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{{short description|2nd century BC King of Numidia}}
#REDIRECT ]
{{For|the later Numidian king|Masinissa II}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2012}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Masinissa
| image = MASSINISSA - MAA 23 - 87000716.jpg
| caption = Coin of either Massinisa, 203-148 BC, or ] 148-118 BC, showing a man wearing a ] on the ], and a horse with a palm tree on the reverse

| birth_date = c. 238 BC
| birth_place =
| death_date = 148 BC (aged about 90)
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place = Royal tomb of El Khroub<ref name="APS-tombe">{{cite news|title=Tombeau de Massinissa|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Rt8VJQ5bXY|access-date=20 August 2017|agency=AlgeriePresseService|date=22 May 2013|language=ar, fr}}</ref>
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| issue = ] <br> ] <br> ]
| full name =
| house =
| house-type =
| father = ]
| mother =
| image_size = 300px
| succession = King of ]
| reign = 202 BC–148 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = ''New establishment''
| successor = ]

| succession1 = King of the Massylii
| reign1 = 206 BC–202 BC
| coronation1 =
| predecessor1 = ]
| successor1 = ''Himself'' <small>as King of Numidia</small>


{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}} }}

{{History of Algeria}}

'''Masinissa''', '''Masensen''' or '''Massan''', (''c.''238 BC – 148 BC<ref name="cambridge">{{Citation
| last =Law
| first =R.C.C.
| contribution =North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305
| year =1979
| title =Cambridge History of Africa
| editor-last =Fage
| editor-first =J.D.
| volume =2
| pages =148–209
| doi = 10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.005
| publisher =Cambridge University Press
}}</ref>{{rp|180,183}})—also spelled '''Massinissa'''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/massinissa-masinisa/ |title=MASSINISSA ou MASINISA (-240 env.--149) roi des Numides |encyclopedia=] |language=fr |access-date=1 October 2018 |publisher=]}}</ref> and '''Massena'''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLktDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |title=OCR Ancient History GCSE Component 2: Rome |first=Paul |last=Fowler |first2=Christopher |last2=Grocock |author2-link=Christopher Grocock |first3=James |last3=Melville |publisher=] |date=13 July 2017 |page=132 |isbn=9781350015210}}</ref>—was the first ].

During his younger years, before he was king, he fought in the ] (218–201 BC), first against the ] as an ally of Carthage and later switching sides (206 BC). With Roman support, he united the eastern and western Numidian tribes and founded the ]. He is well-known for his role as a Roman ally in the ] (202 BC) and as husband of ], a Carthaginian noblewoman whom he allowed to poison herself to avoid being paraded in a ] in Rome.<ref name="cambridge"/>{{rp|180–181}}{{Citation needed|reason=for Sophonisba since not in given source|date=August 2017}}

He ruled Numidia for some 54 years until dying at about the age of 90. He was vigorous, leading troops until his death and fathering some 44 sons, and a staunch ally of Rome.<ref name="cambridge"/>{{rp|181}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Walsh|first=P.G.|title=Massinissa|journal=The Journal of Roman Studies|year=1965|volume=55|doi=10.2307/297437|pages=149–160|jstor=297437}}</ref>

Masinissa's story is told in ]'s '']'' (written c. 27–25 BC). He is also featured in Cicero's ].

His name was found in his tomb of ], modern-day ] in Algeria under the form of MSNSN (which has to be read as ''Mas'n'sen'', which means "Their Lord").

The Greek historian ], who met him, called him "the best man of all the kings of our time". and wrote that "his greatest and most divine achievement was this: Numidia had been before his time universally unproductive, and was looked upon as incapable of producing any cultivated fruits. He was the first and only man who showed that it could produce cultivated fruits just as well as any other country". In the following centuries, his territory would become known as the ] of Rome.

Masinissa is largely viewed as an icon and an important forefather among modern ].<ref> <i>Gulf News</i></ref>

==Early life==
Masinissa was the son of the chieftain ] of a Numidian tribal group, the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTNTz3POoZUC&pg=PA180|title=The Cambridge History of Africa|last=Fage|first=John Donnelly|last2=Fage|first2=J. D.|last3=Clark|first3=John Desmond|last4=Oliver|first4=Roland Anthony|last5=Gray|first5=Richard|last6=Flint|first6=John E.|last7=Roberts|first7=A. D.|publisher=]|year=1975|isbn=9780521215923|volume=2|page=180}}</ref> He was brought up in ], an ally of his father.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=masinissa-bio-1|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=William|title=Masinissa|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology|publisher=Spottiswoode and Co.|location=London|year=1873|via=Perseus Digital Library}}</ref> At the start of the ], Masinissa fought for Carthage against ], the king of the ] of western Numidia (present day ]), who had allied himself with the Romans. Masinissa, then about 17 years old, led an army of Numidian troops and Carthaginian auxiliaries against Syphax's army and won a decisive victory (215–212 BC). He was betrothed to the daughter of the Carthaginian general ].<ref name="cambridge"/>{{rp|180}}

]
After his victory over Syphax, Masinissa commanded his skilled ] against the Romans in Spain, where he was involved in the Carthaginian victories of ] and ] in 211 BC. After ] departed for Italy, Masinissa was placed in command of all the Carthaginian cavalry in Spain, where he fought a successful ] against the Roman general ] (Scipio Africanus) throughout 208 and 207, while ] and Hasdrubal Gisgo levied and trained new forces. In c.206 BC, with fresh reinforcements, Mago and Hasdrubal Gisgo—supported by Masinissa's Numidian cavalry—met Scipio at the ], where Carthage's power over ] was forever broken in arguably Scipio Africanus's most brilliant victory.

When Gaia died in 206 BC, his son Masinissa and his brother ] quarreled about the inheritance, and Syphax was able to conquer considerable parts of eastern Numidia. Meanwhile, with the Carthaginians having been driven from Hispania, Masinissa concluded that Rome was winning the war against Carthage and therefore decided to defect to Rome. He promised to assist Scipio in the invasion of Carthaginian territory in Africa. This decision was aided by the move by Scipio Africanus to free Masinissa's nephew, Massiva, whom the Romans had captured when he had disobeyed his uncle and ridden into battle. Having lost the alliance with Masinissa, Hasdrubal started to look for another ally, which he found in Syphax, who married ], Hasdrubal's daughter, who until the defection had been betrothed to Masinissa. The Romans supported Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, who was nevertheless successful in driving Masinissa from power until Scipio invaded Africa in 204. Masinissa joined the Roman forces and participated in the victorious ] (203).

At the ] (203), Scipio overcame Hasdrubal and Syphax and, while the Roman general concentrated on Carthage, ] and Masinissa followed Syphax to Cirta, where he was captured and handed over to Scipio. After the defeat of Syphax, Masinissa married Syphax's wife Sophonisba, but Scipio, suspicious of her loyalty, demanded that she be taken to Rome and appear in the triumphal parade. To save her from such humiliation, Masinissa sent her poison, with which she killed herself. Masinissa was now accepted as a loyal ally of Rome, and was confirmed by Scipio as the king of the Massylii.

At the ], Masinissa commanded the cavalry (6,000 Numidian and 3,000 Roman) on Scipio's right wing, Scipio delayed the engagement long enough to allow for Masinissa to join him. With the battle hanging in the balance, Masinissa's cavalry, having driven the fleeing Carthaginian horsemen away, returned and immediately fell onto the rear of the Carthaginian lines. This decided the battle and at once ]'s army began to collapse. The Second Punic War was over and for his services Masinissa received the Kingdom of Syphax, and became King of Numidia.

Masinissa was now king of both the ] and the Masaesyli. He showed unconditional loyalty to Rome, and his position in Africa was strengthened by a clause in the peace treaty of 201 between Rome and Carthage prohibiting the latter from going to war even in self-defense without ] permission. This enabled Masinissa to encroach on the remaining Carthaginian territory as long as he judged that ] wished to see Carthage further weakened.

==Later life==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| footer = The tomb of Masinissa above, and the completely restored ], which may be a ] for him, below.
| width = 200
| image2 = TUNISIA DOUGGA MAUSOLEE LYBICO PUNIQUE 001.JPG
| alt2 = Punico-Numidian tomb in Dougga
| image1 = Tomb of Massinissa 01.jpg
| alt1 = Masinissa tomb
}}
] banknote]]
With Roman backing, Masinissa established his own kingdom of ''']''', west of Carthage, with ] — present day ] — as its capital city. All of this happened in accordance with Roman interest, as they wanted to give Carthage more problems with its neighbours. Masinissa’s chief aim was to build a strong and unified state from the semi-nomadic Numidian tribes. To that end, he introduced Carthaginian agricultural techniques and forced many Numidians to settle as peasant farmers. Masinissa and his sons possessed large estates throughout Numidia, to the extent that Roman authors attributed to him, quite falsely, the sedentarization of the Numidians. Major towns included Capsa, ] (modern ]), ] and ].

All through his reign, Masinissa extended his territory, and he was cooperating with Rome when, towards the end of his life, he provoked Carthage to go to war against him. Any hopes he may have had of extending his rule right across ] were dashed, however, when a Roman commission headed by the elderly ] (Cato the Elder) came to ] about 155 BC to decide a territorial dispute between Masinissa and Carthage. Animated probably by an irrational fear of a Carthaginian revival, but possibly by suspicion of Masinissa’s ambitions, Cato thenceforward advocated, finally with success, the destruction of Carthage. Based on descriptions from Livy, the Numidians began raiding around seventy towns in the southern and western sections of Carthage's remaining territory. Outraged with their conduct, Carthage went to war against them, in defiance of the Roman treaty forbidding them to make war on anyone, thus precipitating the ] (149–146 BC). Masinissa showed his displeasure when the Roman army arrived in Africa in 149 BC, but he died early in 148 BC without a breach in the alliance. Ancient accounts suggest Masinissa lived beyond the age of 90 and was apparently still personally leading the armies of his kingdom when he died.

After his death, ] succeeded to the throne, Micipsa had two sons, ] and ], who took the power for a short period before being overthrown by their cousin ]. Some of his descendants were the elder ] (85 BC–46 BC) and younger ] (52 BC&ndash;AD 24).

==In literature, art and film==
*'']'' (late 1330s), an epic poem by ]
*'']'' (1680), a German mourning play by ]
*'']'' (1914), classic Italian silent film directed by ]. Masinissa is portrayed by ].
*'']'' (2005), a novel by ]

<gallery>
File:Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa (C20).jpg|Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa
File:Central wall depicting Sophonisba requesting help from Massinissa (C16).jpg| Central wall depicting Sophonisba requesting help from Massinissa
File:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo - Scipio Africanus Freeing Massiva - Google Art Project.jpg| Scipio the African freeing Massiva
</gallery>

==See also==
*]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*] (trans. ]) (1965). ''The War With Hannibal''. New York: Penguin Classics. {{ISBN|0-14-044145-X}}

== External links ==
*
*

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = ]
| before = Himself (as King of the Massylii), ] (as King of the Masaesyli)
| after = ], ] and ]
| years = 202–148 BC
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Revision as of 14:35, 24 March 2021

2nd century BC King of Numidia For the later Numidian king, see Masinissa II.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)


Masinissa
Coin of either Massinisa, 203-148 BC, or Micipsa 148-118 BC, showing a man wearing a diadem on the obverse, and a horse with a palm tree on the reverse
King of Numidia
Reign202 BC–148 BC
PredecessorNew establishment
SuccessorMicipsa
King of the Massylii
Reign206 BC–202 BC
PredecessorLacumazes
SuccessorHimself as King of Numidia
Bornc. 238 BC
Died148 BC (aged about 90)
BurialRoyal tomb of El Khroub
IssueMicipsa
Gulussa
Mastanabal
FatherGaia
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Masinissa, Masensen or Massan, (c.238 BC – 148 BC)—also spelled Massinissa and Massena—was the first King of Numidia.

During his younger years, before he was king, he fought in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), first against the Romans as an ally of Carthage and later switching sides (206 BC). With Roman support, he united the eastern and western Numidian tribes and founded the Kingdom of Numidia. He is well-known for his role as a Roman ally in the Battle of Zama (202 BC) and as husband of Sophonisba, a Carthaginian noblewoman whom he allowed to poison herself to avoid being paraded in a triumph in Rome.

He ruled Numidia for some 54 years until dying at about the age of 90. He was vigorous, leading troops until his death and fathering some 44 sons, and a staunch ally of Rome.

Masinissa's story is told in Livy's Ab Urbe Condita (written c. 27–25 BC). He is also featured in Cicero's Scipio's Dream.

His name was found in his tomb of Cirta, modern-day Constantine in Algeria under the form of MSNSN (which has to be read as Mas'n'sen, which means "Their Lord").

The Greek historian Polybius, who met him, called him "the best man of all the kings of our time". and wrote that "his greatest and most divine achievement was this: Numidia had been before his time universally unproductive, and was looked upon as incapable of producing any cultivated fruits. He was the first and only man who showed that it could produce cultivated fruits just as well as any other country". In the following centuries, his territory would become known as the breadbasket of Rome.

Masinissa is largely viewed as an icon and an important forefather among modern Berbers.

Early life

Masinissa was the son of the chieftain Gaia of a Numidian tribal group, the Massylii. He was brought up in Carthage, an ally of his father. At the start of the Second Punic War, Masinissa fought for Carthage against Syphax, the king of the Masaesyli of western Numidia (present day Algeria), who had allied himself with the Romans. Masinissa, then about 17 years old, led an army of Numidian troops and Carthaginian auxiliaries against Syphax's army and won a decisive victory (215–212 BC). He was betrothed to the daughter of the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Gisgo.

Massinissa of Numidia

After his victory over Syphax, Masinissa commanded his skilled Numidian cavalry against the Romans in Spain, where he was involved in the Carthaginian victories of Castulo and Ilorca in 211 BC. After Hasdrubal Barca departed for Italy, Masinissa was placed in command of all the Carthaginian cavalry in Spain, where he fought a successful guerrilla campaign against the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio (Scipio Africanus) throughout 208 and 207, while Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisgo levied and trained new forces. In c.206 BC, with fresh reinforcements, Mago and Hasdrubal Gisgo—supported by Masinissa's Numidian cavalry—met Scipio at the Battle of Ilipa, where Carthage's power over Hispania was forever broken in arguably Scipio Africanus's most brilliant victory.

When Gaia died in 206 BC, his son Masinissa and his brother Oezalces quarreled about the inheritance, and Syphax was able to conquer considerable parts of eastern Numidia. Meanwhile, with the Carthaginians having been driven from Hispania, Masinissa concluded that Rome was winning the war against Carthage and therefore decided to defect to Rome. He promised to assist Scipio in the invasion of Carthaginian territory in Africa. This decision was aided by the move by Scipio Africanus to free Masinissa's nephew, Massiva, whom the Romans had captured when he had disobeyed his uncle and ridden into battle. Having lost the alliance with Masinissa, Hasdrubal started to look for another ally, which he found in Syphax, who married Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, who until the defection had been betrothed to Masinissa. The Romans supported Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, who was nevertheless successful in driving Masinissa from power until Scipio invaded Africa in 204. Masinissa joined the Roman forces and participated in the victorious Battle of the Great Plains (203).

At the Battle of Bagbrades (203), Scipio overcame Hasdrubal and Syphax and, while the Roman general concentrated on Carthage, Gaius Laelius and Masinissa followed Syphax to Cirta, where he was captured and handed over to Scipio. After the defeat of Syphax, Masinissa married Syphax's wife Sophonisba, but Scipio, suspicious of her loyalty, demanded that she be taken to Rome and appear in the triumphal parade. To save her from such humiliation, Masinissa sent her poison, with which she killed herself. Masinissa was now accepted as a loyal ally of Rome, and was confirmed by Scipio as the king of the Massylii.

At the Battle of Zama, Masinissa commanded the cavalry (6,000 Numidian and 3,000 Roman) on Scipio's right wing, Scipio delayed the engagement long enough to allow for Masinissa to join him. With the battle hanging in the balance, Masinissa's cavalry, having driven the fleeing Carthaginian horsemen away, returned and immediately fell onto the rear of the Carthaginian lines. This decided the battle and at once Hannibal's army began to collapse. The Second Punic War was over and for his services Masinissa received the Kingdom of Syphax, and became King of Numidia.

Masinissa was now king of both the Massylii and the Masaesyli. He showed unconditional loyalty to Rome, and his position in Africa was strengthened by a clause in the peace treaty of 201 between Rome and Carthage prohibiting the latter from going to war even in self-defense without Roman permission. This enabled Masinissa to encroach on the remaining Carthaginian territory as long as he judged that Rome wished to see Carthage further weakened.

Later life

Masinissa tombPunico-Numidian tomb in DouggaThe tomb of Masinissa above, and the completely restored Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga, which may be a cenotaph for him, below.
File:دينار الجزائري 500دج الوجه الثاني.jpg
Tomb of Massinissa on the reverse of a 1992 500 Algerian dinar banknote

With Roman backing, Masinissa established his own kingdom of Numidia, west of Carthage, with Cirta — present day Constantine — as its capital city. All of this happened in accordance with Roman interest, as they wanted to give Carthage more problems with its neighbours. Masinissa’s chief aim was to build a strong and unified state from the semi-nomadic Numidian tribes. To that end, he introduced Carthaginian agricultural techniques and forced many Numidians to settle as peasant farmers. Masinissa and his sons possessed large estates throughout Numidia, to the extent that Roman authors attributed to him, quite falsely, the sedentarization of the Numidians. Major towns included Capsa, Thugga (modern Dougga), Bulla Regia and Hippo Regius.

All through his reign, Masinissa extended his territory, and he was cooperating with Rome when, towards the end of his life, he provoked Carthage to go to war against him. Any hopes he may have had of extending his rule right across North Africa were dashed, however, when a Roman commission headed by the elderly Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder) came to Africa about 155 BC to decide a territorial dispute between Masinissa and Carthage. Animated probably by an irrational fear of a Carthaginian revival, but possibly by suspicion of Masinissa’s ambitions, Cato thenceforward advocated, finally with success, the destruction of Carthage. Based on descriptions from Livy, the Numidians began raiding around seventy towns in the southern and western sections of Carthage's remaining territory. Outraged with their conduct, Carthage went to war against them, in defiance of the Roman treaty forbidding them to make war on anyone, thus precipitating the Third Punic War (149–146 BC). Masinissa showed his displeasure when the Roman army arrived in Africa in 149 BC, but he died early in 148 BC without a breach in the alliance. Ancient accounts suggest Masinissa lived beyond the age of 90 and was apparently still personally leading the armies of his kingdom when he died.

After his death, Micispa succeeded to the throne, Micipsa had two sons, Hiempsal I and Adherbal, who took the power for a short period before being overthrown by their cousin Jughurta. Some of his descendants were the elder Juba I of Numidia (85 BC–46 BC) and younger Juba II (52 BC–AD 24).

In literature, art and film

  • Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa
  • Central wall depicting Sophonisba requesting help from Massinissa Central wall depicting Sophonisba requesting help from Massinissa
  • Scipio the African freeing Massiva Scipio the African freeing Massiva

See also

References

  1. "Tombeau de Massinissa" (in Arabic and French). AlgeriePresseService. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  2. ^ Law, R.C.C. (1979), "North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305", in Fage, J.D. (ed.), Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 148–209, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.005
  3. "MASSINISSA ou MASINISA (-240 env.--149) roi des Numides". Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  4. Fowler, Paul; Grocock, Christopher; Melville, James (13 July 2017). OCR Ancient History GCSE Component 2: Rome. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 9781350015210.
  5. Walsh, P.G. (1965). "Massinissa". The Journal of Roman Studies. 55: 149–160. doi:10.2307/297437. JSTOR 297437.
  6. Can North Africa unite over couscous? Gulf News
  7. Fage, John Donnelly; Fage, J. D.; Clark, John Desmond; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Gray, Richard; Flint, John E.; Roberts, A. D. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780521215923.
  8. Smith, William, ed. (1873). "Masinissa". A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London: Spottiswoode and Co. – via Perseus Digital Library.

Bibliography

External links

Preceded byHimself (as King of the Massylii), Archobarzane (as King of the Masaesyli) King of Numidia
202–148 BC 		Succeeded byMicipsa, Gulussa and Mastanabal
Categories: