demonstrators were actually providing material support to the MEK.

Perception

Inside Iran

The RAND Corporation policy report on the group suggests that between 1979 and 1981 it was the most popular dissident group in Iran, however, the former reputation is diminished to the extent that it is now "the only entity less popular" than the Iranian government. Certain sources have cited the MEK's collaboration with Saddam Hussain as diminishing the MEK's standing inside Iran. According Ronen Cohen, although the MEK’s relocation to Iraq may have diminished its support in Iran, this is hard to assess "because of the nature of the government in Iran". Other analysts cite the group being "unpopular among Iranians" for "attacks on Iranian soldiers and civilians". According to Struan Stevenson: "The claim that the is an irrelevant group or has no support within Iran is a myth". After the 1981 Iran revolution, the MEK was a popular opposition to Iran's theocratic government. Inside Iran, the strength of the MEK is uncertain since many of its supporters have been executed, tortured, or jailed.

According to Abrahamian, by 1981 many foreign diplomats considered MEK to be "the largest, the best disciplined, and the most heavily armed of all the opposition organizations". Karim Sadjadpour believes the MEK is a "fringe group with mysterious benefactors that garners scant support in its home country", and that the population of its supporters in Iran "hovers between negligible and nill". Kenneth Katzman wrote in 2001 that the MEK is "Iran's most active opposition group". A 2009 report published by the Brookings Institution notes that the organization appears to be undemocratic and lacking popularity but maintains an operational presence in Iran, acting as a proxy against Tehran. According to Ilan Berman, MEK's supporters consider the group to be "the most organized and disciplined alternative to the current clerical regime in Tehran, and the only one that is truly capable of establishing a democratic, secular Iran".

Outside Iran

According to a 2009 Danish Immigration Service Report, "Even though the MKO has a worldwide network of members and supporters, it is an unpopular organisation among many Iranians because of its armed struggle against Iran during the past 30 years. According to the NBC, the MEK has a roster of prominent supporters including "former FBI Director Louis Freeh; former Democratic governors and presidential candidates Howard Dean and Bill Richardson; Trump's former national security adviser John Bolton; and former Obama national security adviser James L. Jones."

By other Iranian opposition parties

The group kept a friendly relationship with the only other major Iranian urban guerrilla group, the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (OIPFG). An October 1994 report by the U.S. Department of State notes that other Iranian opposition groups do not cooperate with the organization because they view it as "undemocratic" and "tightly controlled" by its leaders. In 1994 rival exiled groups question the organizations's claim that it would hold free elections after taking power in Iran, pointing to its designation of a "president-elect" as an evidence of neglecting Iranian people.

Due to its anti-Shah stance before the revolution, the MEK is not close to monarchist opposition groups and Reza Pahlavi, Iran's deposed crown prince. Commenting on the MEK, Pahlavi said in an interview: "I cannot imagine Iranians ever forgiving their behavior at that time . If the choice is between this regime and the MEK, they will most likely say the mullahs".

Iran's deposed president Abolhassan Banisadr ended his alliance with the group in 1984, denouncing its stance during the Iran–Iraq War.

The National Resistance Movement of Iran (NAMIR), led by Shapour Bakhtiar, never maintained a friendly relationship with the MEK. In July 1981, NAMIR rejected any notion of cooperation between the two organizations and publicly condemned them in a communiqué issued following the meeting between Iraqi Foreign Minister, Tariq Aziz and Rajavi in January 1983 as well as the "Holy and Revolutionary" nature of Rajavis in April 1984.

Documentary films

• A Cult That Would Be an Army: Cult of the Chameleon (2007): Al Jazeera documentary directed by Maziar Bahari.
• The Strange World of the People's Mujahedin (2012): BBC World Service documentary directed by Owen Bennett-Jones and produced by Wisebuddah company. It won New York Festivals award for Best Investigative Report in 2013.
• Chasing Iranian Spies: documentary directed by Michael Ware as an episode of the Uncensored with Michael Ware (S1E3), aired on 7 February 2017 by the National Geographic.

Series, films and documentaries by the Islamic Republic of Iran on the MEK

• Comrades in Arms: Ashraf Camp in Iraq Turned into a Harem for Leader (2014): Press TV documentary.
• The Secrets Behind Auvers-sur-Oise (2016): Press TV documentary.
• Handwritings (Template:Lang-fa): The 1987 action, Drama, Thriller film was directed by Mehrzad Minui, based on scenario of Behrouz Afkhami.
• The Wolves (Template:Lang-fa): four-part eight-houred documentary series initially released in 2007 and reissued in 2013 as a 90-minutes documentary, aired by the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. It includes footage from Ba'athist Iraq archives of confidential top-level meetings.
• An Unfinished Film for My Daughter, Somayeh (Template:Lang-fa): 2014 documentary directed by Morteza Payeshenas, aired by the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. Somayeh Mohammadi said that the videos and photos used in the documentary were "given to the regime’s intelligence to make a documentary against PMOI."
• The Insider (Template:Lang-fa): 2008 feature film directed by Ahmad Kaveri and starring Amir Jafari as an MEK defector who returns to Iran in 2004.
• Cyanide (Template:Lang-fa): 2016 feature film directed by Behrouz Shoaibi which portrays the organization during the 1970s. The cast includes Babak Hamidian, Behnoosh Tabatabaei, Hanieh Tavassoli, Atila Pesyani, Mehdi Hashemi and Hamed Komeili.
• Mina’s Choice (Template:Lang-fa): 2016 drama about happy marriage of couple Mina and Mehran which tears apart. According to the director Kamal Tabrizi and producer Manouchehr Mohammadi, the film intends to "give warnings to families" about the MEK.
• The Midday Event (Template:Lang-fa): 2017 political drama directed by Mohammad-Hossein Mahdavian, it features the MEK during the 1980s and was named the best film in the 35th Fajr International Film Festival.
• The Gift of Darkness (Template:Lang-fa): 2011 drama series directed by Jalil Saman features the MEK during the 1980s.
• Parvaneh (Template:Lang-fa): 2013 drama series directed by Jalil Saman about the MEK during the 1970s.
• Nafas (Template:Lang-fa): 2017 drama series directed by Jalil Saman features 1970s.
• Trace of blood, second season of "The Midday Event", political drama directed by Mohammad-Hossein Mahdavian, it features the MEK during Operation Mersad and was awarded in the 37th Fajr International Film Festival.

See also

• List of cults of personality
• Guerrilla groups of Iran
• Mohammad-Reza Kolahi
• MEK Compound
• Somayeh Mohammadi
• Order of battle during the Iran–Iraq War
• Organizations of the Iranian Revolution

Splinter groups

• Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (Islamist only)
• Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (Marxist only)

Notes

1. Since 1993, they are "Co-equal Leader", however, Massoud Rajavi disappeared in 2003 and leadership of the group has essentially passed to his wife Maryam Rajavi.
2. See also Parsi, 2007; Dickey, 2005 and Squassoni, 2003; according which The MeK alleges that the information was based on its own intelligence, but this is in doubt. Suggestions about the true source posit that the United States acquired the information from Israel and arranged for the MeK to present it as its own. Another theory is that Israel delivered the information to the MeK after the Shah’s son refused to transmit it.

References

Citations

1. ^ O'Hern, Steven (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-59797-701-2. Cite error: The named reference "Steven" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
2. Stephen Sloan; Sean K. Anderson (2009). Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-8108-6311-8.
3. ^ Chehabi, Houchang E. (1990). Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini. I.B. Tauris. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-85043-198-5.
4. "Durrës locals protest MEK members' burial in local cemetery". Tirana Times. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
5. ^ Zabih 1988, p. 250.
6. ^ "Is Tehran spying on Southern California? Feds say O.C. waiter and 'Chubby' from Long Beach were agents of Iran". LA Times. 13 January 2019.
7. https://lobelog.com/europes-extreme-right-is-in-bed-with-mek/
8. ^ Katzman 2001, p. 97.
9. ^ Seyyed Hossein Mousavian (2008). "Iran-Germany Relations". Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-06219-5.
10. ^ Lansford, Tom (2015). "Iran". Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-4833-7155-9.
11. "Honoring a Great Hero for Iran's Freedom, World Peace and Security: Hon. Edolphus Towns of New York in the House of Represetitives, 27 March 2003". United States of America Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. 2003. p. 7794. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Office.
12. Yaghoub Nemati Voroujeni (Summer 2012). "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK) Organization in the Imposed War". Negin-e-Iran (in Persian). 41 (11): 75–96. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
13. G. Bahgat, "United States-Iranian relations: the terrorism challenge" Parameters, 2008 - http://www.academia.edu/download/32838100/bahgat.pdf
14. ^ Clark, Mark Edmond (2016). "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq". In Gold, David (ed.). Terrornomics. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-317-04590-8.
15. Tabrizy, Nilo (7 May 2018). "M.E.K.: The Group John Bolton Wants to Rule Iran". The New York Times.
16. * Hersh, Seymour M. (5 April 2012). "Our Men in Iran?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
    • Williams, Brian (9 February 2012). "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". NBC News. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
    • Merat, Arron; Borger, Julian (30 June 2018). "Rudy Giuliani calls for Iran regime change at rally linked to extreme group". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2018. Most observers of Iranian politics say the MeK has minimal support in Iran and is widely hated for its use of violence and close links to Israeli intelligence.
17. ^ Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009). The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
18. Karami, Arash (2 August 2016). "Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
19. "Liberals back Tory motion to end diplomatic talks with Iran". The Globe and Mail.
20. https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/iran-the-mek-in-albania/
21. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/04/magazine/iran-strike-israel-america.html
22. Arie Perliger; William L. Eubank (2006). "Terrorism in Iran and Afghanistan: The Seeds of the Global Jihad". Middle Eastern Terrorism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4381-0719-6.
23. ^ Problems of Communism. Vol. 29. Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration. 1980. p. 15. There is evidence that as earlt as 1969 it received arms and training from the PLO, especially Yasir Arafat's Fatah group. Some of the earliest Mojahedin supporters took part in black september in 1970 in Jordan.
24. ^ Clark, Mark Edmond (2016). "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq". In David Gold (ed.). Terrornomics. Routledge. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-1-317-04590-8.
25. مجاهدي خلق تتهم الجيش العراقي بالتوغل في مخيمها شمال بغداد. البوابة (in Arabic).
26. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan; Zweiri, Mahjoob (2012). Iran's Foreign Policy: From Khatami to Ahmadinejad. Sussex Academic Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-86372-415-2.
27. Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie (2008). Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities. Rand Corporation. ISBN 9780833045270. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
28. Pike, John. "Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO)". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018. ...the largest and most militant group opposed to the Islamic Republic of Iran.
29. "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK)". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 5 October 2018. ...the largest militant Iranian opposition group committed to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic,
30. Katzman 2001, p. 2.
31. ^ Abrahamian 1989, pp. 1–2. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
32. ^ Cohen 2009, p. 23.
33. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 1. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
34. "John Bolton support for Iranian opposition spooks Tehran". Financial Times.
35. ^ {{cite b ook|author=Michael Newton|title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia|volume=1|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-286-1|pages=28|entry=Bahonar, Mohammad-Javad (1933–1981)|quote=}}
36. ^ "The People's Mojahedin: exiled Iranian opposition". France24. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
37. ^ Svensson, Isak (1 April 2013). Ending Holy Wars: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars. Univ. of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702249563.
38. ^ Katzman 2001, p. 100.
39. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 197. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
40. ^ Katzman 2001, p. 101.
41. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 206. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
42. "Making Sense of The MeK". National Interest. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
43. Sinkaya, Bayram (2015). The Revolutionary Guards in Iranian Politics: Elites and Shifting Relations. Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 978-1138853645.
44. Svensson, Isak (2013). Ending Holy Wars: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars. ISBN 978-0702249563. On 20 June 1981, MEK organized a peaceful demonstration attended by up to 50 000 participants, who advanced towards parliament. Khomeini's Revolutionary Guards opened fire, which resulted in 50 deaths, 200 injured, and 1 000 arrested in the area around Tehran University
45. Katzman 2001, pp. 98–101.
46. Abrahamian 1989, pp. 36, 218, 219. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
47. ^ Afshon Ostovar (2016). Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran's Revolutionary Guards. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-19-049170-3. Unsurprisingly, the decision to fight alongside Saddam was viewed as traitorous by the vast majority of Iranians and destroyed the MKO's standing in its homeland.
48. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 208. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
49. ^ Piazza 1994, p. 14.
50. ^ Piazza 1994, pp. 9–43.
51. ^ Katzman 2001, p. 104.
52. "Iran's resistance". The Guardian.
53. Ostovar, Afshon (2016). Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran's Revolutionary Guards. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-19-049170-3.
54. Lorentz, Dominique; David, Carr-Brown (14 November 2001), La République atomique [The Atomic Republic] (in French), Arte TV
55. ^ Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (2 July 2018). "Who is the Iranian group targeted by bombers and beloved of Trump allies?". The Guardian. ...by then sheltered in camps in Iraq, fought against Iran alongside the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein...
56. Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). Iran at War: 1500–1988. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-221-4.
57. ^ Buchan, James (15 October 2013). Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. Simon and Schuster. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4165-9777-3. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
58. ^ Al-Hassan, Omar (1989). Strategic Survey of the Middle East. Brassey's. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-08-037703-2. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
59. ^ Alaolmolki, Nozar (1991). Struggle for Dominance in the Persian Gulf: Past, Present, and Future Prospects. University of Michigan. p. 105. ISBN 9780820415901. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
60. ^ Cohen, Ronen A. (2 November 2018). "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy". Middle Eastern Studies. 54 (6): 1000–1014. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813. ISSN 0026-3206. S2CID 149542445.
61. ^ Graff, James (14 December 2006). "Iran's Armed Opposition Wins a Battle — In Court". Time. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
62. ^ "Behind the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)". Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
63. ^ "Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'". The Independent.
64. "I was lucky to escape with my life. The massacre of Iranian political prisoners in 1988 must now be investigated". The Independent.
65. Buchta, Wilfried (2000), Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, pp. 52–54, ISBN 978-0-944029-39-8
66. ^ Katzman 2001, p. 105.
67. ^ Runner, Philippa. "EU ministers drop Iran group from terror list". Euobserver. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
68. ^ "EU removes PMOI from terrorist list". UPI. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
69. Sen, Ashish Kumar. "U.S. takes Iranian dissident group MeK off terrorist list". Washington Times. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
70. ^ https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/8779816/www.mof.go.jp/international_policy/gaitame_kawase/gaitame/economic_sanctions/taliban_kankeisha_sakujo_20130524.pdf
71. de Boer, T.; Zieck, M. (2014). "From internment to resettlement of refugees: on US obligations towards MEK defectors in Iraq". Melbourne Journal of International Law. 15 (1): 3.
72. "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK)".
73. Erlich, Reese (2018). The Iran Agenda Today: The Real Story Inside Iran and What's Wrong with U.S. Policy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-94157-3. Retrieved 14 January 2020. But critics question that commitment given the cult of personality built around MEK's leader, Maryam Rjavi.
74. Middle Eastern Eye
75. CBC
76. "Trump allies' visit throws light on secretive Iranian opposition group".
77. ^ Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979. Syracuse University Press. pp. 100, 167–168.
78. Ansari, Ali M. (2006). Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Roots of Mistrust. Hurst Publishers. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-85065-809-2.
79. Hantschel, Allison (2005). Special Plans: The Blogs on Douglas Feith & the Faulty Intelligence That Led to War. Franklin, Beedle & Associates, Inc. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-59028-049-2.
80. Middle East Report. Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR. 2005. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-59028-049-2.
81. Ram, Haggay (1992). "Crushing the Opposition: Adversaries of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Middle East Journal. 46 (3): 426–439. JSTOR 4328464.
82. Newton, Michael (2014). "Bahonar, Mohammad-Javad (1933–1981)". Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1. Although the Bahonar-Rajai assassination was solved with identification of bomber Massoud Kashmiri as an MEK agent he remained unpunished. Various mujahedin were arrested and executed in reprisal, but Kashmiri apparently slipped through the dragnet.
83. ^ Abrahamian 1989, pp. 227–230. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
84. "GOP leaders criticize Obama's Iran policy in rally for opposition group". Washington Post.
85. Con Coughlin Khomeini's Ghost: The Iranian Revolution and the Rise of Militant Islam, Ecco Books 2010 p. 377 n. 21
86. O'Hern, Steven (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-59797-701-2.
87. Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. I.B. Tauris. pp. 171–172. ISBN 1-85043-077-2.
88. Ali, Asghar (October 1980). "A New Interpretation of Islam". Economic and Political Weekly. 15 (1654–1655).
89. "Iran MEK Albania". New York Times.
90. Katzman 2001, p. 206.
91. ^ Cronin, Stephanie (2013). Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge/BIPS Persian Studies Series. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-134-32890-1.
92. Abrahamian 1989, p. 217. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
93. Svensson, Isak (1 April 2013). Ending Holy Wars: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars. Univ. of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702249563.
94. Abrahamian 1989, pp. 218–219. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
95. Katzman 2001, p. 212.
96. ^ Zabih 1988, pp. 253–254.
97. Kroeger, Alex (12 December 2006). "EU unfreezes Iran group's funds". BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
98. People's Mojahedin Of Iran- Mission Report. L'Harmattan. September 2005. p. 12. ISBN 978-2-7475-9381-6.
99. ^ Shane, Scott (21 September 2012). "Iranian Dissidents Convince U.S. to Drop Terror Label". The New York Times.
100. ^ "Iranian opposition group in Iraq resettled to Albania". Reuters. 9 September 2016.
101. Spector, Leonard. "Iranian Nuclear Program Remains Major Threat Despite Partial Freeze of Weapons-Relevant Activities Described in New U.S. National Intelligence Estimate". Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
102. Morello, Carol. "Exile group accuses Iran of secret nuclear weapons research". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
103. Katzman 2001, p. 4.
104. ^ Qasemi, Hamid Reza (2016). "Chapter 12: Iran and Its Policy Against Terrorism". In Alexander R. Dawoody (ed.). Eradicating Terrorism from the Middle East. Policy and Administrative Approaches. Vol. 17. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. p. 201. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31018-3. ISBN 978-3-319-31018-3.
105. ^ Zabih 1988, p. 256.
106. Abrahamian 1982, p. 489.
107. ^ Abrahamian 1989, pp. 81–126. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
108. Abrahamian 1989, p. 88. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
109. Maziar Behrooz, Rebels With A Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran, page vi
110. Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979. Syracuse University Press. p. 168. The loss of several leaders in a matter of two years allowed the promotion of (covert) Marxist members to the Central Cadre. After August 1971, the CC of OIPM included Reza Rezai, Kazem Zolanvar, and Bahram Aram. Zolanvar's arrest in 1972 brought Majid Sharif Vaqefi to the CC, and Rezai's death in 1973 brought in Taqi Shahram
111. ^ Ḥaqšenās, Torāb (27 October 2011) . "COMMUNISM iii. In Persia after 1953". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 1. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 105–112. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
112. Alireza Jafarzadeh (2008). The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. ISBN 978-0230601284.
113. Abrahamian 1989, p. 136. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
114. Newton, Michael (2002), "MacArthur, Douglas II (Intended victim)", The Encyclopedia of Kidnappings, Facts on File Crime Library, Infobase Publishing, p. 178, ISBN 9781438129884
115. Abedin, Mahan. "Mojahedin-e-Khalq: Saddam's Iranian Allies - Jamestown". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
116. Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979. Syracuse University Press. pp. 167–169.
117. Abrahamian 1982, p. 493.
118. Abrahamian 1982, pp. 493–4.
119. Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions, University of California Press (1999), p. 151
120. Abrahamian 1989, pp. 144–145. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
121. Abrahamian 1989, p. 152. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
122. ^ Tanter, Raymond (8 August 2009). "Memo to Obama: They Are Not Terrorists". The Daily Beast.
123. Pike, John. "Mujahedin-e Khalq". CFR. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
124. Mahnaz Shirali (2014). The Mystery of Contemporary Iran. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781351479134.
125. ^ "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Organizations". www.state.gov. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
126. ^ Combs, Cindy C.; Slann, Martin W. (2009). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438110196. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
127. ^ Abrahamian 1982, pp. 141–142.
128. Gambrel, Jon. "Trump Cabinet pick paid by controversial Iranian exile group". AP News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
129. ^ McGreal, Chris (21 September 2012). "Q&A: what is the MEK and why did the US call it a terrorist organisation?". the Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
130. "Chapter 6 – Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
131. Fisher, Max (2 July 2012). "Here's the Video of Newt Gingrich Bowing to the Leader of an Iranian Terrorist Group". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
132. Gibson, Bryan R. (2016), Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War, Facts on File Crime Library, Springer, p. 136, ISBN 9781137517159
133. Shirali, Mahnaz (28 July 2017). The Mystery of Contemporary Iran. ISBN 9781351479134. The most notable actions of the Marxist Mojahedin were assassinations of Savak general, of two American military advisers, and a failed attempt against an American diplomat, all in 1975
134. Camp Ashraf: Iraqi Obligations and State Department Accountability : Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations and the Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, December 7, 2011. 2011. ISBN 9780160905018. Referred to in the Iranian press as the "Iranian People's Strugglers", and later known as Peykar, this group led by Tagui Shahram, Vahid Arakhteh and Bahram Aram was one o several underground groups waging a covert war against the Shah's secret police, SAVAK. Afrakhteh, who later confessed to the killings of Americans, was executed
135. Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, Volumen 15. 1976. Ten terrorists were sentenced to death... The condemned terrorists were Vahid Afrakhteh... The terroirsts were charged with the murders of Brigadier-general Reza Zandipur, United States Colonels Hawkins, Paul Shaffer and ack Turner, the U.S. Embassy's translator Hassan Hossnan
136. Arash Reisinezhad (2018). The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. ASIN B07FBB6L8Y.
137. Chapter 8 -- Foreign Terrorist Organizations
138. ^ Steven O'Hern (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-59797-701-2.
139. ^ Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle; Ali Mohammadi (January 1987). "Post-Revolutionary Iranian Exiles: A Study in Impotence". Third World Quarterly. 9 (1): 108–129. doi:10.1080/01436598708419964. JSTOR 3991849.
140. ^ Zabir, Sepehr (2011). The Iranian military in revolution and war. Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-415-61785-7.
141. Bakhash, Saul (1990). The reign of the ayatollahs. Basic Books. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-465-06890-6. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
142. "PROSCRIBED ORGANISATIONS APPEAL COMMISSION" (PDF). Judicial Office UK. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
143. Bernard, Cheryl (2015). Breaking the Stalemate: The Case for Engaging the Iranian Opposition. Basic Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-0692399378.
144. ^ Abrahamian 1989, pp. 195–205. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
145. Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs (1984) p. 123.
146. ^ Moin 2001, p. 243.
147. Alireza Jafarzadeh (2008). The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0230601284.
148. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF RESISTANCE OF IRAN, PETITIONER v. DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND COLIN L. POWELL, SECRETARY OF STATE, RESPONDENTS (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT July 9, 2004) ("After an extensive investigation of MEK and NCRI, the FBI reported to the State Department that ‘‘t is the unanimous view of the FBI personnel who are involved in and familiar with the FBI’s investigation of the that the NCRI is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the MEK at all relevant times.’’ Letter of Charles Frahm, Section Chief, International Terrorism Operations Section II, at 1 (Aug. 28, 2002). Contrary to NCRI’s portrayal of itself as an umbrella organization, of which the MEK was just one member, the FBI concluded that it is NCRI that is ‘‘the political branch’’ of the MEK."), Text.
149. Piazza 1994, pp. 13–14.
150. Sepehrrad, Lincoln P. Bloomfield Jr., Ramesh. "What Washington Doesn't Get about Iran". The National Interest. Retrieved 2 January 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
151. "IRAQI VISITS IRANIAN LEFTIST IN PARIS". The New York Times. 10 January 1983.
152. Katzman 2001, pp. 101–102.
153. Lorentz, Dominique; David, Carr-Brown (14 November 2001), La République atomique [The Atomic Republic] (in French), Arte TV
154. ^ Piazza 1994, pp. 22.
155. "The Combination of Iraqi offensives and Western intervention force Iran to accept a cease-fire: September 1987 to March 1989" (PDF). The Lessons of Modern War – Volume II: Iran–Iraq War. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
156. Goulka 2009, p. 3.
157. Siavoshi, Sussan (2017). Montazeri: The Life and Thought of Iran's Revolutionary Ayatollah. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1316509463.
158. Hiro, Dilip, The Longest War (1999), pp. 246–7.
159. Katzman 2001, p. 102.
160. ^ Merat, Arron (9 November 2018). "Terrorists, cultists – or champions of Iranian democracy? The wild wild story of the MEK". News agency. theguardian.com. theguardian. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
161. The Brief: The Iranian Judiciary and Human Rights U.S. Department of State
162. ^ Siavoshi, Sussan (2017). Montazeri: The Life and Thought of Iran's Revolutionary Ayatollah. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1316509463. Cite error: The named reference "Montazeri01" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
163. ^ "The Bloody Red Summer of 1988". PBS. Cite error: The named reference "The Bloody Red Summer" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
164. ^ "Blood-soaked secrets with Iran's 1998 Prison Massacres are ongoing crimes against humanity" (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2018.
165. "Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'". The Telegraph. 2 February 2001.
166. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions. University of California Press. pp. 209–214. ISBN 978-0520218666.
167. ^ "Iran: Top government officials distorted the truth about 1988 prison massacres". Retrieved 14 December 2018.
168. "Iran still seeks to erase the '1988 prison massacre' from memories, 25 years on". Amnesty International.
169. "DEATH OF POLITICAL PRISONERS IN IRAN IN 1988". UK Parliament.
170. Basmenji, Kaveh (2005). Tehran Blues: Youth Culture in Iran. Saqui Books. ISBN 978-0863565823.
171. "Iran still seeks to erase the '1988 prison massacre' from memories, 25 years on". Amnesty International.
172. "I was lucky to escape with my life. The massacre of Iranian political prisoners in 1988 must now be investigated". The Independent.
173. "New book details atrocities by Iranian regime in the 1980s".
174. Mehdi Semati (2007), Media, Culture and Society in Iran: Living with Globalization and the Islamic State, Iranian Studies, vol. 5, Routledge, pp. 99–100, ISBN 978-1-135-98156-3
175. "Part 4: The Middle East, Africa, and Latin America", Summary of World Broadcasts (SWB), British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service, 1993, p. E-1
176. Harmon & Bowdish 2018, pp. 8–9, 12, 14.
177. Stephen E. Atkins (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood. p. 104. ISBN 978-0313324857.
178. Mcfadden, Robert D. (6 April 1992). "Iran Rebels Hit Missions in 10 Nations". The New York Times.
179. "Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security: A Profile." A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, December 2012. pp. 26–28
180. "Terrorism Monitor" (PDF). Jamestown Foundation. 29 May 2008.
181. "FRANCE: USA V IRAN WORLD CUP MATCH BECOMES A POLITICAL HOTCAKE", The Associated Press, 21 June 1998, retrieved 1 June 2018
182. Neil Billingham (6 June 2014), "USA vs Iran at France '98: the most politically charged game in World Cup history", FourFourTwo, retrieved 1 June 2018
183. Ilan Berman (5 July 2019), "Making Sense of The MeK", National Interest
184. "Paris police target Iranian groups". 17 June 2003. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
185. "France drops charges against Iran opposition group". Fox News.
186. ^ "France investigates Iran exiles". BBC News. 22 June 2003. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
187. ^ Hommerich, Luisa (18 February 2019). "Prisoners of Their Own Rebellion: The Cult-Like Group Fighting Iran". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
188. Sciolino, Elaine (18 June 2003). "French Arrest 150 From Iranian Opposition Group". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
189. ^ Rubin, Elizabeth. "The Cult of Rajavi". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 April 2006.
190. "France Will Drop Charges Against Iranian Dissidents". NY Times. 12 May 2011.
191. "France drops case against Iranian dissidents after 11-year probe". Reuters. 17 September 2014.
192. Ephraim Kahana; Muhammad Suwaed (2009). The A to Z of Middle Eastern Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8108-7070-3.
193. Fletcher, Holly (8 April 2008). "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK)". CFR. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
194. Fayazmanesh, Sasan (2008). The United States and Iran: Sanctions, wars and the policy of dual containment. ISBN 978-0-415-77396-6.
195. Mojtahedzadeh, Hajar. "The Real Face of Realpolitik: Camp Ashraf and the U.S. FTO". Huffingtonpost.com. The World Post. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
196. Sullivan, John (11 May 2003), "Armed Iranian exiles surrender; 6,000-member unit accepts U.S. terms", The Record, Bergen County, NJ: Knight Ridder, p. A.17
197. M2 Presswire (news briefing), Coventry: US DoD, 19 June 2003, p. 1
198. "Why Iran's agents hound political refugees in distant Albania". Arab News. 2 July 2019.
199. Guardian Staff (8 April 2011). "US embassy cables: US government outlines 'dilemma' in event of Iraqi crackdown on Iranian dissidents". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
200. Goulka 2009, p. 5.
201. Goulka 2009, p. 47.
202. "Ashoura Protesters Risk Execution in Iran". Retrieved 27 June 2018.
203. ^ Muhanad Mohammed (11 July 2010). Rania El Gamal; David Stamp (eds.). "Iraqi court seeks arrest of Iranian exiles". Reuters. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
204. العراق يقرر طرد أعضاء مجاهدي خلق من أراضيه [Iraq Decides to Expel MEK Members from its Territory] (in Arabic). Al-Jazeera. 24 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
205. ^ "Iran MEK Albania". New York Times.
206. Cohn, Alicia M (23 September 2009). "Iranian Exiles' White House Hunger Strike Continues". Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
207. Londoño, Ernesto; Jaffe, Greg (29 July 2009). "Iraq Raids Camp of Exiles From Iran". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
208. Abouzeid, Rania (29 July 2009). "Iraq Cracks Down on Iranian Exiles at Camp Ashraf". Time. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
209. "36 Ashraf Residents Hostages Released on 72nd Day of Hunger Strike". Iran Liberty Association. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
210. "PMOI on hunger strike". UPI. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
211. ^ Porter, Gareth. "The Iran Nuclear "Alleged Studies" Documents: The Evidence of Fraud". mepc.org.
212. ^ Sasan Fayazmanesh (2008), The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment, Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics, Routledge, pp. 120–123, ISBN 978-1-135-97687-3
213. Goulka 2009, p. 66.
214. Seymour Hersh (2004). Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib. HarperCollins. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-06-019591-5.
215. Connie Bruck (6 March 2006). "Exiles: How Iran's Expatriates are Gaming the Nuclear Threat". The New Yorker: 48.
216. Nicholas Vinocur and Fredrik Dahl (11 July 2013). "Exiled dissidents claim Iran building new nuclear site | Reuters". Reuters. reuters.com. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
217. Marizad, Mehdi. "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". nbcnews. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
218. "Israel's Mossad Trained Assassins of Iran Nuclear Scientists, Report Says". Haaretz. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
219. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (5 October 2013). "Just who has been killing Iran's nuclear scientists?". The Independent. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
220. "MEK will fight Iran regime from new Ashraf-3 base in Albania". Washington Times. 26 July 2019.
221. "Background Briefing on an Announcement Regarding the Mujahedin-e Khalq".
222. Borger, Julian (12 January 2012). "Who is responsible for the Iran nuclear scientists attacks?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
223. Bibbins Sedaca, Nicole (3 March 2015). "That Secret Iranian 'Nuclear Facility' You Just Found? Not So Much". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
224. Hauslohner, Abigail (5 January 2008). "Iranian Resistance Group a Source of Contention in Iraq". Time Magazine. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
225. "Attack kills 5 at Iranian exile camp in Iraq". CNN. 9 February 2013.
226. Ashish Kumar Sen (18 March 2013), "U.S. pushes Iranian dissidents to accept Albanian asylum offer", Washington Times, retrieved 27 April 2018
227. Pamela Dockins (14 February 2016), "US Praises Albania for MEK Resettlement", VOA, retrieved 27 April 2018
228. On Assignment with Richard Engel, MSNBC, 25 May 2018, retrieved 27 May 2018
229. "Durrës locals protest MEK members' burial in local cemetery", Tirana Times, 9 May 2018, retrieved 15 June 2018
230. Robert Mackey (23 March 2018), "Here's John Bolton Promising Regime Change in Iran by the End of 2018", The Intercept, archived from the original on 24 April 2018, retrieved 27 April 2018
231. "Deri më tani në Shqipëri kanë ardhur 4000 muxhahedinë". Gazeta Telegraf (in Albanian). 24 August 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
232. Richard Engel (25 May 2018), "The MEK's man inside the White House", MSNBC, On Assignment with Richard Engel, retrieved 26 May 2018
233. ^ Glenn Greenwald (23 September 2012), "Five lessons from the de-listing of MEK as a terrorist group", The Guardian, retrieved 1 December 2016
234. How Iranian MEK went from the US terror list to the halls of Congress. Middle East Eye. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
235. EDT, Jonathan Broder On 08/27/19 at 5:08 PM (27 August 2019). "As Iran's opposition groups prepare for the regime's collapse, who else is ready?". Newsweek.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
236. Iran and its prospects for Democracy. New Delhi Times. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
237. "L'attentat manqué de Villepinte en 2018 a été " conçu par l'Iran ", conclut une enquête belge", LeMonde
238. "Iranian diplomat warned of retaliation over Belgian bomb plot trial, document shows", Reuters
239. Francois Murphy; John Irish (3 July 2018), William Maclean (ed.), "Iran says Belgium arrests are a plot to sabotage Rouhani Europe visit", Reuters, retrieved 3 July 2018
240. "Alleged Iranian bomb plot in France is a 'wake-up call' for Europe, U.S. says", NBC News, retrieved 16 October 2018
241. 'We don't want to be observers of history but doing history'. Washington Times.
242. "Iran protests: Supreme leader blames 'enemies' for meddling".
243. "Albanian police say Iranian 'terror cell' planned to attack exiles". The Guardian. Associated Press. 23 October 2019.
244. "Belgian terror file linked to Iranian regime", Standaard
245. "L'attentat manqué de Villepinte en 2018 a été " conçu par l'Iran ", conclut une enquête belge", LeMonde
246. "Iranian diplomat warned of retaliation over Belgian bomb plot trial, document shows", Reuters
247. "Report: Iranian diplomat held in Belgium on terror charges warned of retaliation", Times of Israel
248. "In first for Europe, Iran envoy sentenced to 20-year prison term over bomb plot", Reuters
249. ^ Katzman 2001, p. 99.
250. Garduño, Moises (2016). "La articulación de intereses de los Moyāhedīn-e Jalq-e Iran: De la Revolución islámica al Movimiento Verde". Estudios de Asia y África. 51 (1): 105–135. doi:10.24201/eaa.v51i1.2184.
251. Abrahamian 1989, pp. 100–101. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
252. Abrahamian 1989, p. 100. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
253. Abrahamian 1982, p. 490.
254. ^ Abrahamian 1982, p. 491.
255. Keddle, Nikki R. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, First Edition. New Haven Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006. 220–221.
256. Zabih 1988, pp. 252–254.
257. Katzman 2001, p. 107.
258. ^ Harmon & Bowdish 2018, p. 170.
259. "This article is more than 6 years oldIran condemns US for 'double standards' over MEK terror de-listing". The Guardian.
260. ^ Mark Edmond Clark (2016), "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq", in David Gold (ed.), Terrornomics, Routledge, p. 73, ISBN 978-1-317-04590-8
261. "Why Iran's agents hound political refugees in distant Albania". Arab News.
262. Abrahamian 1989, p. 98. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
263. Abrahamian 1989, p. 185. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
264. Dennis Piszkiewicz (2003), Terrorism's War with America: A History, Praeger Security International, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 168, ISBN 978-0-275-97952-2
265. ^ Eileen Barker (2016). Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-317-06361-2.
266. Abrahamian 1989, p. 127. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
267. Abrahamian 1989, p. 140. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
268. Thomas Juneau; Sam Razavi (2013), Iranian Foreign Policy Since 2001: Alone in the World, Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics, Routledge, p. 124, ISBN 978-1-135-01389-9
269. Marian Houk (9 August 2016). "Why Abbas-MEK meeting made waves everywhere but Palestine". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
270. Abrahamian 1989, p. 229. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
271. Abrahamian 1989, p. 209. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
272. Abrahamian 1989, p. 245. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
273. Adam Tarock (1998). The Superpowers' Involvement in the Iran-Iraq War. Nova Science Publishers Inc. p. 197. ISBN 978-1560725930.
274. Darren E. Tromblay (2018). Political Influence Operations: How Foreign Actors Seek to Shape U.S. Policy Making. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 63. ISBN 978-1538103319.
275. "Who are the Iranian opposition and who will rule if the regime falls?". 5 January 2018.
276. ^ Ainsley, Julia; W. Lehren, Andrew; Schapiro, Rich. "Giuliani's work for Iranian group with bloody past could lead to more legal woes". NBC News. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
277. An Iranian mystery: Just who are the MEK? By Owen Bennett Jones BBC News 15 April 2012. Quote: "Many get paid. Of those who have declared their earnings, the going rate for a pro-MEK speech seems to be $20,000 (£12,500) for 10 minutes."
278. Donald Trump Cabinet pick Elaine Chao was paid by 'cult-like' Iranian exile group that killed Americans
279. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (22 April 2014), "Iranian prisoners allegedly forced to run gauntlet of armed guards", The Guardian, retrieved 15 June 2018, The MEK, which is based in Paris, remains unpopular in Iran because of its support for the late Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein during the Iran–Iraq war.
280. Merat, Arron; Borger, Julian (30 June 2018). "Rudy Giuliani calls for Iran regime change at rally linked to extreme group". the guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
281. Parvin Paidar (2008), Women & Political Process 20C Iran (Cambridge Middle East Studies), Cambridge University Press, p. 244, ISBN 9780521595728
282. Abrahamian 1989, p. 233. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
283. Mohanty, A. Russo (1991), Gender and Islamic Fundamentalism: Feminist Politics in Iran, Indiana University Press, p. 254
284. Hassani, Sara (2016). ""Maniacal slaves:" normative misogyny and female resistors of the Mojahedin-e Khalq Iran". Department of Politics, the New School for Social Research, New York, USA.
285. Abrahamian 1989, p. 233–234. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
286. Ervand Abrahamian (1989), Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin, Society and culture in the modern Middle East, vol. 3, I.B.Tauris, p. 181, ISBN 9781850430773
287. ^ Abrahamian 1989, p. 251–253. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
288. ^ Harmon & Bowdish 2018, p. 166.
289. ^ Katzman 2001, pp. 104–105.
290. George E. Delury (1983), "Iran", World Encyclopedia of Political Systems & Parties: Afghanistan-Mozambique, World Encyclopedia of Political Systems & Parties, vol. 1, Facts on File, p. 480, ISBN 978-0-87196-574-5
291. Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran-Iraq War. Hrvard University Press. Appendix E: Armed Opposition. ISBN 978-0-674-91571-8.
292. Jeffrey S. Dixon; Meredith Reid Sarkees (2015). "INTRA-STATE WAR #816: Anti-Khomeini Coalition War of 1979 to 1983". A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014. SAGE Publications. pp. 384–386. ISBN 978-1-5063-1798-4.
293. Brew, Nigel (2003). "Behind the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)". Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Group, Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
294. "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (Iranian rebels)". Council on Foreign relations. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2006.
295. Table 41: Selected Non-State Armed Groups, vol. 103, The Military Balance, 2003, pp. 344–353, doi:10.1093/milbal/103.1.344 (inactive 14 January 2021){{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
296. "Table 47: Selected Non-State Armed Groups", The Military Balance, 104: 362–377, 2004, doi:10.1080/725292356, S2CID 219629000
297. Iran Defence and Security Report, Including 5-Year Industry Forecasts, Business Monitor International, 2008 , archived from the original on 28 February 2017, retrieved 27 February 2017
298. "US embassy cables: US government outlines 'dilemma' in event of Iraqi crackdown on Iranian dissidents". The Guardian. 8 April 2011.
299. "Israeli National News". Israel National News.
300. "Where will they all go?". The Guardian. 16 April 2009.
301. Dreazen, Yochi. "Meet The Weird, Super-Connected Group That's Mucking Up U.S. Talks With Iraq". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
302. "Prince Turki Al Faisal, at the Paris Rally to Free Iran: The Muslim World Supports You both in Heart and Soul", Asharq Al-Awsat, 9 July 2016, archived from the original on 25 September 2017, retrieved 25 September 2017
303. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (16 February 2020). "Highly Secretive Iranian Rebels Are Holed Up in Albania. They Gave Us a Tour". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
304. Theodoulou, Michael (26 July 2011). "US move to delist MEK as terror group worries Iran's opposition". The National (Abu Dhabi). Abu Dhabi Media. Retrieved 26 December 2013. The MEK, dedicated to overthrowing Iran's Islamic regime and considered a terrorist group by Iran ...
305. "Three US Civilians Slain By Guerrillas in Teheran". The New York Times. 29 August 1976. p. 1. the three civilian victims were killed by members of the same self-styled "Islamic Marxist" anti-Government terrorist group that was officially blamed for the assassination of two American colonels in Teheran last year
306. Abigail Hauslohner (5 January 2009), "Iranian Group a Source of Contention in Iraq", Time, retrieved 5 December 2016, But when the US military formally transferred control of Camp Ashraf back to the Iraqi government on Jan. 1, the MEK's fate suddenly became an issue. The group is a source of contention for Iran and the US, Iraq's two biggest allies, who are increasingly vying for influence as Baghdad's post–Saddam Hussein Shi'ite government asserts its independence. All three countries label the MEK a terrorist organization.
307. ^ Ben Smith (7 March 2016), BRIEFING PAPER Number CBP 5020: The People's Mujahiddeen of Iran (PMOI) (PDF), The House of Commons Library research service, retrieved 5 December 2016
308. https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1022127/www.mof.go.jp/jouhou/kokkin/ko140705.htm
309. "CANADA LISTS IRANIAN OPPOSITION ORGANIZATION AS TERRORIST ENTITY", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 26 May 2005, retrieved 5 December 2016
310. "Ottawa drops Saddam Hussein-linked Iranian group from terror list in bid to ramp up pressure against Tehran", National Post, 20 December 2012, retrieved 5 December 2016
311. Nigel Brew (5 December 2012), "Delisting the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)", FlagPost, retrieved 5 December 2016
312. United Nations Committee against Torture (2008), Jose Antonio Ocampo (ed.), Selected Decisions of the Committee Against Torture: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment, vol. 1, United Nations Publications, p. 212, Communication N 2582004 section 7.2, ISBN 9789211541854, E 08 XIV4; HR/CAT/PUB/1, The MEK has been involved in terrorist activities and is therefore a less legitimate replacement for the current regime.
313. Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie (2008). Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities. Rand Publishing. ISBN 978-0833043047.
314. Shane, Scott (21 September 2012). "Iranian Group M.E.K. Wins Removal From U.S. Terrorist List". The New York Times.
315. Schoeberl, Richard (12 March 2015). "It's Time to Lift the 'Terror Tag' From Iranian Opposition Group MEK". Fox News.
316. "Iranian exile group removed from U.S. terror list". CNN. 28 September 2012.
317. Taheri, Amir (25 June 2003). "France paints an abstract picture to please Iran". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
318. "Take Iran opponent MEK off terror list". CNN. 12 September 2011.
319. Hersh, Seymour M. "Our Men in Iran?".
320. Carlile, Alex (12 October 2012). "Iran fears the MEK's influence, as its protests over terror delisting show". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
321. "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations" (PDF). Home Office. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016. The Mujaheddin e Khalq (MeK) also known as the Peoples' Mujaheddin of Iran (PMOI) was removed from the list of proscribed groups in June 2008 as a result of judgments of the POAC and the Court of Appeal.
322. "EU removes PMOI from terrorist list". UPI. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
323. ^ John, Mark (26 January 2009). "EU takes Iran opposition group off terror list". Reuters.
324. Sen, Ashish Kumar. "U.S. takes Iranian dissident group MeK off terrorist list". Washington Times. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
325. "Federal Register /Vol. 77, No. 193 /Thursday, October 4, 2012 /Notices 60741 10 17 CFR 200.30–3(a)(12)" (PDF). 4 October 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
326. ^ Quinn, Andrew (28 September 2012). "US drops Iranian MEK dissident group from terrorism list". Reuters.
327. "Delisting of the Mujahedin-e Khalq". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
328. Jonathan R. White (2016), Terrorism and Homeland Security, Cengage Learning, p. 239, ISBN 978-1-305-63377-3
329. Dawson, Andrew (2016), The Politics and Practice of Religious Diversity: National Contexts, Global Issues, Routledge Advances in Sociology, Routledge, pp. 162–163, ISBN 978-1-317-64864-2
330. Joby Warrick; Julie Tate (26 November 2011). "For Obscure Iranian Exile Group, Broad Support in U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
331. Scott Shane (13 March 2012), "U.S. Supporters of Iranian Group Face Scrutiny", The New York Times, retrieved 1 March 2018, Mr. Rendell, a former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, said he had given seven or eight speeches since July calling for the M.E.K. to be taken off the terrorist list and estimated that he had been paid a total of $150,000 or $160,000. Mr. Rendell said he had been told that his fees came from Iranian-American supporters of the M.E.K., not from the group itself.
332. Barbara Slavin (1 March 2011), "US: Iranian "Terrorist" Group Courts Friends in High Places", Inter Press Service, archived from the original on 7 July 2018, retrieved 1 March 2018, Hamilton, a former chairman of the House Foreign Relations Committee who headed the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Center for 12 years until last fall, told IPS that he had also been paid "a substantial amount" to appear on a panel Feb. 19 at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington.
333. Ali Gharib, Eli Clifton (26 February 2015), "Long March of the Yellow Jackets: How a One-Time Terrorist Group Prevailed on Capitol Hill", The Intercept, retrieved 30 March 2018
334. Nilo Tabrizy (7 May 2018), "M.E.K.: The Group John Bolton Wants to Rule Iran", The New York Times, retrieved 20 May 2018, The amusing thing is that the MEK will try to buy pretty much anyone, you know. I was approached to do events in support of the MEK. I know a number of other former government officials who found them truly detestable also were approached. You know, it's really something to have someone on the phone offering you 15,000$ of 20,000$ to appear at a panel discussion, because that doesn't happen for former diplomats everyday.
335. "Joint Experts' Statement on the Mujahedin-e Khalq". Financial Times. 10 August 2011.
336. "Iran condemns US for 'double standards' over MEK terror de-listing". The Guardian. Associated Press. 29 September 2012.
337. "Iranian dissidents plot a revolution from Albania". Japan Times.
338. "An Iranian mystery: Just who are the MEK?". BBC.
339. Cronin, Stephanie (2013). Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge/BIPS Persian Studies Series. Routledge. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-134-32890-1.
340. Buchta, Wilfried (2000), Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, p. 144, ISBN 978-0-944029-39-8
341. "France lashes out at Iranian opposition group" The Associated Press, June 27, 2014
342. Elizabeth Rubin (13 July 2003). "The Cult of Rajavi". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
343. Ervand Abrahamian (1989), Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin, Society and culture in the modern Middle East, vol. 3, I.B.Tauris, p. 139, ISBN 9781850430773
344. Arab News
345. IntPolicyDigest
346. National Interest
347. ^ Terrornomics. Costigan, Sean S., Gold, David. London: Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1-315-61214-0. OCLC 948605022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
348. Ramsey, Jasmin. "Iranian terrorist group has close US allies". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
349. Moin 2001, pp. 242–3.
350. James Dorsey (15 September 1981), "Iran's rebels getting bolder day by day", The Christian Science Monitor, retrieved 1 June 2018
351. "Iran: Secret agent was bomber". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. 14 September 1981. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
352. Hiro, Dilip (2013). Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-04381-0.
353. Michael Newton (2014). "Bahonar, Mohammad-Javad (1933–1981)". Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1. Although the Bahonar-Rajai assassination was solved with identification of bomber Massoud Keshmiri as an MEK agent he remained unpunished. Various mujahedin were arrested and executedin reprisal, but Keshmiri apparently slipped through the dragnet.
354. ^ Axworthy, Michael (2016). Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190468965. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
355. Zabih 1988, pp. 253.
356. ^ O'Hern, Steven K. (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat that Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1597977012.
357. Qasemi, Hamid Reza (2016), "Chapter 12: Iran and Its Policy Against Terrorism", in Alexander R. Dawoody (ed.), Eradicating Terrorism from the Middle East, Policy and Administrative Approaches, vol. 17, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, p. 204, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31018-3, ISBN 978-3-319-31018-3
358. Merat, Arron (9 November 2018). "Terrorists, cultists – or champions of Iranian democracy? The wild wild story of the MEK". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
359. Zabih 1988, p. 252.
360. ^ Cohen, Ronen (August 2018). "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy". Middle Eastern Studies. 54 (6): 1000–1014. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813. S2CID 149542445.
361. Zambelis, Chris. "Is Iran's Mujahideen-e-Khalq a Threat to the Islamist Regime?" (PDF). Jamestown Foundation.
362. Colgan, Jeff (2013). Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107029675. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
363. Ismael, Jacqueline S.; Ismael, Tareq Y.; Perry, Glenn (2015). Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and change. Routledge. ISBN 9781317662839. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
364. Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610692861. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
365. Barry Rubin; Judith Colp Rubin (2015), Chronologies of Modern Terrorism, Routledge, p. 246
366. Axworthy, Michael (2016). Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic. Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN 9780190468965. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
367. "Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF). www.state.gov. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
368. Abrahamian 1989, pp. 143–144, 256. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
369. Buchta, Wilfried (2000), Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, p. 108, ISBN 978-0-944029-39-8
370. Alireza Jafarzadeh (2008). The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 205–6. ISBN 978-0230601284.
371. Brian Williams. "Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News". Rock Center. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
372. Yonah Alexander, Milton Hoenig (2007), The New Iranian Leadership: Ahmadinejad, Terrorism, Nuclear Ambition, and the Middle East (Praeger Security International), Praeger, p. 22, ISBN 978-0275996390
373. ^ Milani, Abbas (18 August 2011), "The Inside Story of America's Favorite Terrorist Group", The National Interest, retrieved 1 August 2018
374. "European visit to Albania exposes Iran's misinformation campaign", United Press International, retrieved 11 December 2018
375. "Tehran's Influence Operations a Threat to Journalistic Independence", Townhall.com, archived from the original on 7 December 2018, retrieved 11 December 2018
376. Yonah Alexander, Milton Hoenig (2007), The New Iranian Leadership: Ahmadinejad, Terrorism, Nuclear Ambition, and the Middle East (Praeger Security International), Praeger, pp. 22–23, ISBN 978-0275996390
377. "2 alleged agents of Iran arrested for spying in US". The National Interest. 18 August 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
378. "Iranian Agents Plead Guilty To Collecting Info On Opposition Group In The US". Retrieved 13 November 2019.
379. "Two Individuals Plead Guilty to Acting as Illegal Agents of the Government of Iran". Retrieved 13 November 2019.
380. "Iran Silent on 12 Iranians Detained by US Despite Pledge to Swap Prisoners Again". Voice of America.
381. "Iranian Hackers Found Way Into Encrypted Apps, Researchers Say". New York Times.
382. André Brie (2005). People's Mojahedin of Iran : mission report. L'Harmattan. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-2747593816.
383. ^ "Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security: A Profile", A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the Combating Terroism Technical Support Office’s Irregular Warfare Support Program, December 2012, p. 26
384. "Iran Intelligence Ministry - a report by The Pentagon and The Library of Congress". www.struanstevenson.com. 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
385. Harris, Shane (15 June 2015). "Iran's Spies Tried to Recruit Me". The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.
386. Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. 29 June 2005. ISBN 9780160118449 – via Google Books.
387. "Ongoing crimes against humanity in Iran". www.amnesty.org.
388. "Tortured by 'Moderates'". The Weekly Standard. 11 August 2017.
389. European Union, Resolution on Iranian human rights violations, O.J. C150 (31 May 1993), p.264.
390. Chicago Tribune wires, ‘Iraq Denies Link with Death of Opposition Leader in Rome’, Chicago Tribune (17 March 1993), p.4.
391. Safa Haeri, ‘A bad month’, Middle East International, No. 463 (19 November 1993), p.11.
392. Abrahamian 1989, p. 173. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
393. Boroujerdi, Mehrzad (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0815635741.
394. ^ Zabir, Sepehr (2011). The Iranian military in revolution and war. Routledge. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-415-61785-7.
395. Milani, Abbas (2008). Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979. Vol. 1. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. p. 467. ISBN 978-0815609070.
396. Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions. University of California Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0520218666.
397. Abrahamian 1989, pp. 192–193. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
398. Milani, Abbas (2008). Eminent Persians: The Men and Women Who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979. Syracuse University Press. pp. 466–467. ISBN 978-0815609070.
399. ""دو نفر در ارتباط" با سازمان مجاهدین خلق در کرج دستگیر شدند". radiofarda. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
400. Daragahi, Borzou (17 November 2019). "Iran protests: Fuel price rise shakes nation as demonstrations ignited". independent. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
401. RAFIZADEH, MAJID (8 December 2019). "Iranian protesters need protection from the regime". arabnews. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
402. Tarzi, Armin (2009). The Iranian Puzzle Piece: Understanding Iran in the Global Context. p. 10. ISBN 978-1475059717.
403. "Rouhani calls on Macron to act over anti-Iran 'terrorists' in France". Archived from the original on 2 January 2018.
404. "Mohsen Fakhrizadeh: Iran scientist 'killed by remote-controlled weapon'". BBC. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
405. "Register of the Archives of the Soviet communist party and Soviet state microfilm collection: Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii - RGANI)". oac.cdlib.org.
406. Hunter, Shireen (2010). Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order, p. 193. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313381942. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
407. Rezaei, Farhad; Cohen, Ronen (2014). "Iran's Nuclear Program and the Israeli-Iranian Rivalry in the Post Revolutionary Era". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 41 (4): 8–9. doi:10.1080/13530194.2014.942081. S2CID 159623327.
408. Hyeran Jo (2015). Compliant Rebels: Rebel Groups and International Law in World Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-107-11004-5.
409. Abrahamian 1989, p. 152-154. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAbrahamian1989 (help)
410. Sepehr Zabir (2012). The Left in Contemporary Iran (RLE Iran D). CRC Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-136-81263-7.
411. Kelly, Michael (10 April 2012). "US special forces trained foreign terrorists in Nevada to fight Iran". Business Insider.
412. Banerjee, Neela; Jehjuly, Douglas (22 July 2003), "After the War: Intelligence; U.S. Said to Seek Help of Ex-Iraqi Spies on Iran", The New York Times, retrieved 1 August 2018
413. Karl R. DeRouen; Paul Bellamy, eds. (2008). International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 375. ISBN 978-0275992538. It fostered anti-Iranian activities through the Mujahidin-i Khalq and provided financial support for Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Palestine Liberation Front and the Arab Liberation Front.
414. Paul Todd (2003). Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today. Zed Books. p. 173. ISBN 9781842771136. D14, believed to be the largest directorate, was charged with the joint operations with the Iranian opposition forces of the Mujahidi Khalq (MKO), whose cross-border guerrilla operations varied directly with the overall state of relations with Tehran. The MEK also had its own dedicated department in the Mukhabarat, D18.
415. Pike, John; Aftergood, Steven (26 November 1997), Iraqi Intelligence Service - IIS [Mukhabarat], Federation of American Scientists, retrieved 1 August 2018
416. 2LT Connor Norris (27 July 2008), Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MEK) Part I: Genesis and Early Years (PDF), United States Army Intelligence Center, University of Military Intelligence, OMB No. 0704-0188, retrieved 1 August 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
417. Sass, Erik (2 November 2005), "With Friends Like These", Foreign Policy, retrieved 1 August 2018
418. Hosenball, Mark (13 February 2005), "With Friends Like These", Newsweek, archived from the original on 23 September 2018, retrieved 1 August 2018
419. ^ Cohen 2009.
420. Ariane M. Tabatabai (2017). "Other side of the Iranian coin: Iran's counterterrorism apparatus". Journal of Strategic Studies. 41 (1–2): 4–5. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1283613. S2CID 157673830.
421. Cohen, Ronen (August 2018). "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy". Middle Eastern Studies. 54 (6): 1000–1014. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813. S2CID 149542445.
422. Buchta, Wilfried (2000), Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, pp. 112–114, ISBN 978-0-944029-39-8
423. Cordesman, Anthony H., ed. (1999), Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 160, ISBN 978-0-275-96528-0, The MEK directs a worldwide campaign against the Iranian government that stresses propaganda and occasionally uses terrorist violence.
424. Harmon & Bowdish 2018, pp. 165–167.
425. Buchta, Wilfried (2000), Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, pp. 114–115, 218, ISBN 978-0-944029-39-8
426. France lashes out at Iranian opposition group, 27 June 2014, archived from the original on 6 July 2018, retrieved 1 June 2018 – via The San Diego Union-Tribune {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
427. Lisa Parks; Shanti Kumar, eds. (2003), Planet TV: A Global Television Reader, New York University Press, p. 387, ISBN 978-0-8147-6691-0
428. Masoud Kazemzadeh (2002), Islamic Fundamentalism, Feminism, and Gender Inequality in Iran Under Khomeini, University Press of America, p. 63, ISBN 978-0-7618-2388-9, When the democratic and progressive members of the opposition made the smallest criticisms of Rajavi, the whole PMOI propaganda machinery would commence vicious personal attacks against them and spread false rumors that they were collaborating with the fundamentalist regime's Ministry of Intelligence.
429. Faking the online debate on Iran, Al Jazeera, 15 September 2018
430. ^ Hussain, Murtaza (9 June 2019). "An Iranian Activist Wrote Dozens of Articles for Right-Wing Outlets. But Is He a Real Person?". The Intercept. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
431. Heshmat Alavi (9 June 2019). "My Twitter account has been suspended". Iran Commentary. Retrieved 13 June 2019 – via WordPress.com.
432. Why does the U.S. need trolls to make its Iran case?, Washington post, 11 June 2019
433. مجله فوربز مقالات 'کارشناس ایرانی جعلی' را حذف کرد, BBC Persian, 11 June 2019
434. Anthony H. Cordesman, Emma R. Davies (2008), "Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.)", Iraq's Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict, Iraq's Insurgency and the Road to Civil Conflict, vol. 2, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 635, ISBN 978-0-313-35001-6
435. At Tehran's Bidding? Iraq Cracks Down on a Controversial Camp By Rania Abouzeid, Time magazine, retrieved 11 October 2019
436. Further Information on UA 318/03 (EUR 44/025/2003, 5 November 2003) "Disappearance" / fear for safety /forcible return New concern: fear of execution/unfair trial (PDF), Amnesty International, 20 August 2004, retrieved 11 June 2017
437. Blood-Soaked Secrets: Why Iran's 1988 prison massacres are ongoing crimes against humanity (PDF), Austria: Amnesty International, retrieved 4 December 2018
438. No Exit: Human Rights Abuses Inside the MKO Camps (PDF), Human Rights Watch, May 2005, retrieved 11 June 2017
439. ^ "People's Mojahedin of Iran – Mission report" (PDF). Friends of Free Iran – European Parliament. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2006.
440. Tahar Boumedra (2013), The United Nations and Human Rights in Iraq, The Untold Story of Camp Ashraf, New Generation Publishing, pp. 16–23, ISBN 978-1-909740-64-8, I directed my subordinate units to investigate each allegation. In many cases I personally led inspection teams on unannounced visits to the MEK facilities where the alleged abuses were reported to occur. At no time over the 12 month period did we ever discover any credible evidence supporting the allegations raised in your recent report. (...) Each report of torture, kidnapping and psychological depravation turned out to be unsubstantiated.
441. Statement on Responses to Human Rights Watch Report on Abuses by the Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO), Human Rights Watch, 14 February 2006, retrieved 11 June 2017
442. Louis Charbonneau (16 July 2013), Mohammad Zargham (ed.), "U.N. envoy accuses Iran group's leaders in Iraq of rights abuses", Reuters, retrieved 11 June 2017
443. Hyeran Jo (2015). Compliant Rebels: Rebel Groups and International Law in World Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-107-11004-5.
444. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (March 2011). Human Rights and Democracy: The 2010 Foreign & Commonwealth Office Report. The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0101801720.
445. Anthony H. Cordesman; Adam C. Seitz (2009), Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Birth of a Regional Nuclear Arms Race?, Praeger Security International Series, ABC-LIO, p. 334, ISBN 978-0-313-38088-4
446. Rezaian, Jason (24 March 2018). "John Bolton wants regime change in Iran, and so does the cult that paid him". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
447. R. Pillar, Paul (13 November 2018). "The MEK and the Bankrupt U.S. Policy on Iran". nationalinterest.org. National Interest. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
448. "Who are the People's Mujahedeen of Iran?". Fox News.
449. Pressly and Kasapi, Linda and Albana (11 November 2019). "The Iranian opposition fighters who mustn't think about sex". BBC.
450. "Iran's Fake News Campaign Suffers A Heavy Blow". Tsarizm.
451. "Volksmojahedin Iran & FAZ". Freitag.de.
452. Mark Edmond Clark (2016), "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq", in David Gold (ed.), Terrornomics, Routledge, pp. 73–74, ISBN 978-1-317-04590-8
453. ^ "2004 MUJAHEDIN—E KHALQ (MEK) CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION" (PDF), Federal Bureau of Investigation, 29 November 2004, retrieved 20 December 2016
454. "Stichting: Wij steunen geen terrorisme". Trouw. 20 June 2003. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
455. Tovrov, Daniel (29 March 2012). "MEK Pays US Officials, But Where Do The Iranian Exiles Get Their Money?". International Business Times. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
456. Daniel Tovrov (29 March 2012). "MEK Pays US Officials, But Where Do The Iranian Exiles Get Their Money?". International Business Times. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
457. David Leigh (30 May 2005). "'Tank girl' army accused of torture". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
458. "29 arrested in immigration fraud ring", CNN, 16 March 1999, retrieved 5 August 2018
459. David Rosenzweig (17 March 1999), "15 Held on Charges of Helping Alleged Terrorists Enter U.S.", The Los Angeles Times, retrieved 5 August 2018
460. David Rosenzweig (27 October 1999), "Man Convicted of Assisting Terrorist Group", The Los Angeles Times, retrieved 5 August 2018
461. "Californian pleads guilty to aiding Irani terrorist group", CNN, 27 October 1999, retrieved 5 August 2018
462. "Iranian dissidents in Iraq: Where will they all go?", The Economist, 11 April 2009, retrieved 15 June 2018, In return, the PMOI made attacks on Iran itself, which is why Iranians of all stripes tend to regard the group as traitors.
463. Magdalena Kirchner (2017). "'A good investment?' State sponsorship of terrorism as an instrument of Iraqi foreign policy (1979–1991)". In Christian Kaunert; Sarah Leonard; Lars Berger; Gaynor Johnson (eds.). Western Foreign Policy and the Middle East. Routledge. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9781317499701. With regard to weakening the Iranian regime domestically, MEK failed to establish itself as a political alternative, its goals and violent activities were strongly opposed by the Iranian population–even more so its alignment with Iraq.
464. Jonathan R. White (2016), Terrorism and Homeland Security, Cengage Learning, p. 239, ISBN 978-1-305-63377-3, The group is not popular in Iran because of its alliance with Saddam Hussein and Iran–Iraq war.
465. Yeganeh Torbati (16 January 2017), "Former U.S. officials urge Trump to talk with Iranian MEK group", Reuters, Reuters, retrieved 20 July 2017, The MEK's supporters present the group as a viable alternative to Iran's theocracy, though analysts say it is unpopular among Iranians for its past alignment with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein and attacks on Iranian soldiers and civilians.
466. https://www.struanstevenson.com/about/parliament/reports/iran-intelligence-ministry-report-pentagon-and-library-congress Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine | Iran Intelligence Ministry - a report by The Pentagon and The Library of Congress
467. James Cimment (2011). World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, 2nd Edition. Routledge. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0765682840. The strength of the movement inside Iran is uncertain: hundreds of MEK supporters have been executed and many more tortured and jailed.
468. Kenneth M. Pollack; Daniel L. Byman; Martin S. Indyk; Suzanne Maloney (2009). "Toppling Tehran". Which Path to Persia?: Options for a New American Strategy toward Iran. Brookings Institution. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8157-0379-2. The group itself also appears to be undemocratic and enjoys little popularity in Iran itself. It has no political base in the country, although it appears to have an operational presence.
469. "Making Sense of The MeK". National Interest.
470. Eli Lake (19 June 2018). "The Late Shah's Son Wants a Democratic Revolution in Iran". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
471. Khonsari, Mehrdad (1995). The National Movement of the Iranian Resistance 1979–1991: The role of a banned opposition movement in international politics (Ph.D. thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 289–293. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
472. Harmon & Bowdish 2018, p. 300.
473. The Strange World of the People's Mujahedin, BBC World Service, 8 April 2012, retrieved 13 February 2017
474. "Ian Burrell: It's time for the BBC to give independent radio a break", The Independent, 7 July 2013, retrieved 13 February 2017
475. ^ "رد منافقین در سینما و تلویزیون". tasnimnews. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
476. ^ David Lesch; Mark L. Haas (2016), The Arab Spring: The Hope and Reality of the Uprisings, Westview Press, p. 187, ISBN 978-0-8133-4974-9
477. "Daughter's anguish at father's Iran Camp Ashraf 'hostage' claims". The National. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
478. ""Cyanide" about MKO story premieres in Tehran", Tehran Times, 18 October 2016, retrieved 1 December 2016
479. 'Cyanide' intl. screening kicks off in Canada, Mehr News Agency, 19 November 2016, retrieved 1 December 2016
480. ""Mina's Choice" gives warnings to families about danger of Daesh: director", Tehran Times, 7 February 2016, retrieved 1 December 2016
481. Political drama 'Midday Event' named best at Fajr Film Festival, Mehr News Agency, 11 February 2017, retrieved 13 February 2017
482. ^ "Nafas" amusement drama which has something to say (in Persian), Tasnim News Agency, 29 May 2017, retrieved 13 June 2017
483. ""ماجرای نیمروز۲: رد خون" از چهارشنبه اکران میشود". Tasnim news. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
484. "سیمرغهای سی و هفتمین جشنواره فیلم فجر اهدا شدند". fajrfilmfestival. Retrieved 12 February 2019.

Works cited

• Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University.
• Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-077-3.
• Goulka, Jeremiah (2009). The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: A Policy Conundrum (PDF) (Report). RAND corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016.
• Cohen, Ronen (2009). The Rise and Fall of the Mojahedin Khalq, 1987-1997: Their Survival After the Islamic Revolution and Resistance to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1845192709.
• Harmon, Christopher C.; Bowdish, Randall G. (2018). "Advertising: The People's Mujahideen e Khalq". The Terrorist Argument: Modern Advocacy and Propaganda. Brookings Institution. ISBN 978-0-8157-3219-8.
• Katzman, Kenneth (2001). "Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". In Benliot, Albert V. (ed.). Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?. Nova. ISBN 978-1-56072-954-9.
• Moin, Baqer (2001). Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-790-0.
• Piazza, James A. (October 1994). "The Democratic Islamic Republic of Iran in Exile". Digest of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 9–43. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.1994.tb00535.x.
• Zabih, Sepehr (1988). "The Non-Communist Left in Iran: The Case of the Mujahidin". In Chelkowski, Peter J.; Pranger, Robert J. (eds.). Ideology and Power in the Middle East. Duke University Press. pp. 241–258. ISBN 978-0-8223-8150-1.

External links

• Official website

v t e Iran–Iraq War
Participants & supporters	Britain Arms-to-Iraq Egypt France Israel Italy Jordan Kuwait North Korea Pakistan Singapore Syria Soviet Union for Iran for Iraq United States for Iraq Operation Staunch Iran–Contra UN Security Council non-state participants Peshmerga KDP PUK Sipay Rizgari ISCI Badr MeK KDPI
Timeline	Prelude Iran–Iraq relations Treaty of Zuhab Treaty of Saadabad Baghdad Pact 1974–75 Shatt al-Arab clashes Algiers Accord Khuzestan History Politics Ba'ath Party Iranian Revolution Anti-Iranianism Iraqi invasion (1980) Iraqi airstrike Kaman 99 1st Khorramshahr Sultan 10 Scorch Sword Siege of Abadan Kafka Ashkan Morvarid Dezful Stalemate (1981) Nasr H-3 Liberation of Iranian territories (1982) Samen-ol-A'emeh Tariq-ol-Qods Fath-ol-Mobin Beit-ol-Moqaddas (2nd Khorramshahr) Iranian offensives (1982–84) Dujail Ramadan (1st Basra) Muslim ibn Aqil Muharram Before the Dawn Dawn 1 Dawn 2 Dawn 3 Dawn 4 Dawn 5 (2nd Basra) Kheibar Kurdish rebellion Dawn 6 Dawn 7 Marshes Iranian offensives (1985–87) Badr Dawn 8 (1st al-Faw) Dawn 9 Karbala 1 (Mehran) Karbala 2 Karbala 3 Karbala 4 Karbala 5 (3rd Basra) Karbala 6 Karbala 7 Karbala 8 karbala 9 Karbala 10 Nasr 4 Mountain Mast Final stages (1988) War of the Cities Tanker War Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2 Beit-ol-Moqaddas 7 Al-Anfal Campaign (Halabja) Zafar 7 Tawakalna ala Allah (2nd al-Faw) Shining Sun Forty Stars Eternal Light 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners Mersad US intervention USS Stark incident Earnest Will Prime Chance Eager Glacier Nimble Archer Praying Mantis Iran Air Flight 655
Related	Order of battle Iraqi chemical weapons Iranian commanders Iranian aerial victories Iraqi aerial victories In media UNIIMOG Order of Fath Invasion of Kuwait
Category

v t e Iran–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Iran to the United States Embassy of the United States, Tehran Ambassadors of the United States to Iran Interests Section of Iran in the United States Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Iran–United States Claims Tribunal Iranian Directorate Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group
Diplomacy	Persian Corridor Persian Gulf Command Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 1953 Iranian coup d'état Abadan Crisis Timeline Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights Exercise Delawar Project Dark Gene Safari Club Island of Stability Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Negotiations Joint Plan of Action Framework Reactions Criticism Aftermath U.S. withdrawal
Conflicts	Iran–Iraq War United States support for Iraq Bridgeton incident Iran Air Flight 655 Iran Ajr Iran–Contra affair Operation Staunch Operation Eager Glacier Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Nimble Archer Operation Praying Mantis Syrian civil war Yemeni Civil War Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran Abraham Accords February 2019 Warsaw Conference Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition International Maritime Security Construct Assassination of Qasem Soleimani reactions Thirteen revenge scenarios Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites Operation Martyr Soleimani 2020 Camp Taji attacks
Incidents after 1979	Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner Iranian revolution Iran hostage crisis Timeline Guadeloupe Conference Operation Credible Sport Operation Eagle Claw Canadian Caper Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 1980 October Surprise theory Negotiations Algiers Accords America can't do a damn thing against us Beirut barracks bombings Khobar Towers bombing Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal Disappearance of Robert Levinson United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 2008 Naval dispute Filipino Monkey Project Cassandra Detention of American hikers United States diplomatic cables leak 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot Strait of Hormuz dispute RQ-170 incident MV Maersk Tigris 2016 Naval incident Nuclear program of Iran Timeline P5+1 Operation Merlin Charming Kitten Stuxnet Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani Arrest of Meng Wanzhou Deportation of Iranian students at US airports May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone 2019 K-1 Air Base attack December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 2020 Iran explosions 2021 Erbil rocket attacks 2021 Natanz incident February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident 2022 Erbil missile attacks 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present) 2024 Erbil attack Tower 22 drone attack Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections
Legislation	United States sanctions against Iran Maximum pressure campaign Executive Order 12170 Executive Order 12172 Executive Order 13769 reactions Trump travel ban Executive Order 13780 Executive Order 13876 Iran and Libya Sanctions Act Iran Nonproliferation Act Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act Iran Freedom and Support Act Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act Kyl–Lieberman Amendment Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act Public Law 113-100 Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act Dames & Moore v. Regan United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Oil Platforms case United States v. Banki Bank Markazi v. Peterson Certain Iranian Assets Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity
Groups and individuals	Iran Action Group Iran–America Society Iranian Students Association in the United States National Iranian American Council Organization of Iranian American Communities United Against Nuclear Iran Farashgard Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Jundallah Kingdom Assembly of Iran National Council of Iran National Council of Resistance of Iran People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran Elliott Abrams Howard Baskerville William J. Fallon Brian Hook Joseph Macmanus Robert Malley Stephen D. Mull Erwin David Rabhan Jason Rezaian Scott Ritter Craig Wadsworth Michael R. White Roxana Saberi Saeed Abedini Saeid Aboutaleb Shahram Amiri Sirous Asgari Mahmoud Reza Banki Haleh Esfandiari Amir Mirza Hekmati Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil Shahrzad Mirgholikhan Mohammad Hosseini Esha Momeni Mohammad Mosaddegh Baquer Namazi Siamak Namazi Sahar Nowrouzzadeh Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Noor Pahlavi Trita Parsi Maryam Rajavi Abdolreza Shahlaei Ali Shakeri Masoud Soleimani Morad Tahbaz Kian Tajbakhsh Karan Vafadari Xiyue Wang Nizar Zakka Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees Abdul Majid Muhammed
Related	1998 FIFA World Cup match Academic relations between Iran and the United States American Islam Anti-American sentiment in Iran Axis of evil CIA activities in Iran Copyright relations Death to America Dual containment Great Satan International Conference on Hollywoodism Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iranian frozen assets Opposition to military action against Iran State Sponsor of Terrorism United States involvement in regime change United States and state-sponsored terrorism 650 Fifth Avenue Alavi Foundation Alborz High School American Institute of Iranian Studies American School of Isfahan Community School, Tehran Damavand College Iran Bethel School Iranzamin School Saint Peter Church, Tehran Tehran American School "Bomb Iran" Overthrow Not for the Faint of Heart
Category

v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
Diplomatic posts	Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran
Diplomacy	Safari Club
Conflicts	Iranian revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain 2011 Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war
Incidents	1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Iranian relations with GCC member states	Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates
Related	Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
Background	Iranian revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising
Conflicts	Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain First Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance War in Iraq (2013–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war
Incidents	1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Iranian relations with GCC member states	Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates
Related topics	Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

• CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021
• People's Mujahedin of Iran
• 1965 establishments in Iran
• Banned political parties in Iran
• Banned socialist parties
• Cults of personality
• Entities added to the Consolidated List by Australia
• Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War
• France–Iran relations
• Guerrilla organizations
• Iran–Iraq relations
• Iran–Israel relations
• Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
• Iran–Soviet Union relations
• Iran–United States relations
• Iranian fraudsters
• Iranian money launderers
• Iranian nationalism
• Islamic political parties in Iran
• Islamic socialism
• Islamist groups
• Left-wing militant groups in Iran
• Left-wing nationalist parties
• Left-wing populism
• Militant opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran
• Militant opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty
• Military units and formations of the Iraq War
• National Council of Resistance of Iran
• Organisations designated as terrorist by Iran
• Organisations formerly designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom
• Organizations designated as terrorist by Iraq
• Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia
• Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by Canada
• Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by the European Union
• Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by the United States
• Paramilitary organisations based in Iran
• Political organizations based in France
• Political parties established in 1965
• Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
• Populism in Iran
• Saddam Hussein
• Socialist parties in Iran
• Syncretic political movements
• Terrorism in Iran
• Islamic organizations established in 1965