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Minnesota at Hampton-Roads in 1862
History
United States
Name	USS Minnesota
Namesake	The Minnesota River
Builder	Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
Laid down	May 1854
Launched	1 December 1855
Sponsored by	Susan L. Mann
Commissioned	21 May 1857
Decommissioned	2 June 1859
Recommissioned	2 May 1861
Decommissioned	16 February 1865
Recommissioned	3 June 1867
Out of service	Placed in ordinary 13 January 1868
Recommissioned	12 June 1875
Out of service	Loaned to Massachusetts Naval Militia October 1895-August 1901
Fate	Sold August 1901; later burned
General characteristics
Type	Screw frigate
Displacement	3,307 long tons (3,360 t)
Length	264 ft 9 in (80.70 m)
Beam	51 ft 4 in (15.65 m)
Draft	23 ft 10 in (7.26 m)
Propulsion	Steam engine
Sail plan	Ship Rig
Speed	12.5 knots
Complement	646 officers and enlisted
Armament	2 × 10 in (250 mm) guns 28 × 9 in (230 mm) guns 14 × 8 in (200 mm) guns

USS Minnesota was a wooden steam frigate in the United States Navy. Launched in 1855 and commissioned eighteen months later, the ship served in east Asia for two years before being decommissioned. She was recommissioned at the outbreak of the American Civil War and returned to service as the flagship of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron.

During the first day of the Battle of Hampton Roads on 8 March 1862, Minnesota ran aground, and the following battle badly damaged her and inflicted many casualties. On the second day of the battle, USS Monitor engaged CSS Virginia, allowing tugs to free Minnesota on the morning of 10 March. Minnesota was repaired and returned to duty, and three years later she participated in the Second Battle of Fort Fisher. Minnesota served until 1898, when she was stricken, beached and burnt to recover her metal fittings and to clear her name for a newly-ordered battleship, USS Minnesota (BB-22).

Construction and early duties

Minnesota was laid down in May 1854 by the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.. She was launched on 1 December 1855, sponsored by Susan L. Mann, and commissioned on 21 May 1857 with Captain Samuel Francis Du Pont in command.

Minnesota was named for the Minnesota River. Her sister ships were also named for rivers: the Wabash (first in class), Colorado, Merrimack (salvaged and renamed Virginia by the Confederate Navy), and the Roanoke (later converted to a monitor-type).

Minnesota, carrying William B. Reed, U.S. Minister to China, departed from Norfolk, Virginia, on 1 July 1857 for East Asia. During her service with the East India Squadron, she visited many of the principal ports of China and Japan before departing Hong Kong to bring Reed home with a newly-negotiated commerce treaty, the Treaty of Tianjin, with China. Upon arrival in Boston, Massachusetts, on 2 June 1859, Minnesota was decommissioned at the Boston Navy Yard in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the same day and remained in ordinary until the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861.

Civil War

Minnesota was recommissioned on 2 May 1861, Captain G. J. Van Brunt in command, and became flagship of the Atlantic Blockading Squadron, commanded by Flag Officer Silas Stringham. She arrived at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 13 May and the next day captured the schooners Mary Willis, Delaware Farmer, and Emily Ann. Minnesota took the bark Winfred on the 25th and the bark Sally McGee on 26 June. Schooner Sally Mears became her prize 1 July and bark Mary Warick struck her colors to the steam frigate on the 10th.

Minnesota led a joint Army-Navy expedition, known as the Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries, against two important Confederate forts which had been erected at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina. The squadron opened fire on Fort Clark on the morning of 28 August 1861, forcing the Confederate gunners to abandon the fort at noon. The following day, the fire of the squadron was concentrated on Fort Hatteras. The bombardment was so effective the Confederates were compelled to seek cover in bomb shelters and surrendered.

When Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough relieved Stringham in command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 23 September, he selected Minnesota as his flagship. William B. Cushing, later to distinguish himself for sinking the Confederate ironclad CSS Albemarle, was assigned as a junior officer to the Minnesota.

Battle of Hampton Roads

While blockading off Hampton Roads, 8 March 1862, Minnesota sighted three Confederate ships, Jamestown, Patrick Henry, and Virginia—the former Merrimack, rebuilt and protected by iron plates—rounding Sewell's Point and heading toward Newport News, Virginia. Minnesota slipped her cables and got underway to engage the southern warships in a fight that would come to be known as the Battle of Hampton Roads. When about 1.5 miles from Newport News, Minnesota grounded.

Meanwhile, Virginia passed frigate Congress and rammed sloop-of-war Cumberland. Virginia then engaged Congress compelling her to surrender. Then Virginia, Jamestown, and Patrick Henry bombarded Minnesota killing and wounding several of her crew before the Union warship's heavy guns drove them off. Minnesota also fired upon Virginia with her pivot gun. Toward twilight the Southern ironclad withdrew toward Norfolk.

The recoil from her broadside guns forced Minnesota further upon the mud bank. All night tugs worked to haul her off, but to no avail. However, during the night USS Monitor arrived. "All on board felt we had a friend that would stand by us in our hour of trial," wrote Captain Gershom Jacques Van Brunt, the vessel's commander, in his official report the day after the engagement. Early the next morning Virginia reappeared. As the range closed, Monitor, steaming between Minnesota and the iron-clad, fired gun after gun, and Virginia returned fire with whole broadsides, neither with much apparent effect. Virginia, finding she could not hurt Monitor, turned her attention to Minnesota, who answered with all guns. Virginia fired from her rifled bow gun a shell which passed through the chief engineer's stateroom, through the engineers' mess room, amidships, and burst in the boatswain's room, exploding two charges of powder, starting a fire which was promptly extinguished.

At midday Virginia withdrew toward Norfolk, and the Union Navy resumed its efforts to refloat Minnesota. Early the next morning steamer S. R. Spaulding and several tugs managed to refloat the frigate, and she anchored opposite Fort Monroe for temporary repairs.

Seven African-American sailors manned the forward gun of the vessel. This black crew mustered in at Boston, Massachusetts, and included William Brown, Charles Johnson, George Moore, George H. Roberts, George Sales, William H. White and Henry Williams.

During the two-day engagement, Minnesota shot off 78 rounds of 10-inch solid shot; 67 rounds of 10-inch solid shot with 15-second fuse; 169 rounds of 9-inch solid shot; 180 9-inch shells with 15-second fuse; 35 8-inch shells with 15-second fuse and 5,567.5 pounds of service powder.

Battles of Fort Fisher

For the next few years she served as flagship of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. During the Battle of Suffolk on 14 April 1863, four of Minnesota's sailors, Coxswains Robert Jordan and Robert B. Wood and Seamen Henry Thielberg and Samuel Woods, earned the Medal of Honor while temporarily assigned to the USS Mount Washington. While anchored off Newport News on 9 April 1864, Minnesota was attacked by Confederate torpedo boat Squib, which exploded a torpedo charge alongside without causing damage and escaped.

On 24 and 25 December, Minnesota took part in amphibious operations at Fort Fisher which guarded Wilmington, North Carolina (the First Battle of Fort Fisher). During the landings she took a position about a mile from the fort and laid down a devastating barrage on the Confederate stronghold. However, General Benjamin F. Butler withdrew his troops, nullifying the gains won by the joint Army-Navy effort. Three weeks later the Union Navy returned Federal Troops, now commanded by the more vigorous General Alfred Terry, to Fort Fisher (the Second Battle of Fort Fisher). A landing force of 240 men from Minnesota, covered by a barrage from their own ship, participated in the successful assault. This operation closed Wilmington, denying the Confederacy the use of this invaluable port.

During the Second Battle of Fort Fisher, nine sailors and Marines from the Minnesota earned the Medal of Honor as part of the landing party which assaulted the fort. The nine men were:

• Landsman Gurdon H. Barter
• Seaman David L. Bass
• Ordinary Seaman Thomas Connor
• Ordinary Seaman Thomas Harcourt
• Seaman Charles Mills
• Corporal John Rannahan
• Private John Shivers
• Private Henry A. Thompson
• Ordinary Seaman Franklin L. Wilcox

Prizes

Later service

Ordered to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Minnesota was decommissioned on 16 February 1865. She was recommissioned on 3 June 1867 and made a cruise with midshipmen to Europe. She was placed in ordinary at the New York Navy Yard on 13 January 1868. Recommissioned on 12 June 1875, she remained at the New York Navy Yard as a gunnery and training ship for naval apprentices.

In 1881 she was transferred to Newport, Rhode Island where she served as the flagship of the US Navy Training Squadron. From 1881 to 1884 she was commanded by Captain Stephen Luce who founded the Naval War College in 1884. The warship took part in dedication ceremonies for the Brooklyn Bridge on May 24, 1883.

Three sailors assigned to Minnesota were awarded the Medal of Honor during this period: Captain of the Top William Lowell Hill and Ship's Cook Adam Weissel for rescuing fellow sailors from drowning in separate 1881 incidents, and Second Class Boy John Lucy for his actions during a fire at the Castle Garden immigration facility in 1876.

In October 1895, Minnesota was loaned to the Massachusetts Naval Militia, continuing that duty until August 1901 when she was sold to Thomas Butler & Company of Boston. She eventually was burned to salvage her iron fittings at Eastport, Maine.

See also

• List of steam frigates of the United States Navy
• List of naval ships named for Minnesota
• Bibliography of early American naval history
• Union Navy

References

•  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

• Silverstone, Paul H. Warships of the Civil War Navies Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1989, ISBN 0-87021-783-6.

1. ^ Silverstone, Warships, p. 28.
2. ^ The Monitor, The Merrimack...the U.S.S. Minnesota?
3. Record of Medals of Honor issued to the officers and enlisted men of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1917. pp. 63–4, 112–3, 124.
4. "Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients (A–L)". Medal of Honor Citations. United States Army Center of Military History. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
5. "Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients (M–Z)". Medal of Honor Citations. United States Army Center of Military History. 3 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
6. Release of Prizes, The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 27, 1861, page 2, accessed August 16, 2017 at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13128025/release_of_prizes_the_philadelphia/
7. ^ Philadelphia and the Navy Department, The Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) December 16, 1861, page 8, accessed August 16, 2017 at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13128092/the_philadelphia_inquirer/
8. ^ Arrival of Released Schooners, The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 28, 1861, page 1, accessed August 16, 2017 at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13128060/arrival_of_released_schooners_the/
9. "Medal of Honor recipients – Interim Awards, 1871–1898". Medal of Honor citations. United States Army Center of Military History. 5 August 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1862
Shipwrecks	2 Jan: Northern Light 4 Jan: Santi-Pietri 9 Jan: USS Meteor, USS Potomac 20 Jan: USS Margaret Scott 23 Jan: Ocean Chief 24 Jan: USS Peri 25 Jan: USS New England, USS Stephen Young 26 Jan: USS India, USS Timor 7 Feb: CSS Curlew 8 Feb: CSS Sea Bird 10 Feb: CSS Appomattox, CSS Black Warrior, CSS Fanny, CSS Forrest 20 Feb: USS Isaac N. Seymour 25 Feb: USS R. B. Forbes 8 Mar: USS Congress, USS Cumberland 9 Mar: CSS George Page 10 Mar: USS Whitehall March (unknown date): Camilla (or Memphis) 4 Apr: CSS Red Rover 7 Apr: CSS Grampus 8 Apr: CSS New Orleans 14 Apr: Erebus 19 Apr: USS Maria J. Carlton 24 Apr: CSS General Lovell, CSS Governor Moore, CSS Manassas, CSS Stonewall Jackson, Sweepstakes, USS Varuna 25 Apr: CSS Mississippi, CSRC Pickens, Pioneer, Washington, CSS Pamlico 28 Apr: CSS Louisiana, CSS McRae April (unknown date): CSS Jackson, CSS Oregon, CSS Carondelet 10 May: USS Cincinnati, CSS Germantown, USS Mound City, CSS Fulton 11 May: CSS Virginia 15 May: CSS Jamestown May (unknown date): CSS United States 6 Jun: CSS Colonel Lovell, CSS General Beauregard, CSS General Bragg, CSS General M. Jeff Thompson, CSS General Sterling Price, CSS General Sumter, CSS Little Rebel 16 Jun: CSS Maurepas 26 Jun: CSS General Earl Van Dorn, CSS Livingston, CSS General Polk 28 Jun: USS Island Belle 15 Jul: Johanna Wagner, USS Sidney C. Jones 21 Jul: USS Sallie Wood 24 Jul: Lord of the Isles 6 Aug: CSS Arkansas 14-15 Aug: USS Sumter 23 Aug: USS Adirondack 24 Aug: USS Henry Andrew, USS Isaac N. Seymour 10 Sep: USS Tigress 2 Oct: Iona 15 Oct: G. L. Brockenborough 25 Nov: USS Ellis November (unknown date): USS Mingo 12 Dec: USS Cairo 31 Dec: USS Monitor Unknown date: USS Noble
Other incidents	11 Jan: HMS St Vincent January (unknown date): Mona's Queen 22 Feb: HMS Defence February: USS Vermont 8 Mar: USS Minnesota 8 May: USS Galena 13 May: Planter 23 Jun: Memphis 7 Aug: USS Oneida 17 Aug: Great Eastern 15 Nov: Admiral Moorsom 22 Nov: USS Bainbridge Unknown date: Young America
1861 1863

• Use dmy dates from October 2012
• Ships built in the District of Columbia
• United States Navy Minnesota-related ships
• Ships of the Union Navy
• Gunboats of the United States Navy
• American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
• Sailing frigates of the United States Navy
• Minnesota in the American Civil War
• Steamships of the United States Navy
• Steam frigates
• 1855 ships
• Maritime incidents in March 1862