| Revision as of 03:29, 27 July 2021 editYngvadottir (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users50,625 edits Rewrote section on horses, adding info incl. on creation and size, added German and one English refs. Didn't cite Arthur Brand, "Hitler's Horses"; no Google preview, unsure of reliability. Added some biography & Personal life from City of Salzburg; ample sources found for needed separate Works section. This edit intended to improve the encyclopaedia is not an endorsement of the WMF.← Previous edit | Revision as of 01:43, 29 July 2021 edit undoYngvadottir (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users50,625 edits Separated Career and Later life and death, created separate Works section, moved some specifics to it, made the horses a subsection. Filled out career from Salzburg source, adding some refs from one of the books on Nazi art. More can be added, plus missing years on some works. This edit intended to improve the encyclopaedia is not an endorsement of the WMF.Next edit → | ||
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| '''Josef Thorak''' (7 February 1889 in ], ] – 26 February 1952 in ], ]) was an Austrian-German sculptor. He |
'''Josef Thorak''' (7 February 1889 in ], ] – 26 February 1952 in ], ]) was an Austrian-German sculptor. He became known for oversize monumental sculptures, particularly of male figures, and was one of the most prominent sculptors of the ]. | ||
| == |
==Early life and education== | ||
| Thorak was born out of wedlock in Vienna. His father, also Josef Thorak, was from ]; his mother was from Salzburg, where she returned soon after his birth and the couple married in 1896. That year he was placed in a religious boarding school for neglected children, but his schooling ended after he set fire to his bed in late 1898 and was injured by a nun ] him, which led to a dispute in the press and the courts. In 1903 he began an apprenticeship as a ] in ]; after completion of this and of ] years in Austria and Germany, he started work at a factory in Vienna and took classes from the sculptor ]. From 1911 to 1915 he studied sculpture at the ], interrupted by two periods of service in the ] and a study trip to ] and ]. ], Director of the ], recommended him and he secured a studio under ] at the ] in ]; he joined the ] in 1917.<ref name=Salzburg>, City of Salzburg, retrieved |
Thorak was born out of wedlock in Vienna. His father, also Josef Thorak, was from ]; his mother was from Salzburg, where she returned soon after his birth and the couple married in 1896. That year he was placed in a religious boarding school for neglected children, but his schooling ended after he set fire to his bed in late 1898 and was injured by a nun ] him, which led to a dispute in the press and the courts. In 1903 he began an apprenticeship as a ] in ]; after completion of this and of ] years in Austria and Germany, he started work at a factory in Vienna and took classes from the sculptor ]. From 1911 to 1915 he studied sculpture at the ], interrupted by two periods of service in the ] and a study trip to ] and ]. ], Director of the ], recommended him and he secured a studio under ] at the ] in ]; he joined the ] in 1917.<ref name=Salzburg>, City of Salzburg, retrieved 29 July 2021 {{In lang|de}}.</ref> | ||
| ==Career== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| In Berlin in the 1920s, Thorak lived mainly on commissions to design cemetery monuments for soldiers, also assisting wealthy friends, many of them Jewish, with design work. He was helped by friendships with ], President of the ], and above all with the art museum director ], who wrote a monograph on Thorak in 1929.<ref name=Salzburg/><ref name=Adam190>Peter Adam, ''Art of the Third Reich'', New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992, {{ISBN|0-8109-1912-5}}, p. 190.</ref> He won a state prize in 1928. To promote himself, he began calling himself "professor". His commissions were reduced by the ] and the ]; eventually in 1932 he received a commission to design fittings for a church in Tegel,<ref name=Salzburg/> and he entered work in the ] in the ] at the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920735 |title=Josef Thorak |work=Olympedia |accessdate=8 August 2020}}</ref> | |||
| After the Nazis ] in 1933, Thorak took advantage of friendships with many prominent members of the Party. Through the film maker ], he was engaged to complete the ''Emniyet'' monument in ], Turkey, which had been begun by Hanak and continued by the architect ], and he sculpted busts of ] and ] in addition to ]. After the death of ] in August 1934, Thorak sculpted his ]; his bust of ] was given as an official gift by Hitler in 1940. For a bust of Hitler, he stayed for several days in 1936 at Hitler's ] compound.<ref name=Salzburg/> ] arranged an exhibition for him in 1935.<ref name=Adam190/> | |||
| In 1933, Thorak joined ] as one of the two "official sculptors" of the ].<ref name=Time>, '']'', 31 July 1950, archived from on 31 January 2011.</ref> In his government-approved studio outside ], Thorak worked on statues intended to represent the folk-life of Germany under ] leadership; these works tended to be heroic in scale, up to 20 metres (65 feet) in height. His official works from this period included a number of sculptures at the ] of 1936. His work was also part of the ] in the ] at the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920735 |title=Josef Thorak |work=Olympedia |accessdate=8 August 2020}}</ref> | |||
| ] |
With ], he became one of the two "official sculptors" of the Third Reich.<ref name=Adam190/><ref name=Time>, '']'', 31 July 1950, archived from on 31 January 2011.</ref> In 1937, he was named professor of sculpture at the ]; in 1939, Hitler decreed that a studio should be built for him in ].<ref name=Salzburg/> After a visit with Hitler to Thorak's studio in 1937, Goebbels described him in his diary as "our greatest sculptural talent. He needs to be given commissions."<ref name=Salzburg/> In his ''Spandau Diaries'' written in prison after the war, ] referred to Thorak as "more or less ''my'' sculptor, who frequently designed statues and reliefs for my buildings".<ref>Albert Speer, ''Spandau: the Secret Diaries'', New York: Macmillan, 1976, p. 261.</ref> He was well known for his "grandiose monuments";<ref>Anthony Rhodes, ''Propaganda: The Art of Persuasion: World War II'', New York: Chelsea House, 1976, p. 28.</ref> because of his preference for muscular neo-classical nude sculpture, Thorak was nicknamed "Professor Thorax".<ref>F.K.M. Hillenbrand, ''Underground Humour in Nazi Germany'', Routledge, 1995, {{ISBN|0-415-09785-1}}, p. 105.</ref> Some ] influences can be noticed in his generally ] style. | ||
| ==Later life and death== | |||
| After the ], Thorak was pronounced legally ] and permitted to hold a final exhibition in Salzburg in July 1950, which was poorly received.<ref name=Time/><ref name=Salzburg/> His Austrian citizenship was restored in 1951. In February 1952, he died at Schloss Hartmannsberg in Bavaria, which he had purchased in 1937.<ref name=Salzburg/> | After the ], Thorak was pronounced legally ] and permitted to hold a final exhibition in Salzburg in July 1950, which was poorly received.<ref name=Time/><ref name=Salzburg/> His Austrian citizenship was restored in 1951. In February 1952, he died at Schloss Hartmannsberg in Bavaria, which he had purchased in 1937.<ref name=Salzburg/> | ||
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| Thorak married three times. In 1918 he married Hertha Kroll; they had two sons, the older born before their marriage, in January 1917. The couple divorced in 1926 but continued to live together until her death in 1928. The following year he married Hilda Lubowski, with whom he had a third son, but after the Nazis ] in 1933, the couple agreed to divorce because of her Jewish ancestry. She emigrated in 1939 to France and subsequently to England. In 1946, Thorak married Erna Hoenig, an American who had been living at Schloss Hartmannsberg since 1944; their son was born in 1949.<ref name=Salzburg/> | Thorak married three times. In 1918 he married Hertha Kroll; they had two sons, the older born before their marriage, in January 1917. The couple divorced in 1926 but continued to live together until her death in 1928. The following year he married Hilda Lubowski, with whom he had a third son, but after the Nazis ] in 1933, the couple agreed to divorce because of her Jewish ancestry. She emigrated in 1939 to France and subsequently to England. In 1946, Thorak married Erna Hoenig, an American who had been living at Schloss Hartmannsberg since 1944; their son was born in 1949.<ref name=Salzburg/> | ||
| ==Works== | |||
| ⚫ | ==Reich Chancellery striding horses== | ||
| ⚫ | * 1922: ''Der sterbende Krieger'' (The Dying Warrior), a statue memorializing the dead of ] in ] | ||
| * 1936: ''Boxer'', modelled on ], one of many sculptures commissioned for the grounds of the ] in Berlin.<ref name=Salzburg/><ref>Adam, p. 203.</ref> | |||
| * 1937: ''The Family'' and ''Comradeship'': 23-foot-tall figural groups outside the German pavilion at the ],<ref name=Salzburg/><ref>Adam, p. 244.</ref> the latter consisting of two nude males clasping hands and standing defiantly side by side in a pose of racial camaraderie.<ref name="overy260">], ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia'', {{ISBN|0-393-02030-4}}, p. 260.</ref> | |||
| * 1941: ''Couple''<ref>Adam, pp. 193–94.</ref> | |||
| * ''Last Flight'', wartime sculpture of a woman holding the body of a soldier<ref>Adam, p. 158.</ref> | |||
| * ''The Judgement of Paris'', for a fountain.<ref name=Adam104/> | |||
| * ''Goddess of Victory'' sculptural group for the ] at ]<ref name=Salzburg/> | |||
| * 1943: ''Der königliche Reiter'' (The Royal Rider), model for an equestrian monument to ''Frederick the Great]] in ]<ref name=Salzburg/> | |||
| * 1943: ''Paracelsus'', commissioned for Salzburg<ref name=Salzburg/> | |||
| * 1943: ''Bust of Copernicus'', also in Salzburg<ref name=Salzburg/> | |||
| * ''Monument to Work'', for the ]: model exhibited in 1938–39, work unfinished. A group of workers (variously described as three, four, or five), {{convert|17|m|ft}} high, straining to move a boulder.<ref name=Adam104>Adam, p. 194.</ref><ref>Meinhold Lurz, "Denkmäler an der Autobahn—die Autobahn als Denkmal", in: ''Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos'', ed. Rainer Stommer with Claudia Gabriele Philipp, Marburg: Jonas, 1982, {{ISBN|9783922561125}}, pp. 154–92, pp. 161, 162 {{In lang|de}}.</ref><ref>Erhard Schütz and Eckhard Gruber, ''Mythos Reichsautobahn: Bau und Inszenierung der 'Straßen des Führers' 1933–1941'', Berlin: Links, 1996, {{ISBN|978-386153117-3}}, p. 63 {{In lang|de}}.</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ===Reich Chancellery striding horses=== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Thorak sculpted three oversize horses ({{convert|3|m|ft}} high) for the |
Thorak sculpted three oversize horses ({{convert|3|m|ft}} high) for the Nuremberg rally grounds.<ref name=SZ>, '']'', 23 August 2015 {{In lang|de}}.</ref> Two of these, which had been placed in 1939 outside the ] built by ], were discovered along with other Nazi art in a ] on a storehouse in ], ], in May 2015. The two horses had been removed in 1989 from a barracks ground in ], northeast of Berlin, at the time in ], where they had sat since sometime after the ].<ref> '']'', 20 May 2015 {{In lang|de}}.</ref><ref>, '']'', 14 December 2015 {{In lang|de}}.</ref><ref name=DW>Gabriel Borrud, , '']'', 12 August 2015.</ref> The third Thorak horse was displayed in the ] in Munich as part of the ''Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung'' (Great German Art Exhibition) in 1939, then stood outside Thorak's studio. In August 2015, it was rediscovered on the grounds of a boarding school in ], Bavaria, {{ill|Landschulheim Schloss Ising|de}}, having been donated to the school by Thorak's widow in 1961 in lieu of tuition fees for her son.<ref name=SZ/><ref name=DW/> | ||
| The third Thorak horse was displayed in the ] in Munich as part of the ''Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung'' (Great German Art Exhibition) in 1939, then stood outside Thorak's studio. In August 2015, it was rediscovered on the grounds of a boarding school in ], Bavaria, {{ill|Landschulheim Schloss Ising|de}}, having been donated to the school by Thorak's widow in 1961 in lieu of tuition fees for her son.<ref name=SZ/><ref name=DW/> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
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Revision as of 01:43, 29 July 2021
Austrian-German sculptor
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Josef Thorak (7 February 1889 in Vienna, Austria – 26 February 1952 in Hartmannsberg, Bavaria) was an Austrian-German sculptor. He became known for oversize monumental sculptures, particularly of male figures, and was one of the most prominent sculptors of the Third Reich.
Early life and education
Thorak was born out of wedlock in Vienna. His father, also Josef Thorak, was from East Prussia; his mother was from Salzburg, where she returned soon after his birth and the couple married in 1896. That year he was placed in a religious boarding school for neglected children, but his schooling ended after he set fire to his bed in late 1898 and was injured by a nun disciplining him, which led to a dispute in the press and the courts. In 1903 he began an apprenticeship as a potter in Slovakia; after completion of this and of journeyman years in Austria and Germany, he started work at a factory in Vienna and took classes from the sculptor Anton Hanak. From 1911 to 1915 he studied sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts, interrupted by two periods of service in the First World War and a study trip to Bulgaria and Romania. Julius von Schlosser, Director of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, recommended him and he secured a studio under Ludwig Manzel at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin; he joined the Berlin Secession in 1917.
Career
In Berlin in the 1920s, Thorak lived mainly on commissions to design cemetery monuments for soldiers, also assisting wealthy friends, many of them Jewish, with design work. He was helped by friendships with Hjalmar Schacht, President of the Reichsbank, and above all with the art museum director Wilhelm von Bode, who wrote a monograph on Thorak in 1929. He won a state prize in 1928. To promote himself, he began calling himself "professor". His commissions were reduced by the German economic crisis of the 1920s and the Great Depression; eventually in 1932 he received a commission to design fittings for a church in Tegel, and he entered work in the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Thorak took advantage of friendships with many prominent members of the Party. Through the film maker Luis Trenker, he was engaged to complete the Emniyet monument in Ankara, Turkey, which had been begun by Hanak and continued by the architect Clemens Holzmeister, and he sculpted busts of Joseph Goebbels and Ernst Hanfstaengl in addition to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. After the death of Paul von Hindenburg in August 1934, Thorak sculpted his death mask; his bust of Mussolini was given as an official gift by Hitler in 1940. For a bust of Hitler, he stayed for several days in 1936 at Hitler's Obersalzberg compound. Alfred Rosenberg arranged an exhibition for him in 1935.
With Arno Breker, he became one of the two "official sculptors" of the Third Reich. In 1937, he was named professor of sculpture at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts; in 1939, Hitler decreed that a studio should be built for him in Baldham. After a visit with Hitler to Thorak's studio in 1937, Goebbels described him in his diary as "our greatest sculptural talent. He needs to be given commissions." In his Spandau Diaries written in prison after the war, Albert Speer referred to Thorak as "more or less my sculptor, who frequently designed statues and reliefs for my buildings". He was well known for his "grandiose monuments"; because of his preference for muscular neo-classical nude sculpture, Thorak was nicknamed "Professor Thorax". Some expressionist influences can be noticed in his generally neoclassical style.
Later life and death
After the Second World War, Thorak was pronounced legally denazified and permitted to hold a final exhibition in Salzburg in July 1950, which was poorly received. His Austrian citizenship was restored in 1951. In February 1952, he died at Schloss Hartmannsberg in Bavaria, which he had purchased in 1937.
Personal life
Thorak married three times. In 1918 he married Hertha Kroll; they had two sons, the older born before their marriage, in January 1917. The couple divorced in 1926 but continued to live together until her death in 1928. The following year he married Hilda Lubowski, with whom he had a third son, but after the Nazis came to power in 1933, the couple agreed to divorce because of her Jewish ancestry. She emigrated in 1939 to France and subsequently to England. In 1946, Thorak married Erna Hoenig, an American who had been living at Schloss Hartmannsberg since 1944; their son was born in 1949.
Works
- 1922: Der sterbende Krieger (The Dying Warrior), a statue memorializing the dead of World War I in Stolpmünde
- 1936: Boxer, modelled on Max Schmeling, one of many sculptures commissioned for the grounds of the Olympic Stadium in Berlin.
- 1937: The Family and Comradeship: 23-foot-tall figural groups outside the German pavilion at the Paris World's Fair, the latter consisting of two nude males clasping hands and standing defiantly side by side in a pose of racial camaraderie.
- 1941: Couple
- Last Flight, wartime sculpture of a woman holding the body of a soldier
- The Judgement of Paris, for a fountain.
- Goddess of Victory sculptural group for the Nazi party rally grounds at Nuremberg
- 1943: Der königliche Reiter (The Royal Rider), model for an equestrian monument to Frederick the Great]] in Linz
- 1943: Paracelsus, commissioned for Salzburg
- 1943: Bust of Copernicus, also in Salzburg
- Monument to Work, for the Reichsautobahn: model exhibited in 1938–39, work unfinished. A group of workers (variously described as three, four, or five), 17 metres (56 ft) high, straining to move a boulder.
Reich Chancellery striding horses
_Thorak_cropped.jpg)
Thorak sculpted three oversize horses (3 metres (9.8 ft) high) for the Nuremberg rally grounds. Two of these, which had been placed in 1939 outside the Reich Chancellery built by Albert Speer, were discovered along with other Nazi art in a police raid on a storehouse in Bad Dürkheim, Rhineland-Palatinate, in May 2015. The two horses had been removed in 1989 from a barracks ground in Eberswalde, northeast of Berlin, at the time in East Germany, where they had sat since sometime after the Second World War. The third Thorak horse was displayed in the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in Munich as part of the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung (Great German Art Exhibition) in 1939, then stood outside Thorak's studio. In August 2015, it was rediscovered on the grounds of a boarding school in Ising, Bavaria, Landschulheim Schloss Ising [de], having been donated to the school by Thorak's widow in 1961 in lieu of tuition fees for her son.
See also
References
- ^ "NS-Strassennamen: Josef Thorak", City of Salzburg, retrieved 29 July 2021 (in German).
- ^ Peter Adam, Art of the Third Reich, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992, ISBN 0-8109-1912-5, p. 190.
- "Josef Thorak". Olympedia. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "Art: Bigger Than Life", Time, 31 July 1950, archived from the original on 31 January 2011.
- Albert Speer, Spandau: the Secret Diaries, New York: Macmillan, 1976, p. 261.
- Anthony Rhodes, Propaganda: The Art of Persuasion: World War II, New York: Chelsea House, 1976, p. 28.
- F.K.M. Hillenbrand, Underground Humour in Nazi Germany, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09785-1, p. 105.
- Adam, p. 203.
- Adam, p. 244.
- Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, ISBN 0-393-02030-4, p. 260.
- Adam, pp. 193–94.
- Adam, p. 158.
- ^ Adam, p. 194.
- Meinhold Lurz, "Denkmäler an der Autobahn—die Autobahn als Denkmal", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos, ed. Rainer Stommer with Claudia Gabriele Philipp, Marburg: Jonas, 1982, ISBN 9783922561125, pp. 154–92, pp. 161, 162 (in German).
- Erhard Schütz and Eckhard Gruber, Mythos Reichsautobahn: Bau und Inszenierung der 'Straßen des Führers' 1933–1941, Berlin: Links, 1996, ISBN 978-386153117-3, p. 63 (in German).
- ^ "Putzkraft gesucht, halbtags", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 23 August 2015 (in German).
- "Verschollene Nazi-Kunst entdeckt" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 20 May 2015 (in German).
- "Rechtsstreit um Hitlers Bronzepferde", Der Tagesspiegel, 14 December 2015 (in German).
- ^ Gabriel Borrud, "Nazi propaganda horse winds up at German school", Deutsche Welle, 12 August 2015.
External links
Media related to Josef Thorak at Wikimedia Commons