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South Atlantic tropical cyclones are unusual weather events that occur in the Southern Hemisphere. Strong wind shear, which disrupts the formation of cyclones, as well as a lack of weather disturbances favorable for development in the South Atlantic Ocean, make any strong tropical system extremely rare, and Hurricane Catarina in 2004 is the only recorded South Atlantic hurricane in history. South Atlantic storms have developed year-round, with activity peaking during the months from November through May in this basin. Since 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center has assigned names to tropical and subtropical systems in the western side of the basin, near the eastern coast of Brazil, when they have sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph), the generally accepted minimum sustained wind speed for a disturbance to be designated as a tropical storm in the North Atlantic basin. Below is a list of notable South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones.

Theories concerning infrequency of occurrence

It was initially thought that tropical cyclones did not develop within the South Atlantic. Very strong vertical wind shear in the troposphere is considered a deterrent. The Intertropical Convergence Zone drops one to two degrees south of the equator, not far enough from the equator for the Coriolis force to significantly aid development. Water temperatures in the tropics of the southern Atlantic are cooler than those in the tropical north Atlantic.

Although they are rare, during April 1991 the United States' National Hurricane Center (NHC) reported that a tropical cyclone had developed over the Eastern South Atlantic. In subsequent years, a few systems were suspected to have the characteristics needed to be classified as a tropical cyclone, including in March 1994 and January 2004. During March 2004, an extratropical cyclone formally transitioned into a tropical cyclone and made landfall on Brazil, after becoming a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. While the system was threatening the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, a newspaper used the headline "Furacão Catarina", which was originally presumed to mean "furacão (hurricane) threatening (Santa) Catarina (the state)". After international presses started monitoring the system, "Hurricane Catarina" has formally been adopted.

At the Sixth WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-VI) in 2006, it was questioned if any subtropical or tropical cyclones had developed within the South Atlantic before Catarina. It was noted that suspect systems had developed in January 1970, March 1994, January 2004, March 2004, May 2004, February 2006, and March 2006. It was also suggested that an effort should be made to locate any possible systems using satellite imagery and synoptic data; however, it was noted that this effort may be hindered by the lack of any geostationary imagery over the basin before 1966. A study was subsequently performed and published during 2012, which concluded that there had been 63 subtropical cyclones in the Southern Atlantic between 1957 and 2007. During January 2009, a subtropical storm developed in the basin, and in March 2010, a tropical storm developed, which was named Anita by the Brazilian public and private weather services. In 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center started to assign names to tropical and subtropical cyclones that develop within its area of responsibility, to the west of 20°W, when they have sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph).

Season Effects

Subtropical Storm Arani

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	March 14, 2011 – March 16, 2011
Peak intensity	85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min); 989 hPa (mbar)

Early on March 14, 2011, the Navy Hydrographic Center-Brazilian Navy (SMM), in coordination with the National Institute of Meteorology, were monitoring an organizing area of convection near the southeast coast of Brazil. Later that day a low-pressure area developed just east of Vitória, Espírito Santo, and by 12:00 UTC, the system organized into a subtropical depression, located about 140 km (87 mi) east of Campos dos Goytacazes. Guided by a trough and a weak ridge to its north, the system moved slowly southeastward over an area of warm waters, intensifying into Subtropical Cyclone Arani on March 15, as named by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center. The storm was classified as subtropical, as the convection was east of the center. On March 16, Arani began experiencing 25 kn (13 m/s; 46 km/h; 29 mph) of wind shear because another frontal system bumped it from behind.

Before it developed into a subtropical cyclone, Arani produced torrential rains over portions of southeastern Brazil, resulting in flash flooding and landslides. Significant damage was reported in portions of Espírito Santo, though specifics are unknown. Increased swells along the coast prompted ocean travel warnings.

Subtropical Storm Bapo

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	February 5, 2015 – February 8, 2015
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min); 992 hPa (mbar)

On February 5, 2015, a subtropical depression developed about 105 nautical miles (195 km; 120 mi) to the southeast of São Paulo, Brazil. During the next day, low-level baroclincity decreased around the system, as it moved southeastwards away from the Brazilian coast and intensified further. The system was named Bapo by the Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center during February 6, after it had intensified into a subtropical storm. Over the next couple of days the system continued to move south-eastwards before it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone during February 8.

Subtropical Storm Cari

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	March 10, 2015 – March 13, 2015
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min); 998 hPa (mbar)

On March 10, 2015, the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy began issuing warnings on Subtropical Depression 3 during early afternoon, while the Center for Weather Forecast and Climatic Studies (CPTEC in Portuguese) already assigned the name Cari for the storm. At 00:00 UTC on March 11, the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy upgraded Cari to a subtropical storm, also assigning a name to it. On March 12, the Brazilian Hydrographic Center downgraded Cari to a subtropical depression, while the CPTEC stated that the storm had become a "Hybrid cyclone". During early afternoon of March 13, the Brazilian Navy declared that Cari became a remnant low.

Cari brought heavy rainfall, flooding and landslides to eastern cities of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states. Rain totals from 100 to 180 mm (3.9 to 7.1 in) were observed associated with the storms and wind topped 75 km/h (47 mph) in Cabo de Santa Marta. A Navy buoy registered a 6-metre (20 ft) wave off the coast of Santa Catarina.

Subtropical Storm Deni

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	November 15, 2016 – November 16, 2016
Peak intensity	75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min); 998 hPa (mbar)

A subtropical depression formed southwest of Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 2016. It intensified into a subtropical storm and received the name Deni on November 16. Moving south-southeastwards, Deni soon became extratropical shortly before 00:00 UTC on November 17.

Subtropical Storm Eçaí

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	December 4, 2016 – December 6, 2016
Peak intensity	100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min); 992 hPa (mbar)

An extratropical cyclone entered the South Atlantic Ocean from Santa Catarina early on December 4, 2016. Later, it intensified quickly and then transitioned into a subtropical storm shortly before 22:00 BRST (00:00 UTC on December 5), with the name Eçaí assigned by the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy. Eçaí started to decay on December 5, and weakened into a subtropical depression at around 00:00 UTC on December 6.

Subtropical Storm Guará

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	December 9, 2017 – December 11, 2017
Peak intensity	75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min); 996 hPa (mbar)

According to the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy, on December 9, 2017, a subtropical storm formed over the southeastern tip of a South Atlantic Convergence Zone, close to the state border between Espírito Santo and Bahia, moving southeastwards away from land. On early December 11, as it moved more southwardly, Guará attained its peak intensity while transitioning to an extratropical cyclone. Shortly thereafter, Guará became fully extratropical, later on the same day.

Tropical Storm Iba

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	March 23, 2019 – March 28, 2019
Peak intensity	85 km/h (55 mph) (1-min); 1006 hPa (mbar)

A tropical depression formed within a monsoon trough on March 23, 2019, off the coast of Bahia. On the next day, the system intensified into a tropical storm, receiving the name Iba from the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center. After moving southwestward for a couple of days, on March 26, Iba turned southeastward. Afterward, the storm began to weaken due to strong wind shear. On March 27, Iba weakened into a tropical depression and turned to the east, before dissipating on March 28.

Iba was the first tropical storm to develop in the basin since Anita in 2010, as well as the first fully tropical system to be named from the Brazilian naming list.

Subtropical Storm Jaguar

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	May 20, 2019 – May 22, 2019
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min); 1010 hPa (mbar)

On May 20, 2019, a subtropical depression formed east of Rio de Janeiro. Later that day, the system strengthened into a subtropical storm, receiving the name Jaguar from the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center. However, the system did not intensify any further, as it soon encountered unfavorable conditions, and Jaguar eventually dissipated on May 22.

Subtropical Storm Kurumí

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	January 23, 2020 – January 25, 2020
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min); 998 hPa (mbar)

On January 21, 2020, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center began to monitor an area of persisting thunderstorms near São Paulo for potential subtropical cyclone development. Generally tracking southeastward, the system began to organize within the afternoon hours of January 22 and was designated a subtropical depression in the early hours of January 23. Several hours later, due to a lack of wind shear, the system intensified into a subtropical storm and was given the name Kurumí. After this bout of intensification, Kurumí moved southward and began to succumb to much more unfavorable conditions. It weakened back to a subtropical depression on January 25, while also beginning to merge with a large extratropical low to its south. The last advisory was issued on Kurumí later that same day.

The front associated with Kurumí later played a role in the 2020 Brazilian floods and mudslides, dragging behind it heavy rainfall. Over 171.8 mm (6.76 in) of rain fell in the Belo Horizonte metro area on January 24, triggering a landslide and killing 3 people and leaving 1 missing.

Subtropical Storm Mani

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	October 25, 2020 – October 28, 2020
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min); 1004 hPa (mbar)

According to the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy, on October 25, 2020, a subtropical depression formed off the coast of the border between Espírito Santo and Bahia, at 00:00 UTC on October 26, it was named Mani. On October 28, Mani weakened to a low pressure area.

The storm caused significant damage in Espírito Santo, with landslides of stones and earth leaving more than 400 people homeless. The storm also impacted almost the entire state of Minas Gerais and the northern region of Rio de Janeiro.

Subtropical Storm Oquira

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	December 27, 2020 – December 31, 2020
Peak intensity	65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min); 998 hPa (mbar)

According to the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy, late on December 27, 2020, a subtropical depression formed off the coast east of Rio Grande do Sul. Moving southwestward, the system's central pressure dropped to 1,010 millibars (30 inHg) by 00:00 UTC on December 28. Later that day, the system's winds intensified, and it was named Oquira by the Brazilian Hydrographic Center. On December 29, Oquira continued to strengthen, deepening while heading further southwestward away from the Brazilian mainland, and reaching a pressure of 1,002 millibars (29.6 inHg). Afterward, Oquira's winds decreased and the storm weakened to a subtropical depression on December 30, but the storm's pressure continued to drop, bottoming out at a minimum central pressure of 998 hPa (29.47 inHg). On December 31, Oquira transitioned into an extratropical low, and the Hydrographic Center issued their final advisory on the storm.

Subtropical Storm Potira

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	April 19, 2021 – April 25, 2021
Peak intensity	75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min); 1006 hPa (mbar)

A low south of Rio de Janeiro transitioned into a subtropical depression on April 19, 2021. On April 20, 2021, the Brazilian Navy raised the category of this system to a subtropical storm and it was named Potira. The storm caused a gale in the Copacabana fort and the gusts of wind went over 60 km/h. In the municipalities of Balneário Camboriú and Florianópolis (SC), the hangover caused by Potira caused flooding in the streets and damage to the sidewalks. The ports of Itajaí and Navegantes were closed for 3 days. No economic or material damage caused by the cyclone has been reported. On April 25, the Brazilian Navy downgraded it to a low-pressure area.

Subtropical Storm Raoni

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	June 29, 2021 – July 2, 2021
Peak intensity	85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min); 986 hPa (mbar)

An extratropical cyclone about 520 km (320 mi) east-southeast of Montevideo, Uruguay started to acquire subtropical characteristics while occluding on June 28, 2021. Early the next day, the system transitioned into a subtropical storm while moving northeastwards; it remained unnamed due to it being outside the of the Brazilian Navy's area of responsibility. It continued to intensify overnight, gaining winds of 100 km/h (60 mph) in the system's southern portion, while tracking towards the region's area of authority. By 23:30 UTC on the same day, the Satellite Products and Services Division of the NESDIS declared the system to have become a tropical storm, based on a Dvorak rating of 3.5. At around 12:00 UTC on the next day, as the storm entered the boundary of METAREA V, which the Brazilian Navy is responsible for, the name Raoni was then assigned to the system. Continuing its trajectory towards the northeast, Raoni further developed an eye feature as well as a robust band to the east of the system. Raoni began to weaken by June 30, with winds eventually decreasing to around 85 km/h (50 mph). On July 2, Raoni lost its subtropical characteristics and degenerated into a low-pressure area.

The predecessor extratropical cyclone of Raoni caused heavy rains and strong winds gust up to 104 km/h, downing trees and causing damages to different public and private establishments across Punta del Este. The area's waters were also rough due to the storm. Downpours with continuous gales were also experienced in Uruguay's capital Montevideo. From June 24 to July 2, Raoni channeled cold air from Antarctica into portions of South America, leading to an unusually potent cold wave across Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil, with the temperature dropping as much as 15°C (27°F) below average in some areas. The combination of the cyclone and the cold wave also produced snowfall across the southern portion of South America, with snowfall observed as far north as southern Brazil, marking the 4th snowfall event observed there within the past century.

Storm names

The following names are published by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center's Marine Meteorological Service and used for tropical and subtropical storms that form in the area west of 20ºW and south of equator in the South Atlantic Ocean. Originally announced in 2011, the list has been extended from ten to fifteen names in 2018. The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year. The names of significant tropical or subtropical systems will be retired.

Retirements

Kamby was replaced by Kurumí in 2018 without being used.

Climatological statistics

There have been over 86 recorded tropical and subtropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean since 1957. Like most southern hemisphere cyclone seasons, most of the storms have formed between November and May.

Month Number of recorded storms in the South Atlantic Ocean January 10 February 8 March 11 April 7 May 9 June 7 July 5 August 5 September 5 October 2 November 9 December 7

Decade Number of recorded storms in the South Atlantic Ocean 1950s 7 1960s 13 1970s 13 1980s 3 1990s 9 2000s 19 2010s 15 2020s 7

See also

• Unusual areas of tropical cyclone formation
• List of South America hurricanes
• Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone
• Atlantic hurricane (North Atlantic tropical cyclone)
• Atlantic Equatorial mode
• Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
• Tropical cyclone basins
• 2006 Central Pacific cyclone
• 1996 Lake Huron cyclone
• Subtropical Cyclone Katie
• Subtropical Cyclone Lexi

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78. ^ "Ciclone Causa Estragos no Uruguai e se Aproxima Do Rio Grande do Sul". Metsul Meteorologia. 28 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
79. Andrej Flis (4 July 2021). "Unusually strong cold weather outbreak spreads from Antarctica into central South America, bringing early winter temperature records and first snowfall after decades". Severe Weather Europe. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
80. "NORMAS DA AUTORIDADE MARÍTIMA PARA AS ATIVIDADES DE METEOROLOGIA MARÍTIMA NORMAM-19 1a REVISÃO" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2018. p. C-1-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.

External links

• Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center - Marine Meteorological Service (in Portuguese)
• NOAA info on South Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
• CIMSS Satellite Blog: "Another tropical cyclone in the South Atlantic Ocean?"
• Meteogroup Weathercast: Do hurricanes form in the South Atlantic?
• Satellite animation of the 1991 Angola tropical storm
• Rosa, Marcelo Barbio; P. Satyamurty; N. J. Ferreira; L. T. Silva (2019). "A comparative study of intense surface cyclones off the coasts of southeastern Brazil and Mozambique". Int. J. Climatol. 39 (8): 3523–3542. Bibcode:2019IJCli..39.3523R. doi:10.1002/joc.6036.

v t e South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones
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Category Portal WikiProject

v t e Cyclones and anticyclones of the world (Centers of action)
Concepts	Anticyclonic storm Storm High-pressure area Low-pressure area Rapid intensification Central dense overcast Annular tropical cyclone Bar (tropical cyclone) Superstorm Hypercane Tropical cyclones and climate change
Anticyclone	Northern Hemisphere North Polar High Siberian High Azores High North American High North Pacific High Ridiculously Resilient Ridge Subtropical ridge Southern Hemisphere South Polar High South Atlantic High South Pacific High Kalahari High Australian High Subtropical ridge
Cyclone	Synoptic scale Surface-based Polar North Polar low South Polar low v t e Extratropical cyclones Concepts Anticyclonic storm Storm Cyclone Post-tropical cyclone Low-pressure area Weather bomb Sting jet List Rainband Northern Hemisphere North America Continental Lee Cyclone Alberta clipper Colorado low Great basin low Bighorn Low Other Panhandle hook November gale Oceanic Aleutian Low Hatteras low Nor'easter Gulf low Pacific Northwest windstorm Europe v t e European windstorms 14th-18th century Grote Mandrenke Burchardi flood Great Storm of 1703 Christmas Flood of 1717 19th century Great Storm of 1824 Night of the Big Wind Moray Firth fishing disaster Tay Bridge disaster Eyemouth disaster 20th century Ulysses 1903 Iberia 1941 North Sea flood of 1953 Debbie 1961 Great Sheffield Gale of 1962 1968 Scotland storm Quimburga 1972 Gale of January 1976 December 1981 windstorm Charley 1986 Great storm of 1987 Burns' Day storm 1990 1992 New Year's Day Storm Braer Storm 1993 Lili 1996 Christmas Eve storm 1997 Boxing Day Storm of 1998 Anatol 1999 Lothar 1999 Martin 1999 21st century Oratia 2000 Jeanett 2002 Gudrun 2005 Per 2007 Kyrill 2007 Emma 2008 Klaus 2009 Xynthia 2010 Berit 2011 Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011 Joachim 2011 Dagmar 2011 Andrea 2012 St Jude 2013 Xaver 2013 Dirk 2013 Anne 2014 Christina 2014 Tini 2014 Niklas 2015 Egon 2017 Thomas (Doris) 2017 Zeus 2017 Xavier 2017 Ophelia 2017 Herwart 2017 Eleanor (Burglind) 2018 Friederike (David) 2018 Adrian 2018 Ciara 2020 Dennis 2020 Aurore 2021 Malik 2022 Eunice 2022 Larisa 2023 Babet 2023 Ciarán 2023 Darragh 2024 See also List of European windstorms List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe Other Black Sea storms Icelandic Low Genoa low Asia Asiatic Low Western Disturbance Continental North Asian storms East Asian-northwest Pacific storms Other areas Arctic Kona storm Southern Hemisphere Australia Australian east coast low Black nor'easter Other areas Southern Ocean cyclone Sudestada Subtropical Kona storm Australian east coast Low Lake Huron cyclone Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone Thermal Tropical (Outline) Northern Hemisphere Atlantic hurricane Cape Verde hurricane Pacific hurricane Typhoon North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone Black Sea tropical-like cyclone Southern Hemisphere South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Australian region tropical cyclone South Pacific tropical cyclone South Atlantic tropical cyclone Upper level Cold-core low Cut-off low Polar vortex Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex Mesoscale Mesoscale ocean eddies Catalina eddy Haida Eddies Mesoscale convective system Wake Low Mesohigh Mesoscale convective vortex Line echo wave pattern Whirlwind Major Mesocyclone Supercell Low-topped supercell Wall cloud Funnel cloud Tornado Multiple-vortex tornado Satellite tornado Anticyclonic tornado Landspout Waterspout Minor Gustnado Dust devil Steam devil Fire whirl
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• South Atlantic tropical cyclones
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