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Warsaw Radio Mast
Radiofoniczny Ośrodek Nadawczy w Konstantynowie
The Warsaw radio mast (center) viewed from a distance in 1989
General information
Status	Collapsed
Type	Mast radiator insulated against ground
Location	Konstantynów, Gąbin, Poland
Coordinates	52°22′3.74″N 19°48′8.73″E / 52.3677056°N 19.8024250°E / 52.3677056; 19.8024250 (Warsaw Radio Mast ( Konstantynow Radio Mast))
Construction started	July 1970
Completed	18 May 1974
Destroyed	8 August 1991
Height	646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Jan Polak at Mostostal M-1 Zabrze (radio mast)
Civil engineer	Andrzej Szepczyński at Mostostal M-4 Zabrze
Other designers	Alimak of Sweden (elevator) Brown & Boveri of Switzerland (transmitters) Several Polish companies
Main contractor	Polish Broadcasting Company

The Warsaw Radio Mast was a telecommunications tower located near the town of Gąbin, Poland, and the world's tallest structure at 646.38 metres (2,120.7 ft) from 1974 until its collapse on 8 August 1991. It is the second tallest structure ever built, being surpassed as the tallest by the Burj Khalifa tower in the United Arab Emirates, completed in 2009.

Designed by Jan Polak, its construction started in July 1970, was completed on 18 May 1974, and its transmitter entered regular service on 22 July of that year. The opening of the mast was met with extensive celebration and news coverage by the Polish Film Chronicle, with many guests invited to marvel at the new tallest structure of the world.The tower was used by Warsaw Radio-Television (Centrum Radiowo-Telewizyjne) for longwave radio broadcasting on a frequency of AM-LW (long wave) 227 kHz before 1 February 1988 and 225 kHz afterwards. Its base was 115.2 metres (378 ft) above sea level. Because a voltage potential of 120 kV existed between the mast and ground, it stood on a 2-metre (6.6 ft)-high insulator. It operated as a mast radiator (half-wave radiator), so its height was chosen in order to function as a half-wavelength antenna at its broadcasting frequency. The signals from its 2 megawatt transmitters could be received across essentially the entire globe. Its weight was debated; Polish sources claimed 420 tonnes (930,000 lb).

The mast was designed to be used for propaganda purposes, as it designed to be just taller than the KVLY-TV Mast, in order to claim that Poland has the tallest structure. It was also designed to broadcast the "propaganda of the successes". However, an unintended effect of the mast's height was that the "officially non-existent Poles of the east" could tune in to Polish radio broadcasts, including those in places such as Antarctica.

Construction

The Warsaw radio mast was a guyed steel lattice mast of equilateral triangular cross section, with a face width of 4.8 metres (16 ft). The vertical steel tubes forming the vertices of the mast had a diameter of 245 millimetres (10 in); the thickness of the walls of these tubes varied between 8–34 mm (0.31–1.33 in) depending on height. The mast consisted of 86 elements, each of which had a length of 7.5 metres (25 ft). The mast had 3 arrays of guy wires, each array attached to the mast at 5 levels: 121.78 metres (399.5 ft), 256.78 metres (842.5 ft), 369.28 metres (1,211.5 ft), 481.78 metres (1,580.6 ft), and 594.28 metres (1,949.7 ft) above ground. Each guy was fixed on a separate anchor block at the ground and was 50 millimetres (2.0 in) in diameter. To prevent the guy wires from interfering with the radio transmissions, the guys were insulated at regular intervals. The weight of guys and insulators used to anchor the mast was 80 tonnes (180,000 lb). An elevator and separate protected ladders were installed in the interior of the mast to facilitate access to the various mast components, including the aircraft warning lamps. The elevator was designed by Alimak, a Swedish company. The elevator took 45 minutes to reach the top. The lift was nicknamed "Alimak", as a nod to the company that designed it. Safety was a priority, so "Alimak" had a safety procedure, where it could be stopped, but this precaution never had to be used. A total of 3 people could ride up the elevator, although it would be very crowded. An area for maintenance supplies was present, in order to transport materials such as lightbulbs.

In the lower half of the mast, there was a vertical steel tube, attached to the mast's outer structure with large insulators. This tube was grounded at the bottom, and connected electrically to the mast structure by an adjustable metal bar at a height of 328.68 metres (1,078.3 ft) when the tower transmitted on 227 kHz longwave and at a height of 334.18 metres (1,096.4 ft) when it switched to 225 kHz on 1 February 1988. This technique allowed adjusting the impedance of the mast for the transmitter and worked by applying a direct current ground at a point of low radio frequency voltage, to conduct static charge to ground without diminishing the radio energy. Static electrical charge can build up to high values, even at times of no thunderstorm activity, when such tall structures are insulated from ground. Use of this technique provides better lightning protection than using just a spark gap at the mast base, as it is standard at most mast radiators insulated against ground.

The mast was equipped in 16 levels with air traffic warning lights with 200 watts power. At the top there was a flashing beacon consisting of two lamps with 1000 watts power.

A special overhead radio frequency transmission line was used to transfer the signal from the transmitter building to the mast. The transmitter building had a volume of 17,000 cubic metres (600,000 cu ft) and was approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the mast. The transmitter consisted of two 1,000 kilowatt units built by Brown Boveri and Cie. An atomic clock was used to generate the transmission frequency in order to provide a very accurate, stable signal source which could be used as a frequency standard by anyone within signal range. The station, which had an area of 65 hectares (161 acres), also had a 76 metres (249 ft) lattice tower of rectangular cross-section close to the transmitter building. This tower was used to provide a radio link for programme feeds from the studio, which ran from the Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw via a radio relay tower at Wiejca.

To supply power to the station a 110 kV substation was built. The substation was over-engineered due to the strategic importance of the station as Poland's central transmitter. Although the power consumption of the transmitting station was large (estimated 6,000 kW), the substation was capable of supplying much more than was required. Six small towers were erected around the periphery of the station's grounds in order to support aircraft warning lamps where the guy ropes were located.

The official name of the facility was Radiofoniczny Ośrodek Nadawczy w Konstantynowie (Radiophonic Transmission Center Konstantynow), Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie (Radio Transmission Center Konstantynow) or Warszawska Radiostacja Centralna (WRC) w Gąbinie (Warsaw Central Radio Station Gabin). It broadcast Polskie Radio's Program I.

Approximately ten years after completion of the mast, inspections revealed structural damage caused by wind-induced oscillations at the mast, the backstay insulators and the guys. Repair work was very difficult and replacement of the mast by a stronger construction of the same height was considered. This was not realized as a result of Poland's economic situation. In 1988, the mast was repainted, but this could not be done to the desired extent, as there was not enough paint available.

Management and Staff

The manager of the radio station from 1974-1980 was Zygmunt Duczmalewski . His successor, Witold Czowgan, served as the manager from 1983–1986.

The mast had a total of 30 highly qualified engineers and technicians. It also had 15 administrative staff. The elevator was operated by a professional. Because a large portion of the staff was recruited from around Poland, a block of flats had to be built to accommodate the staff.

The second of two managers of the mast, Witold Czowgan, was noted for his sense of humour, optimism and joy. He was a "source of confidence" among staff. He was considered the leading expert on radio and telecommunication in Poland. Czowgan would often present university style lectures on radio topics.

Collapse

At 16:00 UTC on 8 August 1991 a catastrophic failure led to the collapse of the mast. While workmen were swapping one of the guy wires, the gusting wind caught the temporarily unmoored tower, twisting it and pulling loose other guys. The mast first bent and then snapped at roughly half its height. The helix building and the transmitter building (including the transmitter devices in it) were not damaged. The construction coordinator and the division chief of the company which built and maintained the mast were found liable for the collapse, and both were sentenced to two years in prison.

Since the collapse of the Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in Poland has been the FM radio and TV transmission mast at Olsztyn-Pieczewo, measuring a paltry 360 metres (1,180 ft), compared to the Warsaw Radio Mast, which stood at more than 640 metres.

There is significant debate over whether or not it was the fault of the supervisors or coordinators.

Replacement

After the collapse of the radio mast at Konstantynów due to an incident with the guy wire replacement, the Polish broadcasting company used the old Raszyn transmitter with its 335 metres (1,099 ft) mast near Warsaw, which had been used since 1978 for daytime transmissions of a second Polish broadcasting service programme in the longwave range on the frequency AM-LW 198 kHz, for transmissions on AM-LW 225 kHz with a power of 500 kilowatts. It is not possible to transmit from Raszyn on AM-LW (long wave) 198 kHz/1515 meters and 225 kHz/1333 meters simultaneously, so the transmissions on the second longwave frequency AM-LW (long wave) 198 kHz had to be discontinued until either a second longwave broadcasting transmitting facility was built in Poland or a special frequency switch, which would allow transmissions on both frequencies, was installed at the Raszyn transmitter. The latter, simpler solution would have decreased the effectiveness and reliability of both transmitters and was therefore found unacceptable.

Because the Polish longwave transmitters are of special importance to Polish people abroad, as early as April 1992 the Polish government planned to rebuild the mast at Konstantynów. In September 1995 the Polish government was set to rebuild the mast. Although refurbishment of the old foundations, which could be reused, had already started, the rebuilding of the mast was cancelled due to protests by local residents, who claimed that radiation from the mast was a health hazard. While the accuracy of these claims has not been verified, a new site for the transmitter was sought. Several other locations were considered, but due to the continuing resistance of nearby inhabitants (backed by the Solidarity trade union), planned mast height and transmitter range were both greatly reduced, and an old military site just southeast of Solec Kujawski was chosen. There, a new longwave transmission facility was built in 1998–1999, with a transmitter of 1200 kW output power for the frequency AM-LW (long wave) 225 kHz. This facility, which was inaugurated on 4 September 1999, uses one 330 metre (1083 ft) and one 289 metre (948 ft) grounded top-fed masts as aerials.

After the inauguration of the transmitter at Solec Kujawski, the transmitter at Raszyn was again used for transmitting on the frequency AM-LW (long wave) 198 kHz for the programme Radio Parliament.

At Gabin, there is currently a radio link mast, not used since April of 1998. In front of the entrance to the mast, a cross was erected by local residents associated with the now defunct Association for the Protection of Human Life at the Highest Mast of Europe. The Radio transmitters are in generally good condition, as of 2017.

From 2001-2012, the facility was managed by the Real Estate department of TP SA. Due to the 2012 merger of TP and Orange Polska, the facility is now managed by the Orange Polska SA Real Estate Sales Office. The facility is protected against unauthorized access, as it is worth approximately PLN 3,650,000 (approx. $1 million USD).

Current state (1991-present)

Except for the mast and the radio frequency transmission line that led to it, nearly all components of the facility remain in place, unused and slowly deteriorating. The former area has become a quasi-tourist attraction, attracting many locals who find nostalgia or interest in the site. Some have visited anniversaries, such as the 20th anniversary in 2011.

Additionally, due to the seclusion of the area, the facility has now become a sanctuary for wildlife, with professionals and amateurs alike coming to photograph the stunning natural beauty that has been formed.

In 2018, the 2 piece radio transmitter (Brown Boveri SL 61 B3) was donated by Orange Polska, a Polish telecommunications provider, to the Association Cultural Park Transatlantic Radiotelegraphic Broadcasting Center. It was then transferred to Warsaw for display in a museum. There have been plans to restore the transmitter for active usage.

• Foundation of former mast
• Former helix building
• Tower used for marking the northern end of span field of the guylines
• Guard tower at southern limb
• Radio relay tower

See also

• Radio masts and towers
• List of masts
• List of catastrophic collapses of broadcast masts and towers
• List of transmission sites
• KVLY-TV mast
• KXJB-TV mast
• KXTV/KOVR tower
• List of tallest structures

References

1. ^ "Unheard Of: The Catastrophic Collapse of the World's Tallest Tower - 99% Invisible". 99% Invisible. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
2. ^ "Maszt Radiowy w Konstantynowie (Gąbin, Polska) - najwyższa budowla na świecie". Budowle.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-04-12.
3. ^ Polish Film Chronicles nr 39 1991 on Warsaw Radio Mast w/English Subtitles, retrieved 2021-04-12
4. Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie cz. 2/5, retrieved 2021-04-12
5. "Evaluation of multiple ground flash charge structure from electric field measurements using the local lightning detection network in the region of Warsaw". Atmospheric Research. 117: 99–110. 2012-11-01. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.011. ISSN 0169-8095.
6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2012-02-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. ^ "Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie". www.rcnkonstantynow.pl. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
8. ^ "Konstantynow Radio Mast, Gabin - SkyscraperPage.com". skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
9. Interesting, Unusual (2018-01-08). "The tallest structure in the world which collapsed in 1991". Unusual Interesting. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
10. Meier, Allison. "Lost Wonders: The Warsaw Radio Mast". atlasobscura.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
11. ^ "Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie". www.rcnkonstantynow.pl. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
12. "Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie". www.rcnkonstantynow.pl. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
13. "Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie". www.rcnkonstantynow.pl. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
14. "25 years ago today, the tallest structure on earth you've never heard of collapsed". Retrieved 2020-12-07.
15. ^ "Radiowe Centrum Nadawcze w Konstantynowie". www.rcnkonstantynow.pl. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
16. ^ Petar Djajkovski, Abandoned Spaces, Warsaw Radio Mast: Tallest Man Made Structure until 2010
17. "Website about long, medium and short waves". www.polskaam.radiopolska.pl. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
18. PAP News Wire, April 7, 1992, NEWS, 106 words, RADIO MAST IN GABIN TO OPERATE AGAIN
19. Newstalk. "25 years ago today, the tallest structure on earth you've never heard of collapsed". Newstalk. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
20. "RadioPolska • Obiekty nadawcze aktywne". radiopolska.pl. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
21. "Nieruchomości Orange Polska". web.archive.org. 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
22. Now Gąbin | Equipment from the Radio Center in Konstantynów will get a new life. Will any exhibit go to Gąbin? - Now Gąbin,

External links

• Should the aerial mast be re-built?
• Radio Warsaw Transmission Tower at Structurae
• Diagrams of the Warsaw mast and Directional Radio Tower Konstantynow
• Pictures showing current state of former site
• Set of photographs from 2010 for Panoramio/Google Earth service.
• Collection of construction drawings
• Site on GeoPortal

• Towers completed in 1974
• Buildings and structures demolished in 1991
• Demolished buildings and structures in Poland
• Radio masts and towers in Poland
• Ruins in Poland
• Płock County
• Polskie Radio
• Buildings and structures in Masovian Voivodeship
• Former radio masts and towers
• 1974 establishments in Poland
• 1991 disestablishments in Poland