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The four holiest sites in Islam are the Kaaba inside the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca is considered the most holiest site, followed by Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus; these sites are accepted in this order by the overwhelming majority of Islamic sects which are all held in high esteem. The two holiest sites of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia are directly mentioned or referred to in the Quran.

In the Islamic tradition, In Shia Islam, after the first four sites, the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf and the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Fatimah Masumeh Shrine in Qom are the holiest sites. For Sufi Muslims, after the first four sites, Mazar Ghous in Baghdad, Iraq, is the holiest site, followed by Data Darbar in Lahore, Pakistan. Sunni Muslims consider the Omar ibn al-Khattab Mosque and Abu Bakr Mosque very holy. There are also other sacred sites in Mecca that Muslims performing Hajj visit, namely Mount Arafat and Muzdalifah.

Hejaz

The Hejaz is the region in the Arabian Peninsula where Mecca and Medina are located. It is thus where Muhammad was born and raised.

Kaaba

The Kaaba in the Masjid Al-Ḥaram is the most sacred site in Islam. Located in Mecca, only Muslims are allowed to enter this place. Kaaba is also the direction of prayer (Qibla) for Muslims. The Quran states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship for mankind, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions. Kaaba is also referred as the Bayt Allah.

As one of the Five Pillars of Islam, every adult Muslim who is capable must perform the Hajj at least once in their lifetime. Hajj is one of the largest annual Muslim gatherings in the world.

Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

Al-Masjid an-Nabawi is the second most sacred site in Islam. The mosque was built by Muhammad ﷺ in the year 622. Located in Medina, the Green Dome inside the mosque contains the qabrs (graves) of Abu Bakr, Omar and Muhammad ﷺ. It is the second largest mosque in the world with a capacity of 1,500,000. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj also go to Madinah to visit the mosque.

The Ottoman prayer hall, which is the oldest part of Masjid an-Nabawi, lies towards the south. In 1909, under the reign of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located at the heart of Madinah. In addition to the Prophet's Mosque, the city has the mosques of Qubā’ and al-Qiblatayn ("The Two Qiblahs").

Levant

The Levant (Arabic: Ash-Shām), is a region that extends from Syria in the north to Israel. It includes the cities of Jerusalem and Damascus.

Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem is the third holiest site in Islam. The covered mosque building was originally a small prayer house erected by Omar, the Rashidun Caliph. The mosque is held in esteem by the entire Muslim community, due to its history as a place of worship by many Islamic prophets such as Ibrahim, Dawud, Sulaimaan, Ilyas and Īsā. The mosque has the capacity to accommodate in the region of 5,000 worshipers.

The mosque was the first direction of prayer (Qibla) before the Kaaba in Mecca. Muslims believe that Muhammad was taken from Masjid Al-Haram, to visit Al-Aqsa Mosque, where he lead the prayer, and was then taken to the heavens, in a single night in the year 620. References to the Al-Aqsa Mosque exists in the Quran verses Surah Al-Ma'idah (5), Al-Isra' (17), Al-Anbiya and Saba' (34): in the Qur'an.

Umayyad Mosque

Umayyad Mosque in Damascus is the fourth holiest site in Islam. One of the four authorized copies of the Quran was kept here, and the head of the Islamic prophet Yahya is believed to be in the shrine. It is also holy to very Shia Muslims since there are shrines commemorating Husayn ibn Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt, made to walk here from Iraq, after the Battle of Karbala. Furthermore, it was the place where they were imprisoned for 60 days.

Umayyad Mosque is also the place where Muslims believe Isa (Jesus) will return from the Minaret of Isa in the mosque. The Minaret of Isa in the Umayyad Mosque is dedicated to Islam's penultimate prophet Isa (Jesus), and it is believed that he will return to the world at the minaret during the time of a Fajr prayer and it is believed that he will pray at the mosque with the Islamic leader of that time Mahdi. It is believed that prayers in the mosque are considered to be equal to those offered in Jerusalem.

Hebron

In Islamic beliefs, Hebron was where Abraham (Ibrāhīm) settled. Within the city lies the Sanctuary of Abraham, the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs, and the Ibrahimi Mosque built on top of the tomb to honor the prophet. Muslims believe that Muhammad visited Hebron on his nocturnal journey from Mecca to Jerusalem to stop by the tomb and pay his respects. In the mosque in a small niche there is a left footprint, believed to be from Muhammad.

Sinai peninsula

The Sinai peninsula is associated with the Islamic prophets Haroon and Musa. In particular, numerous references to Mount Sinai exist in the Quran, where it is called Ṭūr Sīnāʾ, Ṭūr Sīnīn, and aṭ-Ṭūr and al-Jabal (both meaning "the Mount"). As for the adjacent Wād Ṭuwā (Valley of Tuwa), it is considered as being muqaddas (sacred), and a part of it is called Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ("The Blessed Place").

Uzbekistan

The Bukhara city in Uzbekistan is considered as a holy city in Islam.

Africa

Harar

According to UNESCO, Harar in eastern Ethiopia has 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century and 102 shrines.

Kairouan

The most important mosque in Kairouan in Tunisia is the Great Mosque of Sidi-Uqba (Uqba ibn Nafi'). It has been said that seven pilgrimages to this mosque is considered the equivalent of one pilgrimage to Mecca. After its establishment, Kairouan became an Islamic and Qur'anic learning centre in North Africa. An article by Professor Kwesi Prah describes how during the medieval period. Kairouan was considered the third holiest site in Islam after Mecca and Medina by its citizens.

Sunni Islam

In Sunni Islam, all sites which have been mentioned in the Hadith are holy to Sunni Muslims. The Kaaba is the holiest site, followed by the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque), Al-Aqsa Mosque, and other sites mentioned in the Hadith, as well Umayyad Mosque, Ibrahimi Mosque.

Kaaba

The Kaaba or Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, is the most sacred holy place of Islam and a Qibla of the Muslims, contains al-Bayt ul-Ma'mur spiritually above the Kaaba, contains the Maqam Ibrahim, Hateem, and the Al-Hajar-ul-Aswad which was belong to Jannah and Adam and Eve (Adam and Hawa), According to the Islamic tradition it was first built by the first Islamic prophet Adam, after Noah's Flood (Flood of the Islamic prophet Nūḥ), it was rebuilt by Islamic prophet Abraham (ʾIbrāhīm) and his son the Islamic prophet Ishmael (Ismā‘īl), it has been rebuilt several times.

al-Masjid an-Nabawi

The Al-Masjid an-Nabawi or the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, contains the grave of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The two companions Abu Bakr and Omar are also buried with the Holy prophet of Islam, the grave of Uthman in located in the Al-Baqi' cemetery located to the southeast of the Prophet's Mosque, while the grave of Ali and is in Kufa. The grave of al-Hasan is also in al-Baqi' while al-Husayn is buried in Kufa.

al-Aqsa Mosque

The al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, was the first qibla of the Muslims, According to the tradition, prophet Muhammad was Imam of all the prophets in the mosque, the mosque was ordered to built by the Islamic prophet Solomon (Sulaymān), son of the Islamic prophet David (Dāwūd), who was sent to the Israelites, prophet Solomon ordered the Jinns to built the mosque.

Others

• The Damascus Mosque, is also considered the sacred mosque for the Muslims, and it is believed that the Islamic prophet Jesus (ʿĪsā ibn Maryam) will return in this mosque.
• The Ibrahimi Mosque, contains the burial of the prophet Ibrahim and few of his family members.

Shia Islam

After the four mosques accepted by all Muslims as holy sites, the Shia Muslims consider Imam Ali Masjid in Najaf as the holiest site of only Shia Muslims, followed by Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala and then the Fatima Masumeh Shrine in Qom, Iran.

Imam Ali Mosque

Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq is the holiest site for Shia Muslims as the first Shia Imam Ali was buried here. The site is visited annually by at least 8 million pilgrims on average, which is estimated to increase to 20 million in years to come.

Imam Husayn Shrine

Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq is the second most holiest site for Shia Muslims. It contains the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali. The mosque stands on the site of the grave of Hussein ibn Ali, where he was martyred during the Battle of Karbala in 680. Up to a million pilgrims visit the city for the anniversary of Hussein ibn Ali's death. There are many Shia traditions which narrate the status of Karbala.

Fatima Masumeh Shrine

Fatima Masumeh Shrine in Qom, Iran contains the tomb of Fātimah bint Mūsā, sister of the eighth Shia Imam, Ali al-Rida. Located in Qom, Iran, it has been considered the Fatima Masumeh Shrine to be the third holiest shrine in Shia Islam. The shrine has attracted to itself dozens of seminaries and religious schools.

Sufi Islam

Mazar Ghous

Mazar Ghous in Baghdad, Iraq is the holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is dedicated to the founder of Qadiryya Sufi order, Abdul Qadir Gilani. The complex was built near the Bab al-Sheikh (ash-Sheikh Gate) in al-Rusafa.

Data Darbar

The second most holiest site for Sufi Muslims is the Data Darbar in Lahore, Pakistan. It is the largest Sufi shrine in the world. The shrine was established on the outskirts of Lahore in the 11th century. By the 13th century, the belief that the spiritual powers of great Sufi saints were attached to their burial sites was widespread in the Muslim world. The shrine complex was expanded in the 19th century, and Hujwiri's mosque rebuilt.

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam in Multan is considered the third most holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is the mausoleum of Multan's Sufi saint Sheikh Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fateh. It is one of the most impressive shrines in the world. The shrine attracts over 100,000 pilgrims to the annual Urs festival that commemorates his death.

See also

• Ḥ-R-M
  • Haram (site)
• Lists of mosques
  • List of largest mosques
  • List of mosques
• Middle East
• Near East

References

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Bibliography

• Aksan, Virginia H.; Goffman, Daniel (2007). The early modern Ottomans: remapping the Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81764-6. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
• Peters, Francis (1994). The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691026190.
• Musharraf, Hussain (2012). The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity. Leicestershire, UK: Kube Publishing. ISBN 9781847740236.
• Blatt, Amy (2015). Health, Science, and Place: A New Model. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4. ISBN 978-3319120027. S2CID 183074116.
• Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict : a political, social, and military history. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851098415.
• Honigmann, Ernst (1993) . "Hebron". In Houtsma, M. T. (ed.). E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. IV. BRILL. pp. 886–888. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2.

External links

• Jerusalem in the Qur'an
• Al Quds fil Quran (in Arabic Language)
• Charting the holy cities of Islam – the world’s most evasive list

• Islamic holy places