| Revision as of 03:24, 3 May 2021 view sourceUnilimited247 (talk | contribs)488 editsNo edit summaryTags: Reverted Visual edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 17:59, 5 May 2021 view source Dialectric (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers41,659 edits rv to last good version -as edited by Goszei at 21:53, April 17, 2021 - unexplained removal of content about female farmers, changes that are not clear improvementsTag: Manual revertNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{short description|Person that works in agriculture}} | {{short description|Person that works in agriculture}} | ||
| {{other uses|Farmer (disambiguation)|Grower (disambiguation) |
{{other uses|Farmer (disambiguation)|Grower (disambiguation)}} | ||
| {{pp|small=yes}} | {{pp|small=yes}} | ||
| {{Sprotect|small=yes}} | {{Sprotect|small=yes}} | ||
| {{Infobox Occupation | {{Infobox Occupation | ||
| | name = Farmer | | name = Farmer | ||
| | image = |
| image = Woman-Farmer.jpg | ||
| | imagesize = 250px | | imagesize = 250px | ||
| | caption = |
| caption = A farmer in ] | ||
| | official_names = | | official_names = | ||
| <!------------Details-------------------> | <!------------Details-------------------> | ||
| | type = ] | | type = ] | ||
| | activity_sector = ] | | activity_sector = ] | ||
| | competencies = | | competencies = | ||
| | formation = | | formation = | ||
| | employment_field = ], |
| employment_field = ] | ||
| | related_occupation = ] (U.S.), ] (Australia) or stockman | | related_occupation = ] (U.S.), ] (Australia) or stockman | ||
| | average_salary = $35,448 ] (average) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://alis.alberta.ca/wageinfo/Content/RequestAction.asp?aspAction=GetWageDetail&format=html&RegionID=20&NOC=8431|title=General farm workers: Wages and Salaries in Alberta - alis|website=alis.alberta.ca|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164317/http://alis.alberta.ca/wageinfo/Content/RequestAction.asp?aspAction=GetWageDetail&format=html&RegionID=20&NOC=8431|archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> | | average_salary = $35,448 ] (average) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://alis.alberta.ca/wageinfo/Content/RequestAction.asp?aspAction=GetWageDetail&format=html&RegionID=20&NOC=8431|title=General farm workers: Wages and Salaries in Alberta - alis|website=alis.alberta.ca|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164317/http://alis.alberta.ca/wageinfo/Content/RequestAction.asp?aspAction=GetWageDetail&format=html&RegionID=20&NOC=8431|archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| A '''farmer'''<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyer|2007|p=1}}: "The word 'farmer' was originally used to describe a tenant paying a leasehold rent (a farm), often for holding a lord's manorial ]. The use of the word was eventually extended to mean any tenant or owner of a large holding, though when ] estimated that there were 150,000 farmers in the late seventeenth century he evidently defined them by their tenures, as freeholders were counted separately."</ref> (also called an '''agriculturer |
A '''farmer'''<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyer|2007|p=1}}: "The word 'farmer' was originally used to describe a tenant paying a leasehold rent (a farm), often for holding a lord's manorial ]. The use of the word was eventually extended to mean any tenant or owner of a large holding, though when ] estimated that there were 150,000 farmers in the late seventeenth century he evidently defined them by their tenures, as freeholders were counted separately."</ref> (also called an '''agriculturer{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}''') is a person engaged in ], raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field ], ]s, ]s, ], or other ]. A farmer might own the farmed land or might work as a laborer on land owned by others, but in advanced economies, a farmer is usually a ] owner, while employees of the farm are known as farm workers, or farmhands. However, in the not so distant past, a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of (a plant, crop, etc.) by labor and attention, land or crops or raises animals (as livestock or fish). | ||
| ⚫ | Over 1/2 billion farmers are ], most of whom are in developing countries, and who economically support almost two billion people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operating model – ifad.org|url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505224355/http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm|archive-date=2013-05-05|access-date=2018-01-02|website=www.ifad.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=HLPE|first=Committe on World Food Security ,Rome|date=June 2013|title=Investing in smallholder agriculture|url=http://www.fao.org/3/i2953e/i2953e.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2021|website=fao.org}}</ref> Globally, women constitute more than 40% of agricultural employees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SOFA 2017 - The State of Food and Agriculture|url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-agriculture/2017/en/|access-date=2021-03-08|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> | ||
| In some countries such as the Philippines, the term farmer is synonymous to a ].<ref>{{cite book |title=2012 Agriculture Census of the Philippines |date=2012 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/CAF2012Agri_Philippines.pdf |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref> But in advanced economies, a farmer is usually the ] who controls the ], while employees of the ] are known as farm workers, often supervised by a ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculturist |url=http://ble.dole.gov.ph/index.php/agriculturist |website=ble.dole.gov.ph |publisher=Department of Labor and Employment |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | Over 1/2 billion farmers are ], most of whom are in developing countries, and who economically support almost two billion people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operating model – ifad.org|url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505224355/http://www.ifad.org/operations/food/farmer.htm|archive-date=2013-05-05|access-date=2018-01-02|website=www.ifad.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=HLPE|first=Committe on World Food Security ,Rome|date=June 2013|title=Investing in smallholder agriculture|url=http://www.fao.org/3/i2953e/i2953e.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2021|website=fao.org}}</ref> | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 27: | ||
| ], the practice of rearing animals specifically for farming purposes, has existed for thousands of years. ]s were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago. ]s and ] were domesticated around 8000 BCE in ]. ] were domesticated by 7000 BCE in the ] and ]. The earliest evidence of ] domestication dates to around 4000 BCE.<ref name=BoL>{{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/ |title=Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University |publisher=Ansi.okstate.edu |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224132431/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/ |archive-date=2011-12-24 }}</ref> | ], the practice of rearing animals specifically for farming purposes, has existed for thousands of years. ]s were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago. ]s and ] were domesticated around 8000 BCE in ]. ] were domesticated by 7000 BCE in the ] and ]. The earliest evidence of ] domestication dates to around 4000 BCE.<ref name=BoL>{{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/ |title=Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University |publisher=Ansi.okstate.edu |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224132431/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/ |archive-date=2011-12-24 }}</ref> | ||
| === |
===Advancements in technology=== | ||
| ]s.]] | ]s.]] | ||
| In the U.S. of the 1930s, one farmer could only produce enough food to feed three other consumers. A modern-day farmer produces enough food to feed well over a hundred people. However, some authors consider this estimate to be flawed, as it does not take into account that farming requires energy and many other resources which have to be provided by additional workers, so that the ratio of people fed to farmers is actually smaller than 100 to 1.<ref name="Kirschenmann 2000">{{Harvnb|Kirschenmann|2000}}.</ref> | In the U.S. of the 1930s, one farmer could only produce enough food to feed three other consumers. A modern-day farmer produces enough food to feed well over a hundred people. However, some authors consider this estimate to be flawed, as it does not take into account that farming requires energy and many other resources which have to be provided by additional workers, so that the ratio of people fed to farmers is actually smaller than 100 to 1.<ref name="Kirschenmann 2000">{{Harvnb|Kirschenmann|2000}}.</ref> | ||
| Line 36: | Line 34: | ||
| ]|alt=]] | ]|alt=]] | ||
| More distinct terms are commonly used to denote farmers who raise specific ] animals. For example, those who raise grazing livestock, such as ], ], ]s, and ]s, are known as ] (U.S.), '']'' (Australia & U.K.), or simply ''stockmen''. Sheep, goat, and cattle farmers might also be referred to respectively as '']s'', '']s'', and '']s''. The term ''] farmer'' is applied to those engaged primarily in milk production, whether from cattle, goats, sheep, or other milk producing animals. A ''poultry farmer'' is one who concentrates on raising ]s, ], ]s, or ], for either ], ], or ] production, or commonly, all three. A person who raises a variety of vegetables for market may be called a ''truck farmer'' or ''market gardener''. ''Dirt farmer'' is an American colloquial term for a practical farmer, or one who farms his own land.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> | More distinct terms are commonly used to denote farmers who raise specific ] animals. For example, those who raise grazing livestock, such as ], ], ]s, and ]s, are known as ] (U.S.), '']'' (Australia & U.K.), or simply ''stockmen''. Sheep, goat, and cattle farmers might also be referred to respectively as '']s'', '']s'', and '']s''. The term ''] farmer'' is applied to those engaged primarily in milk production, whether from cattle, goats, sheep, or other milk producing animals. A ''poultry farmer'' is one who concentrates on raising ]s, ], ]s, or ], for either ], ], or ] production, or commonly, all three. A person who raises a variety of vegetables for market may be called a ''truck farmer'' or ''market gardener''. ''Dirt farmer'' is an American colloquial term for a practical farmer, or one who farms his own land.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> | ||
| ] | |||
| In developed nations, a farmer (as a profession) is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and who provides land or management in their production. Those who provide only labor are most often called ''farmhands''. Alternatively, growers who manage farmland for an absentee landowner, sharing the harvest (or its profits) are known as '']s'' or ''sharefarmers''. In the context of ], a farmer is defined broadly, and thus many individuals not necessarily engaged in full-time farming can nonetheless legally qualify under ] for various ], incentives, and ]s. | In developed nations, a farmer (as a profession) is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and who provides land or management in their production. Those who provide only labor are most often called ''farmhands''. Alternatively, growers who manage farmland for an absentee landowner, sharing the harvest (or its profits) are known as '']s'' or ''sharefarmers''. In the context of ], a farmer is defined broadly, and thus many individuals not necessarily engaged in full-time farming can nonetheless legally qualify under ] for various ], incentives, and ]s. | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| === Agribusiness === | |||
| {{Excerpt|Agribusiness}} | |||
| ===Techniques=== | ===Techniques=== | ||
| Line 62: | Line 58: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| </ref> | </ref> | ||
| ] | |||
| In ]s, however, a person using such techniques on small patches of land might be called a ] and be considered a ]. Alternatively, one might be driven into such practices by ] or, ironically—against the background of large-scale agribusiness—might become an organic farmer growing for discerning/faddish consumers in the ] market. | In ]s, however, a person using such techniques on small patches of land might be called a ] and be considered a ]. Alternatively, one might be driven into such practices by ] or, ironically—against the background of large-scale agribusiness—might become an organic farmer growing for discerning/faddish consumers in the ] market. | ||
| Line 95: | Line 92: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 141: | Line 137: | ||
| * {{Commons category-inline|Farmers}} | * {{Commons category-inline|Farmers}} | ||
| * {{Wiktionary-inline}} | * {{Wiktionary-inline}} | ||
| {{Agriculture footer|state=expanded}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
Revision as of 17:59, 5 May 2021
Person that works in agriculture For other uses, see Farmer (disambiguation) and Grower (disambiguation).
| File:Woman-Farmer.jpgA farmer in Chad | |
| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Occupation type | Employment |
| Activity sectors | Agriculture |
| Description | |
| Fields of employment | Market |
| Related jobs | Rancher (U.S.), grazier (Australia) or stockman |
A farmer (also called an agriculturer) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farmed land or might work as a laborer on land owned by others, but in advanced economies, a farmer is usually a farm owner, while employees of the farm are known as farm workers, or farmhands. However, in the not so distant past, a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of (a plant, crop, etc.) by labor and attention, land or crops or raises animals (as livestock or fish).
Over 1/2 billion farmers are smallholders, most of whom are in developing countries, and who economically support almost two billion people. Globally, women constitute more than 40% of agricultural employees.
History
Farming dates back as far as the Neolithic, being one of the defining characteristics of that era. By the Bronze Age, the Sumerians had an agriculture specialized labor force by 5000–4000 BCE, and heavily depended on irrigation to grow crops. They relied on three-person teams when harvesting in the spring. The Ancient Egypt farmers farmed and relied and irrigated their water from the Nile.
Animal husbandry, the practice of rearing animals specifically for farming purposes, has existed for thousands of years. Dogs were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago. Goats and sheep were domesticated around 8000 BCE in Asia. Swine or pigs were domesticated by 7000 BCE in the Middle East and China. The earliest evidence of horse domestication dates to around 4000 BCE.
Advancements in technology
In the U.S. of the 1930s, one farmer could only produce enough food to feed three other consumers. A modern-day farmer produces enough food to feed well over a hundred people. However, some authors consider this estimate to be flawed, as it does not take into account that farming requires energy and many other resources which have to be provided by additional workers, so that the ratio of people fed to farmers is actually smaller than 100 to 1.
Types
More distinct terms are commonly used to denote farmers who raise specific domesticated animals. For example, those who raise grazing livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and horses, are known as ranchers (U.S.), graziers (Australia & U.K.), or simply stockmen. Sheep, goat, and cattle farmers might also be referred to respectively as shepherds, goatherds, and cowherds. The term dairy farmer is applied to those engaged primarily in milk production, whether from cattle, goats, sheep, or other milk producing animals. A poultry farmer is one who concentrates on raising chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, for either meat, egg, or feather production, or commonly, all three. A person who raises a variety of vegetables for market may be called a truck farmer or market gardener. Dirt farmer is an American colloquial term for a practical farmer, or one who farms his own land.
In developed nations, a farmer (as a profession) is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and who provides land or management in their production. Those who provide only labor are most often called farmhands. Alternatively, growers who manage farmland for an absentee landowner, sharing the harvest (or its profits) are known as sharecroppers or sharefarmers. In the context of agribusiness, a farmer is defined broadly, and thus many individuals not necessarily engaged in full-time farming can nonetheless legally qualify under agricultural policy for various subsidies, incentives, and tax deductions.
Techniques
In the context of developing nations or other pre-industrial cultures, most farmers practice a meager subsistence agriculture—a simple organic-farming system employing crop rotation, seed saving, slash and burn, or other techniques to maximize efficiency while meeting the needs of the household or community. One subsisting in this way may become labelled as a peasant, often associated disparagingly with a "peasant mentality".
In developed nations, however, a person using such techniques on small patches of land might be called a gardener and be considered a hobbyist. Alternatively, one might be driven into such practices by poverty or, ironically—against the background of large-scale agribusiness—might become an organic farmer growing for discerning/faddish consumers in the local food market.
Farming organizations
_(17930911149).jpg)
Farmers are often members of local, regional, or national farmers' unions or agricultural producers' organizations and can exert significant political influence. The Grange movement in the United States was effective in advancing farmers' agendas, especially against railroad and agribusiness interests early in the 20th century. The FNSEA is very politically active in France, especially pertaining to genetically modified food. Agricultural producers, both small and large, are represented globally by the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), representing over 600 million farmers through 120 national farmers' unions in 79 countries.
Youth Farming Organizations
There are many organizations that are targeted at teaching young people how to farm and advancing the knowledge and benefits of sustainable agriculture.
- 4-H was started in 1902 and is a U.S. based network that has approximately 6.5 million members, ages 5 to 21 years old, and is administered by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
- The National FFA Organization (formerly known as Future Farmers of America) was founded in 1925 and is specifically focused on providing agriculture education for middle and high school students.
- Rural Youth Europe is a non-governmental organization for European youths to create awareness of rural environmental and agriculture issues, it was started in 1957 and the headquarters is in Helsinki, Finland. The group is active in 17 countries with over 500,000 participants.
Income
Farmed products might be sold either to a market, in a farmers' market, or directly from a farm. In a subsistence economy, farm products might to some extent be either consumed by the farmer's family or pooled by the community.
Occupational hazards
There are several occupational hazards for those in agriculture; farming is a particularly dangerous industry. Farmers can encounter and be stung or bitten by dangerous insects and other arthropods, including scorpions, fire ants, bees, wasps, and hornets. Farmers also work around heavy machinery which can kill or injure them. Farmers can also establish muscle and joints pains from repeated work.
Etymology
The word 'farmer' originally meant a person collecting taxes from tenants working a field owned by a landlord. The word changed to refer to the person farming the field. Previous names for a farmer were churl and husbandman.
See also
- Agrarian society
- Agrarianism
- Agriculture
- Agribusiness
- Agroecology
- Bonde
- Corporate farming
- Family farm
- Farmers' market
- Farmworker
- Gardening
- Landed gentry
- Organic farming
- Pastoralism
- Peasant
- Sustainable agriculture
References
- Notes
- "General farm workers: Wages and Salaries in Alberta - alis". alis.alberta.ca. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- Dyer 2007, p. 1: "The word 'farmer' was originally used to describe a tenant paying a leasehold rent (a farm), often for holding a lord's manorial demesne. The use of the word was eventually extended to mean any tenant or owner of a large holding, though when Gregory King estimated that there were 150,000 farmers in the late seventeenth century he evidently defined them by their tenures, as freeholders were counted separately."
- "Operating model – ifad.org". www.ifad.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-05. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
- HLPE, Committe on World Food Security ,Rome (June 2013). "Investing in smallholder agriculture" (PDF). fao.org. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link) - "SOFA 2017 - The State of Food and Agriculture". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- By the sweat of thy brow: Work in the Western world, Melvin Kranzberg, Joseph Gies, Putnam, 1975
- Nicholson (2000) p. 514
- "Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University". Ansi.okstate.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-12-24. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
- Kirschenmann 2000.
- Oxford English Dictionary
-
Bailey, Garrick; Peoples, James (11 January 2013). Essentials of Cultural Anthropology (3 ed.). Cengage Learning (published 2013). pp. 121–122. ISBN 9781133603566. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
Peasants are looked down on by higher classes ("he has a peasant mentality").
- "About the International Federation of Agricultural Producers". Archived from the original on August 7, 2008.
- "Agricultural Safety". NIOSH. December 15, 2014. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007.
- "Insects and Scorpions". NIOSH. February 24, 2012. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015.
- Kumaraveloo, K Sakthiaseelan; Lunner Kolstrup, Christina (2018-07-03). "Agriculture and musculoskeletal disorders in low- and middle-income countries". Journal of Agromedicine. 23 (3): 227–248. doi:10.1080/1059924x.2018.1458671. ISSN 1059-924X. PMID 30047854. S2CID 51719997.
- "Farmer | Definition of Farmer by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Oxford Dictionaries.
A person to whom the collection of taxes was contracted for a fee
- "The Lost Meanings of 'Farm' and 'Farmer'". www.merriam-webster.com. Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage.
- "farmer | Origin and meaning of farmer by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
- Bibliography
- Dyer, Christopher (2007). "A suffolk farmer in the fifteenth century". Agricultural History Review. 55 (1): 1–22. JSTOR 40276126.
- Kirschenmann, Frederick (2000). "How many farmers will we need?" (PDF). Leopold Letter. 12 (4): 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-02.
