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| ==Rise== | ==Rise== | ||
| When ] invaded the ] and eastern ], the ] sided with him in support and fought alongside the ] against the ]. For his services Uthman Beg was given ] in 1402.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=qara+osman&pg=PA31|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438126760|page=31}}</ref> After this expedition, he tried to consolidate his dominance in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. In 1407, further increased his reputation by defeating ] emirs. However, he failed against ], who conquered ] by defeating Timur's grandson Abu Bakr. In 1412, he was defeated by Qara Yusuf near ]. When he was defeated by Qara Yusuf again in 1417, he made a peace agreement with Qara Yusuf, which lasted one year. In 1418, he besieged and pillaged ] causing Qara Yusuf to march on him again. He was defeated and fled to ]. Two years later, he besieged ] and defeated Yakub, son of Qara Yusuf. In 1421, he tried to take Mardin again, but was defeated by ]. He further expanded his territory by talking ] and Erzincan. He divided his land by giving ] to his nephew Qutlu Beg, ] to his other nephew and ] to his son Yaqub. He also took ] from the ], which he gave to his son Ali Beg. In 1429, ] plundered Urfa and its surrounding, and even captured one of Uthman's sons, Hâbil Beg, who died in ] in 1430. The same year Mamluk Sultan ] marched on ], however Mamluks did not achieve a significant succes. In 1432, he conquered Mardin. In 1434, upon Qara Iskandar's plunder of ], ] asked help from Uthman Beg. He besieged and took ] from the ] and gave the city to his son Sheikh Hasan. In August 1435, he was defeated by Qara Iskandar and died soon after.<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak’ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340-1514).|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular|author=Faruk Sümer}}</ref> | When ] invaded the ] and eastern ], the ] sided with him in support and fought alongside the ] against the ]. For his services Uthman Beg was given ] in 1402.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=qara+osman&pg=PA31|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438126760|page=31}}</ref> After this expedition, he tried to consolidate his dominance in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. In 1407, further increased his reputation by defeating ] emirs. However, he failed against ], who conquered ] by defeating Timur's grandson Abu Bakr. In 1412, he was defeated by Qara Yusuf near ]. When he was defeated by Qara Yusuf again in 1417, he made a peace agreement with Qara Yusuf, which lasted one year. In 1418, he besieged and pillaged ] causing Qara Yusuf to march on him again. He was defeated and fled to ]. Two years later, he besieged ] and defeated Yakub, son of Qara Yusuf. In 1421, he tried to take Mardin again, but was defeated by ]. He further expanded his territory by talking ] and Erzincan. He divided his land by giving ] to his nephew Qutlu Beg, ] to his other nephew and ] to his son Yaqub. He also took ] from the ], which he gave to his son Ali Beg. In 1429, ] plundered Urfa and its surrounding, and even captured one of Uthman's sons, Hâbil Beg, who died in ] in 1430. The same year Mamluk Sultan ] marched on ], however Mamluks did not achieve a significant succes. In 1432, he conquered Mardin. In 1434, upon Qara Iskandar's plunder of ], ] asked help from Uthman Beg. He besieged and took ] from the ] and gave the city to his son Sheikh Hasan. In August 1435, he was defeated by Qara Iskandar in the vicinity of Erzurum, and died soon after.<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak’ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340-1514).|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular|author=Faruk Sümer}}</ref> | ||
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Revision as of 10:14, 27 May 2021
Leader of the Aq Qoyunlu| Uthman Beg | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leader of the Aq Qoyunlu | |||||
| Reign | 1378 – 1435 | ||||
| Predecessor | Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh | ||||
| Successor | Ali Beg | ||||
| Born | 1350 (1350) | ||||
| Died | 1435 (1436) (aged 85) | ||||
| Wives | Daughter of Alexios III of Trebizond Niece of Rustam ibn Tarkhan | ||||
| Issue | Yaqub Hamza Mahmud Ali Shaikh Hasan Murad Habil | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Aq Qoyunlu | ||||
| Father | Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh | ||||
| Mother | Maria Comnene of Trebizond | ||||
Uthman Beg or Osman Beg (Template:Lang-az, Template:Lang-tr) (reigned 1378–1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.
Early beginnings
He was born Baha-ud-Din Osman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning The Black Leech. However John E. Woods argues that this interpretation is doubtful since "leech" in modern Turkish is sülük, not yülük, which means cleanshaven or smooth. Uthman Beg was the son of Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh, likely by his Greek wife, Maria, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond. He is estimated to have been born c. 1356. According to Byzantine and Aq Qoyunlu sources, he later married his maternal cousin, a daughter of Alexios III and his consort Theodora Kantakouzene.
He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali, when they joined Kadi Burhan al-Din of Sivas. He eventually killed his opponents and took over their territories in 1398 but retreated from Erzinjan on arrival of the Ottomans under Süleyman Çelebi.
Rise
When Timur invaded the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia, the Aq Qoyunlu sided with him in support and fought alongside the Timurids against the Ottomans. For his services Uthman Beg was given Diyarbakır in 1402. After this expedition, he tried to consolidate his dominance in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. In 1407, further increased his reputation by defeating Mamluks emirs. However, he failed against Qara Yusuf, who conquered Azerbaijan by defeating Timur's grandson Abu Bakr. In 1412, he was defeated by Qara Yusuf near Ergani. When he was defeated by Qara Yusuf again in 1417, he made a peace agreement with Qara Yusuf, which lasted one year. In 1418, he besieged and pillaged Mardin causing Qara Yusuf to march on him again. He was defeated and fled to Aleppo. Two years later, he besieged Erzincan and defeated Yakub, son of Qara Yusuf. In 1421, he tried to take Mardin again, but was defeated by Qara Iskandar. He further expanded his territory by talking Urfa and Erzincan. He divided his land by giving Bayburt to his nephew Qutlu Beg, Tercan to his other nephew and Şebinkarahisar to his son Yaqub. He also took Harput from the Dulkadirids, which he gave to his son Ali Beg. In 1429, Mamluks plundered Urfa and its surrounding, and even captured one of Uthman's sons, Hâbil Beg, who died in Cairo in 1430. The same year Mamluk Sultan Barsbay marched on Amid, however Mamluks did not achieve a significant succes. In 1432, he conquered Mardin. In 1434, upon Qara Iskandar's plunder of Shirvan, Khalilullah I asked help from Uthman Beg. He besieged and took Erzurum from the Qara Qoyunlu and gave the city to his son Sheikh Hasan. In August 1435, he was defeated by Qara Iskandar in the vicinity of Erzurum, and died soon after.
| Preceded byAhmed bin Qutlugh | Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu 1378-1435 |
Succeeded byAli Beg |
References
- Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
- ^ Edward Granville Browne (2009). A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502). CUP Archive.
- ^ John E. Woods (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. University of Utah Press.
- ERDEM, Ilhan, The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456), University of Ankara, Turkey
- Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781438126760.
- Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340-1514).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
Sources
- Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2008). "Āq-qūyūnlū". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
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| Leaders of the Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1514) | |
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