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| '''Reggaetón''' <ref></ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref> (also as '''Reguetón''' or '''Reggetón''' in Spanish) is a form of ] which became popular with ]n (Latino) youth during the early ] and spread to ]n, ]an, ]n, and ]n audiences during the first few years of the 21st century. Reggaetón blends ]n music influences of ] and ] with those of Latin America, such as ] and ], as well as that of ]. The music is also combined with rapping (generally) in ]. <!-- Add any more references to the Reggaetón around the world section --> Reggaetón has given the Hispanic youth, starting with those of ] and ], a musical genre that they can consider their own. The influence of this genre has spread to the wider ] communities in the ], as well as the ] audience. | |||
| While it takes influences from hip hop and Jamaican dancehall, it would be wrong to define reggaetón as the ‘Hispanic’- or ‘Latino’- version of either of these genres; reggaetón has its own specific beat and rhythm, whereas ] is simply hip hop recorded by artists of Latino descent. The specific rhythm that characterizes reggaetón is referred to as “Dem Bow”.<ref name="villagevoice">{{cite news | url=http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0603,caramanica,71722,22.html | publisher=Village Voice | title=Grow Dem Bow | accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref><ref name="phoenix">{{cite news | url=http://www.thephoenix.com/PrinterFriendly.aspx?id=1595 | publisher=The Phoenix | title=Rise of Reggaetón | date=2006-01-19 | accessdate=2006-07-24 | author=Wayne Marshall }}</ref> The name is a reference to the title of the dancehall song that first popularized the beat in the early 1990s. | |||
| Reggaetón's origins represents a hybrid of many different musical genres and influences from various countries in the Caribbean, Latin America and the United States. The genre of reggaetón however is most closely associated with Puerto Rico, as this is where the musical style later popularized and became most famous, and where the vast majority of its stars originate from. <ref name="The World">{{cite news | url=http://www.theworld.org/globalhits/2005/08/25.shtml | publisher=The World | title=Global Hit: August 25, 2005 | date=2005-08-25 | accessdate=2006-07-24 | author=Andrea Shea }}</ref> <ref name="AskMen"></ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref> | |||
| Reggaetón lyrics tend to be more derived from hip hop than dancehall. Like hip hop, reggaetón has caused some controversy, albeit much less, due to a few of the songs' explicit lyrics and alleged exploitation of women <ref name="BBC"></ref>; supporters claim this criticism is misplaced due to most reggaetón songs having completely clean lyrics, as well as non-violent lyrics. Further controversy surrounds ], a dance with explicit sexual overtones which is associated with reggaetón music. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Early History and Origins=== | |||
| Reggaetón's roots are from ] | |||
| <ref name="BBC"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="USA Today"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="The World"></ref> | |||
| <ref name="AskMen"></ref> with the music evolving and coming to prominence in ]. Reggaetón starts as an adaptation of Jamaican ] (and later Jamaican ]) to the Spanish-language culture in Panama <ref name="phoenix"/>. | |||
| The origins of reggaetón begin with the, first Latin-American ] recordings being made in Panama during the ]. Reportedly, the Jamaican reggae influence on Panamanian music has been strong since the early 20th century, when Jamaican laborers were used to help build the ]. <ref name="phoenix"/> | |||
| Artists such as ],], ], ], ], ] are considered the first ] ]s from Panama. El General has been identified as one of the fathers of reggaetón, blending Jamaican reggae into a Latin-ised version. It was common practice to translate the lyrics of Jamaican reggae song into Spanish and sing them over the original melodies, a form termed “Spanish reggae” or “Reggae en español”. Meanwhile, during the ] the Puerto Rican rapper ] released Spanish-language hip hop records in his native island. His production of cassettes throughout the ], mixing reggae and hip hop, also helped spread the early reggaetón sound, and he is widely credited with this achievement <ref></ref>. The widespread movement of “Spanish reggae” in the Latin-American communities of the Caribbean and the urban centres of the United States help increase its popularity <ref name="phoenix"/>. | |||
| During the ] reggae production took off seriously in Panama; this also occurred separately in Puerto Rico due to the increased popularity of Jamaican ] imports. Towards the middle of the decade, Puerto Ricans were producing their own "]s" with clear influences from hip hop and other styles. These are considered the first proper reggaetón tracks, initially called “under”, a short form of “Underground”. ] was one of the most famous producers at the time, releasing several underground cassettes that featured early performances of some soon-to-be-famous artists like ]. The basis for reggaetón was laid in Puerto Rico at this time, with the melding of Panamanian Spanish reggae, with influences from dancehall, hip-hop and various other Latin American musical genres <ref name="phoenix"/>. | |||
| The genre morphed through the years, at various points being termed “Melaza”, “música underground”, “reggae de Puerto Rico”, and “Dem Bow”. This last name originated from reggaeton's distinguishing rhythmic feature: the ''Dem Bow'' (alternately spelled “Dembow”) beat. <ref name="villagevoice"/> <ref name="phoenix"/> This beat was constructed by Jamaican record producer ], and first became popular in the song “Dem Bow” (They Bow) performed by Jamaican dancehall artist ] in 1991.<ref></ref> The song and beat achieved greater popularity among Spanish-speaking Latin Americans when Panamanian artist ] released the song “Son Bow” in 1991, a Spanish language cover of “Dem Bow” using the same musical track.<ref></ref> It should be pointed out that neither Shabba or El General sang “Reggaetón” as neither the genre nor its title were as yet formed. Additionally “Dem Bow” was just a single song in Shabba's catalog, with Ranks not singing another significant song using the “Dem Bow” beat. However the influence of the original Bobby Digital beat is undeniable, and modern Reggaeton often still reflects the original instrumentation, as well as the original rhythmic structure. | |||
| ===Rise to popularity=== | |||
| The name ''reggaetón'' only gained prominence in the mid-1990s (from the ] to ] period), with the Dem Bow beat characterizing the genre; this is in contrast to the more reggae, dancehall and hip hop-derived tracks previously created. The name was created in Puerto Rico to signify the hybrid sound, and distinguish it from the previous ''Spanish reggae'', created from the years of mixing the different genres.<ref name="phoenix"/> Today, the music flourishes throughout Latin America. | |||
| Reggaetón soon increased in popularity with Latino youth in the United States when ] worked with artists such as Plan B and Speedy in albums such as ''Reggaetón Sex''. The first song which introduced Reggaeton to a big amount of fans is the song “Tra Tra” by ]. From there on reggaetón gained fans with songs such as “Amor Con La Ropa” by Speedy, “No Puedo Estar Sin Sexo” by Plan B, and “Dembow” by Wisin and Yandel. | |||
| Reggaetón expanded and became known when other producers followed the steps of ], like ] and ]. In the early 90s albums like ''Playero 37'' (in which ] became known) and ''The Noise 5'' and ''The Noise 6'' were very popular in Puerto Rico and the ]. Singers like ], O.G. Black & Master Joe, Baby Rasta & Gringo, and Lito & Polaco among others were very popular. | |||
| Many now popular producers, such as the ] duo ], ] and ], first appeared in the reggaetón scene in ]. Albums such as '']'', ''The Last Don'', and ''Las Gargolas 4'' expanded reggaetón's popularity among Latinos in the United States. | |||
| ] was the year that reggaetón gained widespread popularity in the United States, eventually gaining attention in many “Western” countries. This was due to ] introducing the genre to mainstream America with the song “]”,{{Citation needed}} followed by ] who came out with his album “]” and his mega hit single “]”. Another important artist who contributed to reggaetón's increasing popularity, especially in Europe, is ], with singles like “Pobre Diabla” and “Dale Don Dale”.{{Citation needed}} Other very popular reggaetón artists include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| Don Omar’s May 2006 album, ''King of Kings'', became history’s highest ranking reggaeton LP in the top 10 US charts, with its debut at #1 on the Latin sales charts and the #1 spot on the ] Latin Rhythm Radio Chart with the single “Angelito”.<ref name="LR"></ref> Don Omar was also able to beat the in-store appearance sales record at Downtown Disney's Virgin music store previously set by pop star ], further demonstrating reggaetón's massive rise to popularity in the United States. | |||
| ===Reggaetón beat=== | |||
| Reggaetón’s most notably unique feature is a driving drum-machine track which was derived from a popular Jamaican dancehall rhythm. As stated previously this beat is called “Dem Bow”, from the Bobby Dixon-produced Shabba Ranks song of the same title. | |||
| Many of the sounds found in a typical reggaetón beat are electronically synthesized. Simple melodies may be produced with keyboards, electric guitars, and other electronic instruments. Other forms of electronic dance music have significantly influenced reggaetón beats, such as ], ], and genres such as the merengue hip hop (also called ]) of groups such as ] and ]. | |||
| Reggaetón beats are highly versatile. The great variety and flexibility of reggaetón beats can be illustrated by ]' CD '']'', which is a collection of purely instrumental beats. Reggaetón beats can be based on ], ], ], ] and especially ] beats. | |||
| ===Reggaetón and hip-hop=== | |||
| Reggaetón bears many resemblances to ]. The most notable resemblance to hip-hop is that reggaetón, in most cases, is recited instead of being sung. Another feature is that reggaetón CDs are laid out like hip-hop CD's, including intro’s, occasional interludes, and hidden bonus tracks. Reggaetón also has hooks throughout a song that may include a chorus of singers. Reggaetón artists also adopt pseudonyms comparable to those of hip-hop artists. Overall, reggaetón and hip-hop are both thought of as street-styled music popular among urban youth. | |||
| Despite the similarities, reggaetón only roughly fits into the Latin hip-hop category but is not synonymous with hip-hop. True Latin hip-hop has beats that almost exactly resemble mainstream hip-hop beats. These “hardcore” Latin hip-hop artists include ], ], ], and ]. Reggaetón, though, has rap-styled lyrics but has a very different beat that is influenced not by hip-hop, but by ], ], ] and ]. Although reggaetón has been influenced by hip-hop, it has also borrowed features from many other genres as well and is not considered to be Latin hip-hop. | |||
| Reggaetón and hip-hop are often remixed together, and reggaetón songs and live concerts may feature hip-hop artists such as ], ], and ]. Hip-hop songs such as ]'s ''Yeah'' and ]'s ''Drop It Like It's Hot'' have been remixed by replacing the original beat with a reggaetón beat. In other remixes, reggaetón DJs may rap out an English song in Spanish. | |||
| As Reggaetón has gained popularity, there is a new trend of Hip-Hop and Reggaetón artists collaborating on songs. ] was featured on ]'s Gangsta Zone in his album ] ; as was ] on remix to Yankee’s earlier hit song entitled “Machete”. The remix of Daddy Yankee’s song ] featured ] and ] of G-Unit. And Yankee’s first U.S. hit ] was remixed, adding Miami rapper ], and Crunk music producer ] to the track. ] collaborated with him on the song ‘Oh Man’ on his most recent album, The Trinity. Hip hop producer ] produced and sang on the track ‘Mamacita’ with Daddy Yankee as well. American rapper ] was featured on ]'s song Conteo on Omar’s album King of Kings which was featured in the movie ]. ] produced the ] song ‘Burn it up’ with ] on his album TP3 Reloaded as well as producing the remix to ]’s song ] again featuring Wisin y Yandel, which has sold over 300,000 songs on ]. Popular Reggaetón producer ] produced the hit song ‘Here We Go Yo’ with ], whom he collaborated with to produce his most recent album “Los Rompe Discotekas” (The Club Bangers) which came out in early summer 2006. Reggaetón artist ] raps alongside with R&B group Jagged Edge on the song ‘So Amazing'. The song ‘Wanna Ride’ was recited and sung by distinguished Reggaetón artists Wisin y Yandel together with veteran rap group Bone Thugs N'Harmony, and which was featured in the movie ] starring ]. Both genres are accepting influences from each other today, and these musical blends also signify a cultural blending pot in today’s urban scene. | |||
| ===Lyrics and themes=== | |||
| Reggaetón lyrical structure resembles hip-hop lyrics. Like hip-hop, reggaetón artists recite their lyrics rap-fashion rather than sing it melodically. Like hip-hop music, reggaetón songs have hooks that are repeated throughout the song. Reggaetón also started as a genre composed of mostly male artists, with a slowly increasing number of female artists debuting over the years. Notable female reggaetón artists include ] and ]. | |||
| Reggaetón lyrical themes are versatile. Typical themes may include dancing, love stories, partying, short anecdotes of the rapper's life, and problems in life. Popular reggaeton songs are mainly intended to be danceable, rhythmic, party-like songs for young people. Reggaetón may or may not be objectionable depending on the artists, song, and the listener's interpretation, as one reggaetón song may have many interpretations because a song's meaning may not be very clear and direct. For example, the song '']'' is often considered appropriate for children and has made it into the ] series. However, because of the various possible connotations and literal interpretations of the song, some people criticize ''Gasolina'' as having possibly inappropriate sexual content <ref>{{cite web | url=http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=505309 | title=Google Answers - Meanings to the lyrics of 'Gasolina' | publisher=Google Answers | accessdate=2006-08-27 }}</ref>. | |||
| Usually, reggaetón CDs are not labeled “explicit” like many hip-hop CDs are. One exception is that Daddy Yankee’s ''Barrio Fino en Directo'' (''Barrio Fino Live'') was labeled explicit for objectionable content in the live concerts (and for explicit language by Snoop Dogg in Gangsta Zone), even though the regular studio version of '']'' was not labeled explicit. Most reggaetón songs have completely clean lyrics (as in no profanity); very few songs have cursing/swearing in the lyrics. Some reggaetón artists are able to circumvent radio and television censorship by using sexual inuendo and lyrics with double meanings in their music. | |||
| ==Reggaetón across the world== | |||
| ===Puerto Rico=== | |||
| Reggaetón is most commonly thought of as originating from ], where it has flourished and spread across Latin America and the international stage. The Puerto Rican influence in reggaetón has involved the addition of hip-hop to the Panamanian reggae style. Puerto Ricans have claimed reggaetón as their own <ref name="The World"/> partly due to the fact that the movement was originally anti-establishment, with the government attempting to ban the ] (“doggystyle”) dance. Reggaetón is now more accepted within the commonwealth. | |||
| Reggaetón derives from the post-] youth generation of the 80s and early 90s in ]. Before reggaetón exploded in the mid-nineties, young street artists, heavyly influenced by ] and turntablism, rapped over cassette tracks easily acquired within their ] status. | |||
| This new genre was simply called “underground”. It contained very explicit lyrics about drugs, violence, poverty, homophobia, friendship, love, and sex. These common themes, which in many cases depict the troubles of an inner-city life, can still be found in reggaetón today. “Underground” music was recorded in “marquesinas” (or Puerto Rican open garage) and distributed in the streets via cassettes. By the early 90s “underground” cassettes were being sold in commercial music stores. The genre caught up with the middle class youth and inevitably found its way to the media. | |||
| By this time Puerto Rico had a few clubs dedicated to the underground scene. Club Rappers in Carolina, and club PlayMakers in Puerto Nuevo were the most notable. ]'s dembow track was exploited in order to appeal in the context of the club. Underground music wasn't intended originally to be club music. | |||
| The Puerto Rican chapter of ] asked the local authorities to intervene and ban selling underground music, which subsequently required that all local productions being sold displayed a ] label. By 1993 Dj Negro released The Noise 3 with a mock up label that read Non-Explicit Lyrics. The album contained no cursing until the last song. The album was a hit and underground music further crept into the mainstream. Senator Velda González of the ] and the media continued to view the movement as a social nuisance. | |||
| ===Cuba=== | |||
| Reggaetón is really popular in ]. Cubans of all ages listen to Puerto Rican and Cuban reggaetón. The cuban beat of reggaetón is a little diferent from the Puerto Rican beat. | |||
| ===Latin America=== | |||
| Reggaetón has been a huge hit all across the globe, especially in Latin American countries like in the ], ], ] and ]. Reggaetón has become staple music in most parties and events, complementing the common mix of merengue, salsa and electronic music and has paved a huge fan base. In some countries (such as Venezuela, with Calle Ciega, Doble Impakto and Mr. Brian and ] and Heavy Clan from ]), domestic “reggaetoneros” have arisen, expanding the Pan-Latin feel of the genre. | |||
| ===United States=== | |||
| In the ], reggaetón is highly popular among Hispanic youth. Reggaetón is now popular in cities all over the United States, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and almost every city with a large Hispanic population. | |||
| ===Europe=== | |||
| Reggaetón has become popular in ] because of its appeal to Latin American immigrants, particularly those from ]. A Spanish concept called ''“La Canción del Verano”'' (''The Summer Song''), under which a particular song or two define the mood for the season and are regarded unofficially as such by Spanish media, served as the basis for the extreme popularity of reggaetón songs such as Panamanian rapper Lorna’s ''“Papi Chulo (Te traigo el Mmm)”'' in 2003, and ] ''Gasolina'' in 2005. Puerto Rican and Panamanian reggaetón artists have toured the country, and Spain is developing a cadre of local reggaetón artists of its own. | |||
| Reggaetón is also experiencing a boom in ], thanks in big part to artists like ] who filmed the video for his song ''Angelito'' in ], featuring many of the city's historic landmarks. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
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Revision as of 21:58, 28 January 2007
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