Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 21:49, 28 April 2021

Paris Institute of Political Studies

Sciences Po
Former names	École libre des sciences politiques
Type	Public Higher Education Research Institution, Grande École
Established	1872
Budget	€197 million
Director	Bénédicte Durand (interim)
Academic staff	216
Students	14,000
Undergraduates	4,000
Postgraduates	10,000
Location	Paris, Nancy, Dijon, Poitiers, Menton, Le Havre, Reims, France
Campus	Urban
Affiliations	Sorbonne Paris Cité APSIA COUPERIN CGE
Mascot	The lion and the fox
Website	sciencespo.fr

The Paris Institute of Political Studies (Template:Lang-fr), commonly referred to as Sciences Po Paris or just Sciences Po (IPA: [sjɑ̃s po]), is a grande école and grand établissement located in Paris and other cities in France. It was founded in 1872 to promote a new class of French politicians in the aftermath of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

Since the mid-1990s, Sciences Po was substantially reformed to broaden its focus to prepare students for the private sector and diversify and internationalize its student body and curriculum. The Sciences Po curriculum now incorporates courses in various branches of the social sciences on top of political science, such as law, economics, history, and sociology. Sciences Po also expanded outside Paris by establishing additional campuses in Dijon, Le Havre, Menton, Nancy, Poitiers, and Reims.

The institution is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA) and the Sorbonne Paris Cité.

History

1872 to 1945: École Libre des Sciences Politiques founded by Émile Boutmy

Sciences Po was established in February 1872 as the École Libre des Sciences Politiques (ELSP) by a group of French intellectuals, politicians and businessmen led by Émile Boutmy, and including Hippolyte Taine, Ernest Renan, Albert Sorel and Paul Leroy Beaulieu. The creation of the school was in response to widespread fears that the inadequacy of the French political and diplomatic corps would further diminish the country's international stature, as France grappled with a series of crises, including the defeat in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, the demise of Napoleon III, and the upheaval and massacre resulting from Paris Commune. The founders of the school sought to reform the training of French politicians by establishing a new "breeding ground where nearly all the major, non-technical state commissioners were trained.".

ELSP acquired a major role in France's political system. From 1901 to 1935, 92.5% of entrants to the Grands corps de l'État, the most powerful and prestigious administrative bodies in the French Civil Service, had studied there (this figure includes people who took civil service examination preparatory classes at Sciences Po but did not earn a degree). By August 1894, the British Association for the Advancement of Science was advocating for the creation of a similar school to advance the study of politics in Great Britain. One year later, Sidney and Beatrice Webb used the Sciences Po curriculum and purpose as an inspiration for creating the London School of Economics.

The connection between Sciences Po and French institutions meant that the school also played a key role in the apparatus of the French Empires. In 1886, the university established a colonial school with the goal of training students to take on professions in the colonial administration in a way that “propagates a more scientific and international colonialism”. Many professors and members of the ELSP administration, such as  Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, chair in colonial affairs at ELSP, Joseph Chailley-Bert, Jules Cambon, Charles Jonnart, Auguste Louis Albéric d’Arenberg and Ernest Roume, were also closely linked to or worked directly with the colonial government. The colonial branch of ELSP closed in 1893 after a state-sponsored colonial school was created in 1889; however positions in the administrations of French colonies and protectorates continued to accept graduates from the ELSP.

1945 to 1997: Institute of Political Sciences of Paris re-founded by Michel Debré

1945: Reorganization

Sciences Po underwent significant reforms in the aftermath of France's liberation from Nazi occupation in 1945. The humiliation of France's surrender to Nazi Germany and the collapse of the Vichy regime provided the impetus for a major restructuring of the state's institutions.

Charles de Gaulle, as leader of France's Provisional Government, appointed Michel Debré to reform the recruiting and training of public servants. Even though eight of thirteen ministers in De Gaulle's government, including Debré himself, were Sciences Po alumni, a significant reform of the university seemed inevitable, as it had been instrumental in training the class of leaders whom many accused of complacency in face of Nazi aggression. Communist politicians including Georges Cogniot proposed abolishing the ELSP entirely and founding a new state-run administration college on its premises.

Debré proposed the compromise that was eventually adopted. First, the government established the École Nationale d'Administration (ENA), an elite postgraduate college for training government officials. From then on, the Grands Corps de l'Etat were obliged to recruit new entrants from ENA. The change, however, had little impact on Sciences Po's central role in educating the French elite. Although it was now the ENA rather than Sciences Po that fed graduates directly into senior civil service posts, Sciences Po became the university of choice for those hoping to enter the ENA, and so retained its dominant place in educating high-ranking officials.

The reforms also restructured the administration of École libre des sciences politiques (ELSP), by creating two separate legal entities: the Institut d'études politiques (IEP) and the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (Template:Lang-en) or FNSP. Both entities were tasked by the French government to ensure "the progress and the spread, both within and outside France, of political science, economics, and sociology". FNSP, a private foundation that receives generous subsidies from the government, manages the IEP de Paris, owns its buildings and libraries, and determines its budget. The two entities work together in lockstep, however, as the director of the school is, by tradition, also the administrator of FNSP. This institutional arrangement gives Sciences Po a unique status, as the school draws much of its resources through substantial government subsidies to FNSP, but does not subject it to many government interventions and regulations, giving it a much higher level of autonomy compared to other French universities and schools. The epithet Sciences Po is applied to both entities, which inherited the reputation previously vested in ELSP.

The public-private nature of Sciences Po, Paris, also distinguishes it from a network of institutes of political studies throughout the country that were inspired by its curriculum, namely in Strasbourg, Lyon, Aix, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Toulouse, Rennes and Lille. They are not to be confused with the seven campuses of Sciences Po in France.

1945 to the 1990s

Between 1952 and 1969, 77.5% of the ENA's graduate student intake were Sciences Po alumni.

FNSP received a significant donations from the Rockefeller Foundation. FNSP published periodicals such as la Revue française de science politique, le Bulletin analytique de documentation, la Chronologie politique africaine, and the Cahiers de la Fondation as well as its seven research centres and main publishing house, Presses de Sciences Po.

1990s to the 2020s: Sciences Po's transformation under the impulse of Olivier Duhamel

Sciences Po was substiantially reformed from the mid-1990s so as to diversify its focus beyond political science and beyond France, mainly under the influence of Olivier Duhamel, who formally had different roles during until his resignation in 2021. Sciences Po was also hit by a number of crises and controversies during this period.

1990s-2012: Diversification and internationalization

After the directorship of Alain Lancelot (1987-1997), the latter choose Olivier Duhamel to sponsor the candidacy of Richard Descoings, who became the director of Sciences Po with Duhamel as special advisor.

Under the directorship of Richard Descoings (1997–2012), the school incorporated courses in various branches of the social sciences on top of political science, such as law, economics, history, and sociology. In addition, the school began requiring all its undergraduate students to spend a year abroad, and introduced a multilingual curriculum in French, English, and other languages. Sciences Po also began to expand outside Paris, establishing regional campuses throughout France.

During this period, Sciences Po also implemented reforms in its admissions process. Previously, Sciences Po recruited its students exclusively on the basis of a competitive examination. This system was seen to favor students from prestigious preparatory high schools, largely attended by the children of the French elite. In 2001, Sciences Po founded the Equal Opportunity Program, widening its admissions policy. This program enables the institution to recruit high-potential students at partner high schools in more disadvantaged parts of France who, due to a social, academic, and financial constraints, would not otherwise have been able to attend Sciences Po.

From 2001 to 2011, the proportion of scholarship students at Sciences Po went from 6 to 27 percent with around 30% of all students at Sciences Po currently receiving some form of scholarship.

The reforms Descoings spearheaded were at times controversial, however, and his leadership style came under heavy criticism for "reigning as almighty king" and to implement a "management of fear". A further report by the French Court of Audit in 2012 severely criticized Sciences Po under the Descoings leadership for its opaque, and possibly illegal, financial management, notably with regard to management salaries, in particular to himself.

2013–2021: Expansion

After the sudden death of Richard Descoing, Frédéric Mion, a graduate of Sciences Po, ENA and École Normale Supérieure and former secretary general of Canal+, was appointed director of Sciences Po on 1 March 2013. It was criticized as a choice of Olivier Duhamel, even though the two other candidates were said to have a much stronger applications than the 9 pages given by Mion in his last minute candidacy with the sponsorship of Duhamel. Louis Vogel, former front-runner candidate who retracted his candidacy to protest against the governance process in Sciences Po, stated that an institution that want to have a place in the academic national and international environment cannot achieve such a thing without having an academic ("universitaire", a researcher and lecturer coming from the universités as opposed to the grandes écoles) at its head.

Mion's intention to pursue Sciences Po's development as a "selective university of international standing" is detailed in the policy paper "Sciences Po 2022", published in the spring of 2014. The restructuring of Master's study into graduate schools continued with the creation of the School of Public Affairs and the Urban School in 2015 and the School of Management and Innovation in 2016.

In early 2016, Sciences Po updated its governance structure, adopting new statutes for its two constituent bodies: the Fondation nationale des sciences politiques (FNSP) and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (IEP). This reform is "the most significant since 1945" and clarifies Sciences Po's governance with new rules, which address observations made by the Cour des comptes in a 2012 report.

In late 2016, Sciences Po acquired a new site, the Hôtel de l'Artillerie in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, which it intends to make the new heart of its urban campus and a site of "educational renewal".

In April 2018, Sciences Po students blocked the main entrance to the school in protest against Macron's education reforms which gives public universities the power to set admission criteria and rank applicants.

2021: Crisis of governance and reputation

In 2021, Sciences Po was hit by the Duhamel scandal, a sexual violence scandal one and a succession crisis. Olivier Duhamel, director of the National Foundation of Sciences Po, Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po, and other members of the board of these institutions resigned. It led to appeals to a reform of the governance of Sciences Po. Instead, Sciences Po faced "ultimate attempts of a generation to maintain control of the designation of a successor for Duhamel". This process further tarnished the reputation of Sciences Po.

Bénédicte Durand, interim administrator of Sciences Po, published in L’Express an op-ed stating that Sciences Po is facing "one of the most painful crisis of (the) history" of Sciences Po. She criticized the fact that the school has become the "target" of a "witch hunt" and is held responsible for "all the woes of the society" without "intellectual honesty", she let the "hate-mongers" know that Sciences Po will survive this crisis in spite of the "threats".

Campuses

Sciences Po has seven campuses in France, with each specialising in different regions of the globe. According to the Sciences Po brochure, every May, at the end of the academic year, all seven campuses come together for the inter-campus Collegiades de SciencesPo tournament, also known as the MiniCrit. At the tournament, students represent each campus and compete against one another in arts and athletic competitions. Different events include athletic games such as volleyball and football, as well as artistic competitions such as music and dance.

Paris campus

The Paris campus is spread across several buildings concentrated around the Boulevard Saint-Germain in the 6th and 7th arrondissements. The historic centre of Sciences Po at 27 rue Saint-Guillaume houses the head office and central library since 1879. It is also home to Sciences Po's two largest teaching halls, the Amphitheatres Émile Boutmy and Jacques Chapsal. Other buildings include:

• 117, boulevard Saint-Germain: School of Journalism
• 199, boulevard Saint-Germain: Doctoral School
• 174 and 224, boulevard Saint-Germain: offices and classrooms
• 13, rue de l'Université / The René Rémond building: Law School and administrative offices
• 8, rue Jean-Sébastien-Bach: Urban School
• 28, rue des Saints-Pères: Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA)
• 56, rue des Saints-Pères: Language Lab, audiovisual service and a cartography workshop.
• 56, rue Jacob: Research Center for History (Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po) and International Relations (Centre d'études et de recherches internationales)

The Paris campus enrolls about 3,000 undergraduate students, almost a third of whom are international exchange students.

Sciences Po purchased in 2016 the Hôtel de l’Artillerie, a 17th-century former monastery of 14,000 m located 200 meters from its campus on rue Saint-Guillaume, from the French Ministry of Defense and will refurbish the building for a total cost of around 200 million euros in total (estimation). The new facility will be for the graduate programs and will open in 2022. It will provide social housing for 50 to 100 students with need-based aid from the State.

Dijon campus

Located in the region of Burgundy in a 19th-century building, the Dijon campus was created in 2001 and now welcomes around 160 students.

Le Havre campus

Located on the coast of Normandy, Le Havre has hosted the undergraduate Euro-Asian campus since 2007. The campus welcomes 300 students each year. With a choice between 3 majors, including economics and society, politics and government and political humanities, students primarily choose to spend their third year abroad in an Asian country. Furthermore, Le Havre is home to several Dual Degree programs, and welcomes international students from over thirty countries from all around the world. According the Sciences Po brochure, Le Havre campus has a vibrant campus culture, upholding numerous artistic and sports clubs and celebrating important Asian holidays, such as Diwali and Chinese New Year. Being situated only two hours away from Paris, the students of this campus would be especially fortunate to benefit from guest speakers and professors coming from the capital.

Menton campus

Established in the French Riviera city of Menton in 2005, the campus is located in an entirely renovated 19th-century building overlooking the Mediterranean. According to the Sciences Po brochure, Menton is home to the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean focus branch of Sciences Po and welcomes 300 students each year. Students study in one of two tracks (anglophone/francophone) and may take one of three core Oriental languages (Arabic, Farsi, or Turkish) and an additional concentration language (Italian or Hebrew) if they are fluent in their core language. The third mandatory year abroad is spent in the Middle East or elsewhere.

Nancy campus

Established in the region of Lorraine in 2000, the Nancy campus is located in a prestigious 18th century heritage site, the Hôtel des Missions Royales. The curriculum is taught in French, English and German, as it focuses on the European Union and French-German relations. The campus welcomes over 300 students each year.

Poitiers campus

Opened in 2010, the campus is located in the heart of the historic city of Poitiers in the Hôtel Chaboureau, a renovated building dating from the 15th century. The academic programme is focused on Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. The campus welcomes about 200 students.

Reims campus

The Reims campus opened in September 2010. It is housed in the 17th century College des Jesuits. Despite being the most recent campus, it is the largest of the regional campuses of Sciences Po, welcoming over 1,600 undergraduate students each year. The Reims campus hosts both the Europe-North America program and the Europe-Africa Program as well as an exchange program.

In autumn 2017, a new section of the campus, complete with a new cafeteria and amphitheatre was opened to accommodate more students.

Education

The academic bodies of Sciences Po consist of the Undergraduate College, six professional schools, and the Doctoral School.

Undergraduate level

The Sciences Po Undergraduate College offers a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree with a multidisciplinary foundation in the humanities and social sciences with emphasis on civic, linguistic, artistic, and digital training.

On all campuses, students choose a multidisciplinary major – Politics & Government, Economies & Societies, or Political Humanities. In addition, each campus offers a different regional specialism which anchors students' intellectual objectives, the regions are: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East-Mediterranean, and North America.

Sciences Po offers dual bachelor's degrees with Columbia University, Keio University, University College London, Freie Universität Berlin, University of British Columbia, the University of Sydney, the National University of Singapore, the University of Hong Kong, University of California Berkeley.

The current dean of the Undergraduate College is Stéphanie Balme.

In 2019, 11,123 students applied to the Undergraduate College across all three admissions pathways (the exam procedure, the Equal Opportunity Programme, and the international procedure). 1,904 students were accepted, for an admission rate of 18%.

Graduate level

At the graduate level, Sciences Po's seven schools offer one- and two-year Master's programmes and PhD programmes. All graduate programmes are delivered on the Sciences Po campus in Paris. Sciences Po also hosts dual Master's programmes with international partners. Students enrolled in these dual degree programmes spend one year at Sciences Po in Paris and one year at the partner university.

Schools

The Undergraduate College (Collège universitaire) is the home of all undergraduate students. At the graduate level, there are seven professional schools:

• School of Public Affairs
• Paris School of International Affairs
• Sciences Po Law School
• Urban School
• School of Management and Innovation
• School of Journalism
• Doctoral School

The Doctoral School offers Master and PhD programmes in law, economics, history, political science, or sociology. The PhD programme contains roughly 600 doctoral candidates.

Research

Research at Sciences Po covers economics, law, history, sociology and political science, while also taking in interdisciplinary topics such as cities, political ecology, sustainable development, socio-economics and globalization.

Sciences Po is home to a research community that includes over 200 researchers and 350 PhD candidates. In 2015, 32% of the university's budget was devoted to research. That year, 65% of its research publications were in French, 32% in English and 3% in other languages.

The university has research centers, seven of which are affiliated with France's National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).

• Center for Socio-Political Data (CDSP), which provides scientifically-validated data for international survey programs. It also supports training in data collection and analysis.
• Centre for European Studies and Comparative Politics (CEE), which focuses on inter-disciplinary European studies; participation, democracy and government; election analyses; the restructuring of the state and public action.
• Centre for International Studies (CERI), which produces comparative and historical analysis on foreign societies, international relations, and political, social and economic phenomena.
• Centre for Political Research (CEVIPOF), which investigates political attitudes, behaviour and parties, as well as political thought and the history of ideas.
• Centre for History (CHSP), whose research focuses on: arts, knowledge and culture; wars, conflicts and violence; states, institutions and societies; the political and cultural history of contemporary France; from local to global; international history and its levels.
• Centre for the Sociology of Organisations (CSO), which conducts research on the sociology of organisations, sociology of public policy, and economic sociology. It also studies issues related to higher education and research, healthcare, sustainable development, the evolution of firms, and the transformation of the state.
• Center for Studies in Social Change (OSC), which conducts research on topics such as urban, school and gender inequalities, stratification and social mobility, and ethno-racial or social segregation.
• Department of Economics, which investigates areas such as labour markets, international economics, political economy, microeconomics and development.
• Law School, whose research focuses on globalisation, legal cultures and the economics of law. It has also produced work on the theory and history of law, public and private international law and intellectual property.
• Médialab, which studies the way data generated by new information technologies is produced, circulated and exploited.
• The French Economic Observatory (OFCE), which is both a research centre and an independent economic forecasting body. Its stated mission is to "ensure that the fruits of scientific rigour and academic independence serve the public debate about the economy".

In addition to these research units, the university has recently established three major research programs – the LIEPP, DIME-SHS and MaxPo.

• The Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'Evaluation des Politiques Publiques (LIEPP) analyzes public policy based on qualitative, comparative, and quantitative methods. The laboratory has been selected by an international scientific jury as a "Laboratoire d'Excellence" (Labex) that will be financed for the next ten years by the French government.
• Données Infrastructures et Méthodes d'Enquête en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (DIME-SHS) aims to collect and disseminate data for use in humanities and social sciences research.
• The Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (known as MaxPo), was founded in 2012 in co-operation with the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG). It investigates how individuals, organizations, and nation-states deal with various forms of economic and social instability. It is located at Sciences Po's Paris campus.

Library and publishing

Founded in 1871, the nucleus of the school's research is the Bibliothèque de Sciences Po. The library offers a collection of more than 950,000 titles in the field of social sciences.

In 1982, the Ministry of National Education made the Bibliothèque the Centre for Acquisition and Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Information in the field of political science, and since 1994, it has been the antenna associated with the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. The Bibliothèque de Sciences Po is also the main French partner in the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, which is based at the London School of Economics.

Founded in the 1950s, Presses de Sciences Po is the publishing house of Sciences Po. It publishes academic works related to the social sciences.

Public lectures

Sciences Po organizes public lecture events. Recent guest speakers have included Ban Ki-moon, General David Petraeus, Condoleezza Rice, former President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Eric Schmidt, Joseph Stiglitz, Sheryl Sandberg, Mario Draghi, UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova and Harvard University professor Michael Sandel.

Since 2007 it has organized the Franco-British Dialogue Lecture Series in collaboration with the LSE and the French Embassy in London. The lectures are held every term at the LSE's European Institute.

Rankings and reputation

Rankings

In rankings based on English-speaking publications, QS Rankings and Times Higher Education, Sciences Po is globally ranked 242 and 401–500. It was ranked 2nd globally in Politics in the QS World University Subjects Rankings 2020, whereas it is ranked 62nd in social sciences by Times Higher Education.

Reputation and criticism

Sciences Po has been often described as an elite institution. To fight against this reputation, in recent years, Sciences Po launched in 2001 an "Equal Opportunity Programme", so that young people from working class families represent, in 2013, 9% of students. According to Le Monde, this move explains why the general level of Sciences Po's students is declining, but a lecturer in the school stated that the reason is more the desire to attract international students and therefore the need to mark more leniently: all marks are harmonized so that the average mark would always be the same.

The school has been criticised by Peter Gumbel, along with the École nationale d'administration, and “Grandes Écoles" in general as "elite colleges, devised by Napoleon two centuries ago and re-invented after the Second World War – have become a machine for perpetuating a brilliant but blinkered, often arrogant and frequently incompetent ruling freemasonry". The academic Gilles Devers criticized the institution for being the "base of the conservatism, and the mold of the molluscs that make the public elite" where "dissenting ideas are only admitted if they strengthen the system".

Critics have accused Sciences Po of prioritizing access to professional networks over education and expertise. As a result, the school is often nicknamed "Sciences Pipeau" (pronounced and sometimes spelled "Sciences Pipo", "pipeau" meaning "scam" in colloquial French). This nickname has also been employed by students. The sociologist Nicolas Jounin, alumnus of Sciences Po, stated in a tribune that the school is a "financial hold-up" and asked the question if it is an "intellectual imposture". The journalist at France Culture Guillaume Erner stated that the institution is "only advertisement and artifice".

Sciences Po has also been accused of being unduly helped by the media. "Almost every French newspaper is run by an alumnus of Sciences Po", and most of the journalists in France are alumni from Science Po, so it would give the school "an unparalleled media coverage" and permit it to "cultivate a culture of secrecy" about its internal affairs. "Sciences-Po is under-criticized," analyzes a professor. Former students are unlikely to criticize it. "Those who teach there have no interest, and not necessarily the urge, to do so. Those who are not there can hope to be there one day." The journalist Ariane Chemin stated in 2013 that, because so many journalists come from Sciences Po, the school has an unduly good public reputation.

The institution is partly state-funded, and some, especially institutes of political studies in the provinces, have accused it of receiving a disproportionate share of public money. In 2012, for example, Sciences Po Lille student representatives called Sciences Po (Paris) the "coronation of State inequity".

Controversies

Governance controversies

Sciences Po is funded in big part by public money but is governed as a private organization. It have been described by Alain Garigou as governed from 1872 to 2013 in compliance the "discreet rules of the bourgeoisie".

In 2013, the process of designation of a successor for Richard Descoings has been openly criticized. Louis Vogel, professor of Law, former president of the Society of Presidents of University, of Paris 2 University and of Sorbonne University and Sciences Po alumnus, had announced its candidacy based on bringing the school closer to the universités in a new international environment. He was presented as the front-runner as his profile and experience matched the best the advertised job profile. Louis Vogel was one of the three preselected candidacies but ended up retracting its candidacy before the final choice. He stated that the pre-selection also chose candidates who did not fit with the job profile, showed that the real desired profile was else, and that he did not want to endorse with his candidacy a process that is in opposition with his convictions. He further stated that Sciences Po "is sending a bad signal" and that they will have to solve their issue internally. The student vice-president of the executive board said that this decision is a "disavowal" for the research committee of Sciences Po. Two other candidates publicly criticized the process. In the end, Frédéric Mion made a last minute candidacy with a light application of 9 pages and was chosen with the sponsorship of Olivier Duhamel.

In 2021, after the Duhamel scandal, and the resignations of Olivier Duhamel and Frédéric Mion, the process for the designation of the new head of the National Foundation, a new board of the Foundation and a new head the Institute (Sciences Po itself) was heated and largely criticized. The press talked about a "bad soap" filled with "low blows", and alumni and academics talked about a "grotesque" "parody of democracy" According to Challenges, people close to Duhamel who are still members of the board of the National Foundation and who will be leaving are creating ad hoc committees, outside of the status of the Foundation, to process to votes in which they have a preponderant voice to choose in advance who can be candidate to become the head and the new members of the board, who will select afterwards the director of Sciences Po itself. After several votes which have been criticized for their lack of due process, Laurence Bertrand has been pre-selected to become the new head of the Foundation. Another candidate judged the legitimity of the process "hardly credible". A third candidate published an op-ed in Le Monde exposing the details of what he called a "tragicomedy".

Duhamel scandal

Camille Kouchner, daughter of Bernard Kouchner, published a book in which she wrote that her step-father Olivier Duhamel, at that time president of the Foundation of Sciences Po which was the "heart of power" for 30 years, was sexually abusing his step-son for two years during his childhood. She denounced the "microcosm of powerful people, Saint-Germain-des-Prés" (headquarters of Sciences Po) who "knew" according to her, but acted "like nothing happened". Newspapers further unearthed a series of controversial attitudes toward the sexuality of minors. It led to a series of investigations on the environment of Duhamel at Sciences Po and on the way they dealt with these abuses.

The scandal "shook" Sciences Po (Le Monde) and put it into turmoil (France Culture). The scandal was compared to a "bomb" launched on Sciences Po (Le Figaro), to an "unpinned grenade throwned on Sciences Po" (Le Temps and Courrier International) and to a "shockwave" on Sciences Po (The Times, La Croix etc.). Frederic Mion had been alerted, in particular by Aurélie Filippetti in 2019, former Ministry of Culture, of the situation but a "law of silence" had been put in place in the family regarding this. Mion declared he thought he was "rumour" and that he should have taken the issue more seriously. He told Le Monde: "I let myself be fooled". According to Le Temps, a group of lecturers, some of them since 2008, knew these allegations, and didn't break the silence, justifying themselves by the possible prescriptive period or that these facts were part of the "familial saga" in a hedonist context and "complex parents-children relations" in the 1970s.

It led to a series of resignations at Sciences Po. After the resignation of Duhamel himself, students and public figures asked for the resignation of Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po, before and after he refused to do so. Mion, who was chosen by Duhamel as director of Sciences Po with a salary of 200,000 euros in controversial circumstances, said he acknowledged "errors in judgment in handling of the allegations", and after a continuous pressure to do so, he resigned in the end. It later appeared that he lied to the inspectors to protect at least 6 other people inside Sciences Po. Marc Guillaume, former secretary of state and current prefect of the Paris region resigned from the National foundation of Sciences Po.

Through Sciences Po, Duhamel had a large "network of influence" in politics, newspapers, TV channels, finance, etc. and therefore the scandal attained many people because of their link with the institution. Their role in protecting this intellectual environment has been questioned. Duhamel's power has extented to Emmanuel Macron and Édouard Philippe (former Prime Minister), both Sciences Po alumni, and both are trying to distance themselves from the "Dumahel case". Elisabeth Guigou, former minister of Justice, resigned from the national commission on incest.

The scandal also has put into light the power of the Foundation of Sciences Po, less well known than Sciences Po itself but "at the heart of strategical decisions since 1945", and that the FNSP and Sciences Po are "untouchable with the power of their network".

Following the Duhamel scandal, Sciences Po issued a statement condemning "all forms of sexualized violence" and declaring "its shock and astonishment". It also stated: “The fight against sexual and gender-based violence is at the heart of our institution’s core values and actions.”

Sexual violence

It was revealed, after his death, that Richard Descoing, head of the school from 1997 to 2012, had sex with students. and made no case of Dominique Strauss-Kahn's habit of "seducing" young students. Descoing also has been accused of sending burning messages to students, but no further inquiry was made. Descoing had a controversial night life and relation to drugs, and was found dead in a hotel in suspicious circumstances. After the New York v. Strauss-Kahn case, DSK had to stop giving lectures at Sciences Po. He admitted orgies with young women but had denied any violence.

In February 2021, hundreds of students and former students shared on Twitter allegations of rape or sexual abuse at several Instituts d'études politiques, and claimed that despite denunciations of victims, "colleagues and staff unwilling to take their complaints seriously". A hashtag #SciencesPorcs ("Sciences Pigs", similar to the French #Meetoo hashtag #Balancetonporcs) has been widely used to do so.

Among many op-eds dealing with the 2021 crisis at Sciences Po, two male alumni published in L’Express an op-ed specific to the sexual violence scandal, stating their disagreement with the "caricature" that is made of Sciences Po, which would be the object of "passions, sometimes irrational ones" in the public "imaginary" because of the elite status they say the institute has; they assured there is no systemic problem regarding sexual violence in Sciences Po.

Race and social issues

Many students and some members of the French Parliament have expressed concern about the enforcement of racialism in Sciences Po.

Other students have created the association "Being Black at Sciences Po" to denounce open racism toward people of African descent by staff and students in the Reims and Mention campuses.

The institution has been accused by two members of Parliament, in particular Annie Genevard, to give additional points to students using the controversial écriture inclusive. Sciences Po has denied this claim and it has been widely reported as fake news, but Le Figaro news have found the information to be true and some media have taken back their assessment of this information as being fake news.

Financial scandals

Alain Lancelot, director of Sciences Po from 1987 to 1996, was investigated for financial mismanagement by the French Court of Audit.

Since 1997, the institution has been hit by a number of scandals, notably concerning the leadership of Richard Descoings, its director from 1997 to 2012.

Descoings, director from 1997 to 2012, had been criticized for offering large sums of money (through salary rise, free accommodation, etc.) to diverse members of staff, including his wife, in spite of the fact that Sciences Po is partly stately funded.

In February 2012, it was revealed that an inspector of the French Court of Audit, in charge of investigating the financial behaviour of Sciences Po, was at the same time employed by Sciences Po.

On 3 April 2012, Descoings was found dead in his Manhattan luxury hotel room during a trip where he was representing Sciences Po in New York. The police initially concluded that his death had been caused by an overdose, but the final coronary report eventually stated that he died a natural death. Descoings' energy on this last day and the missing phones and computer have raised questions as to the precise circumstances of his death.

In October 2012, the Court of Audit reprimanded Sciences Po for financial mismanagement, accusing it of opaque remuneration procedures, unwarranted expenses claims and excessive pay-rises for managers. The Court noted that the university's complex legal status – a public university managed by a private trust – had contributed to dysfunction and waste. It also criticized the French government for increasing state funding for the university without insisting on additional public oversight. Sciences Po has also been accused to prevail results over morals.

In November 2012, the government dismissed Hervé Crès [fr], Sciences Po's interim director, but he sought the school's permanent directorship all the same, reasoning that Alain Lancelot and Richard Descoings, former Sciences Po directors, had also been reprimanded by the Court of Audit and yet performed well in their management of the school.

In July 2015, Jean-Claude Casanova, the former president of the Foundation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, the private trust which manages Sciences Po, was fined €1500 for failing to properly consult the Foundation's Administrative Council over budgeting decisions involving public money. The Court of Financial and Budgetary Discipline eventually found Casanova guilty, but gave him a lenient sentence because the procedures had some part of regularity and because it was not customary in Sciences Po to follow all the financial rules.

In February 2016, the Court of Audit noted that reforms had been made, but stated that greater transparency was still needed. Frédéric Mion, director of Sciences Po since 2013, defended the university's record and asked the judges to write their report again.

Access to the Bar and creation of a "law school"

Originally, only the master's degree in law ("maîtrise en droit") delivered by universités (as opposed to Grandes écoles like Sciences Po) was giving access to the legal profession. As soon as 2004, fearing for the access to the bar and legal professions to be open to institutions that are not law schools, 54 professors of law signed a long text in the 'Recueil Dalloz' (major French legal journal), called "The Fight for the Law". They pointed out in particular the problem of the quality of the knowledge of legal professionals and of their deontology, should it be otherwise. They managed to have the education in law to have a special place in the French Code of Education. The move was co-led by Guillaume Drago, professor at University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas, and François Gaudu, professor at University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.

In 2007, however, a governmental decree authorized Sciences Po students to pass the Bar exam, providing they take a master's degree with the mention "law". Academics in law labelled such a move as a "coup" and created an online petition called "call against the questioning of the utility of legal studies in the education of lawyers" ("appel contre la remise en cause de l'utilité des études juridiques dans la formation des avocats"). 445 academics publicly signed the petition, which is 15% of all French academics in law. The unity of the French academic body was noted: left- and right-wing professors, professors from Paris and outside Paris, in public law or private law... were in favor of the move. Students’ unions supported it. These critics said that it would not be a problem if Sciences Po was offering 8 semesters of law, as required as a general rule, to access to the bar. However, Sciences Po would be offering only general courses in social sciences with only a "sprinkling of law" in the masters programs. That would not be enough to become a barrister (avocat) and would put into question the utility of the law to become one. It would be creating barristers with a cheap education in law and would be detrimental, in particular, for the citizens who would take the services of barristers who did not have a proper education in law.

In 2009, Sciences Po created the "Sciences Po Law School", in a new meaning for France for the phrase (see the disambiguation page, third meaning). In 2008, partly as an answer to the announcement of the creation of a "law school" in this new meaning in Sciences Po, University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas and then many universités created a "law college" (undergraduate level) and then a "law school" (graduate level) on top of its faculty of law to attract top students in France (see the disambiguation page, second meaning). Several universities followed this model, and created these highly selective schools.

Miscellaneous

Sciences Po has been criticized for the abuse of the title of "professor" from their adjunct lecturers. Only 7% of the teaching body have permanent employment. People lecturing only a few hours call themselves "professor at Sciences Po". It would create an artificial advertisement, both for Sciences Po advertising on a prestigious "staff" and for politicians and journalists linking themselves to this prestigious network.

Notable people

Former students (graduates and university diploma)

This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

It has been customary to graduate in Sciences Po in addition to a law school or a grande école in Paris, therefore many of these graduates are also graduates of the latter. Most the alumni network is composed of students who received lectures in Sciences in addition to another studies.

In 2016, 55 000 alumni were declared by the association Sciences Po Alumni. Some of them are notable, for instance for their role in politics or business.

Politics

Six of the eight presidents of the French Fifth Republic have attended Sciences Po, including Georges Pompidou (in addition to the École normale supérieure), François Mitterrand (in addition to the Paris Law Faculty), Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy (who did not graduate; in addition to the law school of Paris Nanterre University), François Hollande (in addition of HEC and Paris II), and Emmanuel Macron, as well as acting president Alain Poher (in addition to Mines ParisTech).

According to a study published in Le Monde in 2017, 14% (81 of the 577) of French members of parliament elected the same year were Sciences Po graduates, the most represented university in the National Assembly. The French Castex government includes a number of Sciences Po graduates, including Florence Parly, Bruno Le Maire, and Jean-Michel Blanquer.

International organisations and diplomacy

Diplomats and actors in international organisations were also students at Sciences Po, including Simone Veil (in addition to the Paris Law School), former President of the European Parliament; Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former UN Secretary General; Pascal Lamy, former Director-General of the World Trade Organisation; Michel Camdessus and Dominique Strauss-Kahn, former presidents of the International Monetary Fund; Jean-Claude Trichet, former President of the European Central Bank.

Senior French diplomats including François Delattre (currently Permanent Representative of France to the UN), Gérard Araud (former ambassador to the USA), Sylvie Bermann (currently ambassador to Russia), Bernard Émié (currently Director of the DGSE), Jean-Maurice Ripert (currently ambassador to China) and Maurice Gourdault-Montagne (currently ambassador to China) are also alumni.

Business and finance

Among the alumni are CEOs of France's forty largest companies (CAC 40) (Frédéric Oudéa of banking group Société Générale, Michel Bon of France Télécom and Carrefour, Jean-Cyril Spinetta of Air France, Serge Weinberg of PPR, Gérard Mestrallet of Suez, Philippe Camus of Alcatel-Lucent, Bertrand Puech of the Hermès Group, Louis Schweitzer of Renault, Jean-Marc Espalioux, CEO of Accor ).

Alumni in the financial sector include private sector bankers such as the founder of Rothschild & Co David René de Rothschild, CEO of Lazard Italy Gerardo Braggiotti , the CFO of Morgan Stanley Europe Jean-Hugues Bittner, former chairman and CEO of Lazard Michel David-Weill, the Director of Credit Suisse World, Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of TradingScreen Philippe Buhannic, former Chief Economist for Latin America at BBVA Javier Santiso, the Chairman of Credit Suisse Europe Jean-François Roussely , Global Head of M&A of Lazard Matthieu Pigasse and CEO of Lazard France Jean-Louis Girodolle among others. Public sector alumni also include the former President of the European Central Bank and Governor of the Bank of France Jean-Claude Trichet, the former head of the European Federation of Businesses, Industries and Employers and head of the French Businesses and Employers Union Laurence Parisot, among others.

Literature and arts

Influential cultural figures, such as the writer Marcel Proust (in addition to the Paris Law School), the founder of the modern olympics Pierre de Coubertin, fashion designer Christian Dior, author Leïla Slimani, author Emmanuel Carrère, Harvard University Professor Stanley Hoffman, former Le Monde editor Jean-Marie Colombani also graduated from Sciences Po.

Teaching staff

Sciences Po recruits many former or current professionals to teach courses as temporary adjunct lecturers. 7% of the teaching body are permanent members.

Permanent members

The philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour has been teaching at Sciences Po since 2006. Emmanuel Gaillard also teaches at the Law School.

Past temporary lecturers

High ranking civil servants have given lectures in the past alongside their daily job, at the beginning of the evening: former French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, former WTO director-general Pascal Lamy, former French President Francois Hollande, former French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, former French foreign minister Hubert Védrine, noted historian Pierre Milza, Nobel Prize Laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz, and former Economics Minister and Ex-Managing Director of IMF Dominique Strauss-Kahn. The Sciences Po Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) was founded by former Lebanese Minister of Culture Ghassan Salamé, who was succeeded by former Italian Prime Minister Enrico Letta, economist Yann Algan and former French Minister of Culture Aurélie Filippetti.

Over 20 other international politicians have been given talks at Sciences Po. This number includes Chandrika Kumaratunga, President of Sri Lanka; Sir Austen Chamberlain, British Foreign Secretary and 1925 Nobel Peace Prize laureate; Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada; Prince Rainier III of Monaco; Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of Luxembourg; Esko Aho, Prime Minister of Finland; Salomé Zourabichvili, President of Georgia; José Socrates, Prime Minister of Portugal.

Directors

National foundation of Sciences Po (FNSP)

• ...-2021 : Olivier Duhamel
• 2021-... : Louis Schweitzer (interim)

Sciences Po

• 1945–47 : Roger Seydoux
• 1947–79 : Jacques Chapsal
• 1979–87 : Michel Gentot
• 1987–96: Alain Lancelot
• 1997–2012: Richard Descoings
• 2012: Hervé Crès (interim)
• 2012–13: Jean Gaeremynck (interim)
• 2013–2021: Frédéric Mion

See also

• Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs
• École nationale d'administration
• Grandes écoles
• Grands établissements
• Instituts d'études politiques
• Paris School of International Affairs

References and notes

Notes

1. "Sciences Po rejoint la Conférence des grandes écoles".
2. "Les membres de Couperin", Couperin.org (in French), Paris, retrieved 12 July 2018
3. "Emile Boutmy, l'inventeur de Sciences Po, modèle du défunt Richard Descoings". L'Obs.
4. "Disciplinary and Multidisciplinary knowledge | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 10 February 2017.
5. ^ "Sciences Po 1945–1979" Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po Archived 12 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine
6. Nord, Philip (2002). The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780199256464. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
7. LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895–1995. Oxford University Press. 1 June 1995. p. 73. ISBN 9780198202400. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
8. "Former une élite coloniale à l'aube du XXe siècle | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires". dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
9. "1886-1887 : Programme de l'Ecole libre des sciences politiques : Ecole libre des sciences politiques (Paris) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
10. "Une vision libérale de la colonisation | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires". dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
11. "Former une élite coloniale à l'aube du XXe siècle | SciencesPo - Dossiers documentaires". dossiers-bibliotheque.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
12. ^ Paris, Sciences Po, FNSP 27 rue Saint Guillaume 75007. "Home". Sciences Po Stories.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
13. "Reform of the civil service". Archived from the original on 13 August 2015.
14. Nord, Philip (2002). The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780199256464.
15. Nord, Philip (2002). The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780199256464.
16. Devine, Summerfield (1998). International Dictionary of University Histories. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 9781134262175. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
17. "Le statut juridique de Sciences Po: la dualité FNSP et IEP de Paris" Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po
18. Nord, Philip (2002). The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France: Essays in Honour of Vincent Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780199256464.
19. ^ "Sciences Po, cœur du pouvoir d'Olivier Duhamel". 8 January 2021 – via Le Monde.
20. Noack, Rick (29 October 2014). "7 countries where Americans can study at universities, in English, for free (or almost free)". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
21. "Sciences Po ― an elite institution's introspection on its power, position and worth in French society" NYU Department of Journalism, 9 September 2003.
22. Kahlenberg, Richard D. (13 September 2011). "An Affirmative-Action Success". The Chronicle of Higher Education Blogs: Innovations. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
23. "In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More". The New York Times. 4 September 2011. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
24. Maillard, Benoît Floc'h et Matteo (16 January 2015). "Sciences Po Paris : 64% des admis viennent de province". Le Monde (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
25. Lindgaard, Jade. "Sciences-Po: bienvenue à la Cour du roi Richard!". Mediapart.
26. Lindgaard, Jade. "Sciences-Po: un "new management" version "management de la peur"". Mediapart.
27. "Sciences Po: la Cour des comptes accable Descoigns". 8 October 2012.
28. Brafman, Nathalie (2 March 2013). "Un pur produit de l'élite française pour Sciences Po". Le Monde (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
29. Lefilliâtre, Jérôme. "Guillaume, Mion, Duhamel : Sciences-Po, le pouvoir des trois". Libération.
30. Sciences Po: "J'aurai beau tout faire, je ne serai jamais énarque ou normalien", explique Louis Vogel
31. "Sciences Po ouvre une "École des affaires publiques"". Le Figaro Etudiant (in French). Retrieved 21 June 2017.
32. magazine, Le Point (3 October 2016). "Sciences Po va ouvrir son "école du management et de l'innovation"". Le Point (in French). Retrieved 21 June 2017.
33. Décret n° 2015-1829 du 29 décembre 2015 portant approbation des statuts de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 29 December 2015, retrieved 21 June 2017
34. "L'hôtel de l'Artillerie va accueillir le futur campus de Sciences-po". Le Parisien. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
35. "Paris: French students blockade prestigious Sciences Po university". 18 April 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
36. "Affaire Duhamel: l'urgence de réformer la gouvernance de Sciences Po Paris". Challenges.
37. Sciences Po s’enlise dans la crise de succession
38. Sciences Po: une historienne de l’art pour remplacer Duhamel
39. Sciences Po : n'en déplaise aux semeurs de haine
40. "Collégiades : 7 campus en compétition | Sciences Po Collège universitaire". SciencesPo.fr. 7 June 2017.
41. "Our campuses". Sciences Po. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
42. "Le campus". Sciences Po and University of Toronto. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
43. "Paris campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 24 February 2017.
44. "/ L'Hôtel de l'Artillerie – Sciences Po". sciencespo.fr.
45. "Sciences Po achète l'Hôtel de l'Artillerie pour créer un campus dans Paris » VousNousIls". 17 June 2016.
46. "Paris Promeneurs – L'hôtel de l'Artillerie Futur campus de Sciences Po". paris-promeneurs.com.
47. "Sciences Po se dote d'un grand campus au cœur de Paris". Les Échos. France. 17 June 2016.
48. "L'hôtel de l'Artillerie, future vitrine pédagogique de Sciences po Paris". www.letudiant.fr.
49. "Dijon campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 24 February 2017.
50. "Le Havre campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 24 February 2017.
51. "Menton campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 24 February 2017.
52. "Nancy campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 23 February 2017.
53. "Poitiers campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 24 February 2017.
54. "Reims campus | Sciences Po Undergraduate College". 24 February 2017.
55. ^ "Undergraduate Studies". Sciences Po.
56. "2019 Admissions Report: A Record Number of Applications". Sciences Po.
57. "Graduate Studies". Sciences Po.
58. "Graduate Studies at Sciences Po". Sciences Po. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
59. "Home – Sciences Po Research". sciencespo.fr. 3 December 2014.
60. "Research at Sciences Po in 2015". Issuu.
61. ^ "Research Centers – Sciences Po Research". sciencespo.fr. 20 June 2014.
62. INA. "Médialab de Sciences Po : cartographier le web pour les sciences sociales / E-dossier de l'audiovisuel : sciences humaines et sociales et patrimoine numérique / E-dossiers de l'audiovisuel / Publications / INA Expert – Accueil – Ina". ina-expert.com.
63. "OFCE About..." ofce.sciences-po.fr.
64. "Research Units – Sciences Po Research". sciencespo.fr. 10 March 2015.
65. "Page d'accueil – Sciences Po liepp". sciencespo.fr.
66. "What is LIEPP? – Sciences Po liepp". sciencespo.fr. 23 September 2014.
67. "Page d'accueil – Sciences Po dime-shs". sciencespo.fr.
68. "MaxPo – About the Center". maxpo.eu.
69. "Cross-cutting Programmes – Sciences Po Research". sciencespo.fr. 6 October 2014.
70. "Sciences Po Paris Overview: Introducing Sciences Po" Sciences Po Website, 2001.
71. "IBSS Boosts Coverage of French Social Science Journals", IBSS, 2005.
72. "Presses de Sciences Po", Sciences Po Website, 21 October 2004.
73. "Sciences Po: France's Leading University in the Social Sciences".
74. "Justice: A lecture and discussion with Harvard Professor Michael J. Sandel – Sciences Po School of Public Affairs". sciencespo.fr. 6 April 2016.
75. "Irina Bokova – Guest speaker at PSIA – Sciences Po psia". sciencespo.fr. 7 April 2015.
76. Haas, Annette. "LSE and Sciences Po – Academic partners – Academic Partnerships – Services and divisions – Staff and students – Home". London School of Economics.
77. Lane, Philippe (8 July 2011). Franco-British Academic Partnerships: The Next Chapter (1 ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9781781386569. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
78. "Sciences Po". Top Universities. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
79. Conley, Marjorie (9 September 2003). "Sciences Po ― an elite institution's introspection on its power, position and worth in French society". Portfolio, The Journalism of Ideas. New York University. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
80. Koh, Aaron (2016). Elite Schools: Multiple Geographies of Privilege. New York; Oxon: Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 978-1--138-77940-2.
81. Guttenplan, D.D. (4 May 2001). "In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
82. "In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More". The New York Times. 4 September 2011. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
83. Cote, James E.; Furlong, Andy (3 June 2016). Routledge Handbook of the Sociology of Higher Education. Routledge. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-317-67777-2.
84. https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2021/03/31/democratiser-le-recrutement-sans-renoncer-a-l-elitisme-la-difficile-ligne-de-crete-des-sciences-po_6075124_1473685.html
85. Lichfield, John (17 May 2013). "Liberte, inegalite, fraternite: Is French elitism holding the country back?". The Independent. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
86. "Sciences-Pipeau : Plus rentable que de braquer une banque ! – Actualités du droit". lesactualitesdudroit.20minutes-blogs.fr.
87. BEAUVAIS, Anne-Sophie; CAUCHY, Pascal (19 January 2017). Sciences Po pour les Nuls. edi8. ISBN 9782412024003 – via Google Books.
88. "L'école de l'élite : Sciences Pipo ? du 05 mars 2013 - France Inter". www.franceinter.fr.
89. "pipeau – Traduction en anglais – exemples français – Reverso Context". context2.reverso.net.
90. Tabellion, Elsa (21 March 2017). "Sciences Po déçoit-il ses élèves de 1ere année ?". Le Monde.
91. Fabre, Benjamin (6 April 2015). L'art de pipoter: Se faire des amis et triompher en société : mode d'emploi. Éditions Tut-tut. ISBN 9782367040745 – via Google Books.
92. Brunel, Manuel de guérilla à l'usage des femmes, p. 29.
93. figaro, le. "Mon avis sur Sciences Po : "On en sait un peu sur tout, mais on ne sera jamais expert"". Le Figaro Etudiant.
94. Nicolas Jounin, in Il est temps d'en finir avec Sciences Po !
95. "Les comptes de Sciences Pipo". 9 October 2012.
96. "MondialNews – Toute l'Actualité". www.mondialnews.com.
97. ^ Lindgaard, Jade. "Sciences-Po: une stratégie de communication qui élimine les questions gênantes". Mediapart.
98. Ariane Chemin in France Inter, L'école de l'élite : Sciences Pipo ?
99. "Sciences Po : le sacre de l'Etat inégalitaire". Le HuffPost. 6 February 2012.
100. Sciences Po par soi-même
101. Louis Vogel : pourquoi je suis candidat à Sciences po
102. Louis Vogel serait le favori pour diriger Sciences Po
104. Louis Vogel : "Sciences Po envoie un mauvais signal"
105. Sciences Po: "J'aurai beau tout faire, je ne serai jamais énarque ou normalien", explique Louis Vogel
106. Le Monde, Sciences Po : le candidat Louis Vogel claque la porte, 27 février 2013
107. Le Monde, Sciences Po : le candidat Louis Vogel claque la porte, 27 février 2013
108. Lefilliâtre, Jérôme. "Guillaume, Mion, Duhamel : Sciences-Po, le pouvoir des trois". Libération.
109. Sciences Po: une historienne de l’art pour remplacer Duhamel
110. A Sciences Po, la succession d’Olivier Duhamel se fait dans un climat tendu
111. Le mauvais feuilleton de Sciences-Po continue
112. Succession à Sciences-Po : jeux d’influence, coups bas et bataille idéologique
113. Sciences Po s’enlise dans la crise de succession
114. Le mauvais feuilleton de Sciences-Po continue
115. Sciences Po : l’historienne Laurence Bertrand Dorléac qualifiée pour prendre la tête de la FNSP
116. Sciences Po : l’historienne Laurence Bertrand Dorléac qualifiée pour prendre la tête de la FNSP
117. Succession à Sciences Po : « Quelles leçons retenir de cette tragi-comédie ? »
118. ^ "Olivier Duhamel, l'inceste et les enfants du silence". 4 January 2021 – via Le Monde.
119. ^ Cohen, Roger (5 January 2021). "Prominent French Intellectual Steps Down Amid Accusations of Incest" – via NYTimes.com.
120. "High-profile French political scientist accused of sexually abusing stepson". the Guardian. 5 January 2021.
121. "Le livre de Camille Kouchner est un puissant témoignage contre l'inceste et "l'hydre" de la culpabilité". 6 January 2021.
122. "" Il était sa propre planète et on gravitait autour " : quand Olivier Duhamel régnait sur Sanary".
123. ""La familia grande", l'inceste comme mécanisme de domination". Marie Claire.
124. "Sciences Po secouée par l'affaire Duhamel". LEFIGARO.
125. "Pourquoi l'affaire Duhamel plonge-t-elle Sciences Po dans la tourmente ?". France Culture.
126. "L'onde de choc de l'affaire Duhamel". LEFIGARO.
127. "A Sciences Po, le scandale mine la fabrique de l'élite". 12 January 2021 – via www.letemps.ch.
128. ^ Paris, Adam Sage. "Frédéric Mion, head of grande école Sciences Po, admits he brushed aside incest allegations" – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
129. ^ "Affaire Duhamel, l'onde de choc à la Fondation des sciences politiques". 13 January 2021 – via www.la-croix.com.
130. ^ magazine, Le Point (7 January 2021). "Affaire Duhamel : le directeur de Sciences Po admet avoir été alerté". Le Point.
131. ^ "Child incest scandal shakes French intelligentsia". www.ft.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
132. "Vu de Suisse. L'affaire Kouchner/Duhamel, une "grenade dégoupillée lancée sur Sciences Po"". Courrier international. 13 January 2021.
133. "Affaire Duhamel : des étudiants de Sciences Po demandent la démission de leur directeur". France 3 Paris Ile-de-France.
134. Mugerin, Daniel. "Sciences-Po : après l'affaire Duhamel, une seule solution, la démission du directeur". Libération.
135. Paris, Un collectif d'étudiants de Sciences-Po. "Affaire Duhamel : "Nous, étudiantes et étudiants, demandons la démission du directeur de Sciences-Po Frédéric Mion"". Libération.
136. à 15h46, Par Le Parisien avec AFP Le 18 janvier 2021 (18 January 2021). "Affaire Duhamel : des étudiants demandent de nouveau la démission du directeur de Sciences-po". leparisien.fr.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
137. Lefilliâtre, Jérôme. "Guillaume, Mion, Duhamel : Sciences-Po, le pouvoir des trois". Libération.
138. Méheut, Constant (9 February 2021). "Head of Elite French University Resigns Following Professor Incest Case" – via NYTimes.com.
139. "Affaire Olivier Duhamel : le rapport qui a poussé Frédéric Mion à démissionner de Sciences Po". 10 February 2021 – via Le Monde.
140. ^ "Affaire Olivier Duhamel : plusieurs proches du politologue ont démissionné de leur fonction". Franceinfo. 14 January 2021.
141. Lefilliâtre, Jérôme (11 January 2021). "Olivier Duhamel, loi du silence et réseau d'influence". Libération.fr.
142. "Affaire Duhamel : "pourquoi tant de personnes n'ont rien dit", s'interroge Aurore Bergé". SudOuest.fr.
143. "L'Elysée et l'entourage d'Edouard Philippe tentent de tenir " l'affaire Olivier Duhamel " à distance". 25 January 2021 – via Le Monde.
144. Garrigou, Alain (1 March 2021). "Petits secrets entre amis à Sciences Po". Le Monde diplomatique.
145. Goldstein, Joseph (4 April 2012). "Few Answers in Death of Scholar From France (Published 2012)" – via NYTimes.com.
146. JDD, Le. "Les derniers secrets de Richard Descoings, prince des confusions". lejdd.fr.
147. à 07h00, Par Le 17 mai 2015 (17 May 2015). "Sexe, drogue et Sciences-po". leparisien.fr.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
148. https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/politique/olivier-duhamel-accuse-inceste-sciencespo-malediction-affaires-moeurs-233023
149. "Dominique Strauss-Kahn forced to reveal his sexual proclivities". The Independent. 11 February 2015.
150. Paris, Charles Bremner. "Elite French university caught up in deluge of sex abuse allegations" – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
151. "Elite university drawn into France's sex abuse scandal". The Week UK.
152. "France's elite confronted by sexual abuse scandals". 19 February 2021 – via www.bbc.com.
153. Sciences Po : "Nous ne nous reconnaissons pas dans la caricature qui est faite"
154. "À Sciences Po Paris, l'idéologie racialiste fait peu à peu son nid". LEFIGARO.
155. Racisme sur les campus de Sciences Po
156. Les étudiants de Sciences Po qui n'utilisent pas l'écriture inclusive sont-ils pénalisés ?
157. À Sciences Po Paris, des points bonus accordés pour l’utilisation de l’écriture inclusive
158. "A Science-po, des copies pénalisées faute d'écriture inclusive ? C'est faux !". LCI.
159. "Sciences Po : la Cour des comptes demande des poursuites". Challenges.
160. Bonnet, François. "Dossier: Sciences-Po, la fuite en avant et les scandales". Mediapart.
161. "La dérive financière de Sciences Po et la complaisance de l'État". 12 October 2012.
162. "La dérive financière de Sciences Po et la complaisance de l'État". Contrepoints. 12 October 2012.
163. Lindgaard, Jade. "Les dirigeants de Sciences-Po touchent des superbonus". Mediapart.
164. Lindgaard, Jade. "Quand Sciences-Po salarie son contrôleur". Mediapart.
165. "Cops Believe French Scholar Accidentally Overdosed". Archived from the original on 13 September 2016.
166. "Richard Descoings est mort". Le Monde. 30 May 2012.
167. Mullen, Jethro. "French educator found dead in New York was dynamic, controversial figure". CNN.
168. "Educpros : actualités et services pour les professionnels de l'éducation. – Educpros.fr" (PDF). blog.educpros.fr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
169. comptes, Cour des. "Sciences Po : une forte ambition, une gestion défaillante / Archives / Actualités / Accueil / Cour des Comptes – Cour des comptes". ccomptes.fr. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016.
170. Floc'h, Benoît (8 July 2012). "La Cour des comptes fustige la gestion de Sciences Po". Le Monde.
171. "Document : la réponse de Sciences-Po à la Cour des comptes". L'Obs.
172. "Sciences Po : l'Etat repousse la nomination d'Hervé Crès". Archived from the original on 28 August 2016.
173. "Scandale des salaires à Sciences Po : Jean-Claude Casanova renvoyé devant la Cour de discipline budgétaire". Le Monde. 24 July 2015.
174. Floc'h, Benoît (4 December 2015). "Jean-Claude Casanova condamné dans l'" affaire Sciences Po "". Le Monde.
175. Décodeurs, Les (10 February 2016). "Ce qu'il faut retenir du rapport de la Cour des comptes 2016 en 7 graphes". Le Monde.
176. "Prise de bec entre la Cour des comptes et Sciences-Po". Challenges.
177. ^
178. "Filières d'excellence à la fac". Franceinfo. 13 February 2013.
179. "Universités : les cursus pour étudiants brillants". LEFIGARO.
180. "Les charmes cachés de l'université". L'Obs.
181. "Polémique sur les " parcours d'excellence " en droit". 24 June 2015 – via Le Monde.
182. ^ "Prof à Sciences Po, un label très convoité". 15 January 2021 – via Le Monde.
183. "De Marcel Proust à Florian Zeller : les écrivains diplômés de Sciences Po". Sciences Po.
184. Dumont, Yves (2016). Administrateur de sociétés : pourquoi pas moi ?: Méthodes et conseils pour rechercher et obtenir un mandat d'administrateur (in French). Eyrolles. p. 215. ISBN 978-2-212-56419-8.
185. Delchet-Cochet, Karen (3 November 2020). Circular Economy: From Waste Reduction to Value Creation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-78630-573-2.
186. Antonelli, Gilberto; Rehbein, Boike (6 July 2017). Inequality in Economics and Sociology: New Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-317-19315-9.
187. Zerouala, Faïza (11 May 2012). "A l'école des présidents de la Vème République". Le Monde.
188. Le Foll, Clément (26 June 2017). "Les diplômés de grandes écoles surreprésentés à l'Assemblée nationale". Le Monde.
189. "Remaniement : quelles études ont fait les ministres du gouvernement Castex ?". Les Echos Start (in French). 7 July 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
190. "Biographie de Dominique Strauss Kahn". edubourse.com.
191. "François Delattre, porte-voix de la France à l'ONU". Le Monde.
192. D.C., Ambassade de France aux Etats-Unis – Washington. "L'Ambassadeur – France in the United States / Embassy of France in Washington, D.C." France in the United States / Embassy of France in Washington, D.C.
193. Po, Alumni Sciences. "Manifestation Alumni Sciences Po : Dinner Debate with H.E Sylvie Bermann, French Ambassador to the UK". sciences-po.asso.fr.
194. "Biographie de M. Bernard Emié, Ambassadeur de France en Algérie – La France en Algérie". Archived from the original on 25 April 2017.
195. Mariana Grépinet (6 May 2012). "Portrait de François Hollande en jeune homme".
196. "L'ambassadeur – La France en Chine". Archived from the original on 9 January 2017.
197. "Alumni – Sciences Po International". sciencespo.fr. 4 February 2015.
198. "Bruno Latour – Sciences Po – MedialabSciences Po – Medialab". medialab.sciences-po.fr.
199. DROIT, LE MONDE DU. "Emmanuel Gaillard élu professeur à l'École de Droit de Sciences Po".
200. "Décès de Pierre Milza, un des plus grands professeurs de Sciences Po". Sciences Po (in French). Retrieved 7 March 2018.
201. "Sciences po Paris : dans les coulisses de Sciences po Paris - L'Etudiant". www.letudiant.fr.
202. "José Sócrates: Mais 1 ano em Paris" [José Sócrates: 1 more year in Paris] (in Portuguese). 1 June 2012.
203. "L'ex-premier ministre portugais José Socrates mis en examen". Le Monde. 24 November 2014.

Bibliography

• Richard Descoings, Sciences Po. De la Courneuve à Shanghai, préface de René Rémond, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2007 (ISBN 2-7246-0990-5)
• Jacques Chapsal, " L'Institut d'études politiques de l'Université de Paris ", Annales de l'Université de Paris, n° 1, 1950
• " Centenaire de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1872–1972) ", brochure de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 1972
• A Sciences-Po, les voyages forment la jeunesse, Monde Diplomatique, Février 2006
• Pierre Favre, Cent dix années de cours à l'École libre des sciences politiques et à l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1871–1982), thèse de doctorat, 2 volumes, 1986
• Gérard Vincent, Sciences Po. Histoire d'une réussite, Orban, Paris, 1987
• Marie-Estelle Leroty, L'Enseignement de l'histoire à l'École libre des sciences politiques et à l'Institut d'études politiques de l'Université de Paris de 1943 à 1968, mémoire de diplôme d'études approfondies dirigé par Jean-François Sirinelli, Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 2000
• Anne Muxel (direction), Les Étudiants de Sciences Po, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2004, ISBN 2-7246-0937-9: Résultats d'une grande enquête menée en janvier 2002 auprès des élèves par le Cevipof
• Comité national d'évaluation des établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel, Rapport d'évaluation de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, Septembre 2005
• Cyril Delhay, Promotion ZEP. Des quartiers à Sciences Po, Paris: Hachette, 2006, ISBN 2-01-235949-3

External links

• Sciences Po (FNSP and IEP Paris) official English-version website
• Histoire@Politique (journal published by the IEP-Paris)
• In France, a Bastion of Privilege No More New York Times, September 2011

48°51′15.02″N 2°19′42.49″E / 48.8541722°N 2.3284694°E / 48.8541722; 2.3284694

• Sciences Po
• Instituts d'études politiques
• Schools in Paris
• Grandes écoles
• Libraries in Paris
• Political science organizations
• Schools of international relations
• Educational institutions established in 1872
• 1872 establishments in France
• Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris