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Robert Wallace Malone is an American virologist and immunologist.

Early life and education

Robert Wallace Malone graduated from the University of California Davis and went on to receive his MD from Northwestern University.

Career

In the 1980s, while a researcher at the Salk Institute, Malone conducted studies on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology, discovering that it was possible to transfer mRNA protected by a liposome into cultured cells to signal the information needed for the production of proteins. Some have credited Malone as the inventor of mRNA technology, though, the accuracy of that claim has been disputed with credit for the distinction given to later advancements by Katalin Karikó or Derrick Rossi.

Until 2020, Malone was chief medical officer at Alchem Laboratories, a Florida pharmaceutical company. He was previously director of clinical affairs for Avancer Group, a member of the scientific advisory board of Epivax, assistant professor at the University of Maryland Baltimore school of medicine, and an adjunct associate professor of biotechnology at Kennesaw State University. In 2016, as CEO of Atheric Pharmaceutical, he was contracted by the United States Government to assist in the development of a treatment for the Zika virus by evaluating the efficacy of existing drugs.

Malone was selected as one of five guest editors for a 2021 issue of Frontiers in Pharmacology titled "Treating COVID-19 with Currently Available Drugs". Along with three of the other guest editors, Malone resigned in protest after Frontiers Media SA, the journal's publisher, pulled several articles that had passed peer review. Later that year, according to Malone, he was banned from LinkedIn over what he claimed were posts he had made questioning the efficacy of some COVID-19 vaccines.

Selected publications

• Malone, Robert; et al. (2021). "COVID-19: Famotidine, Histamine, Mast Cells, and Mechanisms". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12 (216).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (2016). "Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (3).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (2016). "Zika Virus: Medical Countermeasure Development Challenges". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (3).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (2000). "Theory and in Vivo Application of Electroporative Gene Delivery". Molecular Therapy. 2 (3).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (1997). "Cationic Lipid-Mediated Gene Delivery to Murine Lung:  Correlation of Lipid Hydration with in Vivo Transfection Activity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 40 (25).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (1995). "Cholesterol Enhances Cationic Liposome-mediated DNA Transfection of Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells". Bioscience Reports. 15 (1).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (1994). "Gene Expression Following Direct Injection of DNA into Liver". Human Gene Therapy. 5 (12).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (1990). "Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo". Science. 247 (4949).
• Malone, Robert; et al. (1989). "Cationic Liposome-mediated RNA Transfection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 86 (16).

Selected patents

• US Expired 7250404B2, Robert Wallace Malone; Jon Wolff & Dennis A. Carson et al., "Lipid-mediated polynucleotide administration to deliver a biologically active peptide and to induce a cellular immune response", issued July 31, 2007, assigned to Vical and Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation 
• US Expired 5589466, Robert Wallace Malone; Jon Wolff & Dennis A. Carson et al., "Induction of a protective immune response in a mammal by injecting a DNA sequence", issued December 31, 1996, assigned to Vical and Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation 

References

1. "License Number: D55466 Dr. Robert Wallace Malone". Physician Profile Portal. Maryland Board of Physicians. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
2. ^ Nogueira, Mariana (July 20, 2021). "Robert Malone é o inventor das vacinas de mRNA?". Visão (in Portuguese). Retrieved July 29, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
3. Jacob, Manon (July 13, 2021). "Flawed study misrepresents Covid-19 vaccination fatality rate". Agence France Press. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
4. "From COVID to Malaria: The potential of mRNA vaccines". Deutsche Welle. July 28, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
5. Kertscher, Tom (June 16, 2021). "The COVID-19 vaccines' "spike protein is very dangerous, it's cytotoxic."". Politifact. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
6. Lardner, Richard (July 23, 2020). "Pepcid as a virus remedy? Trump admin's $21M gamble fizzled". Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
7. Perlman, William (March 8, 2016). "Zika Countermeasure Options Explored". Contagion. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
8. Chang, Ailsa (May 12, 2016). "White House Request For Emergency Zika Funding Hits Roadblock In Congress". WBUR-FM. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
9. Szabo, Liz (May 5, 2016). "Researchers look to repurpose approved drugs to treat Zika virus". USA Today. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
10. ^ Offord, Catherine (April 28, 2021). "Frontiers Pulls Special COVID-19 Issue After Content Dispute". The Scientist. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
11. D'Angelo, Peter (July 4, 2021). "Usa, uno degli scienziati dell'Rna messaggero denuncia: "Censurato da Linkedin" dopo aver espresso preoccupazione sulla trasparenza del governo rispetto ai potenziali rischi dei vaccini. La polemica con Reuters". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved July 29, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

External links

• 2017 video of Malone interviewed by Contagion

• Living people
• Northwestern University alumni
• University of California alumni
• American virologists