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== Gender Empathy Gap and Sexism == == Gender Empathy Gap and Sexism ==


=== Sexism Against female === === Sexism against females ===
According to the research, both males and females have a better attitude toward females than males and provide female positive traits, which is called the “]” effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eagly|first1=Alice H.|last2=Mladinic|first2=Antonio|date=January 1994|title=Are People Prejudiced Against Women? Some Answers From Research on Attitudes, Gender Stereotypes, and Judgments of Competence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14792779543000002|journal=European Review of Social Psychology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1–35|doi=10.1080/14792779543000002|issn=1046-3283}}</ref> However, the truth behind it is about sexism. Females are expected to behave nurturing, helpful, and warm as a domestic role, but males are expected to perform independent, ambitious, and competitive as a high-status role. It puts females in the lower status in the society but gives males higher rights, which is sexism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ridgeway|first=Cecilia L.|date=1992|title=Gender, Interaction, and Inequality|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2199-7|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-2199-7|isbn=978-1-4419-3098-9}}</ref> According to the research, both males and females have a better attitude toward females than males and provide female positive traits, which is called the “]” effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eagly|first1=Alice H.|last2=Mladinic|first2=Antonio|date=January 1994|title=Are People Prejudiced Against Women? Some Answers From Research on Attitudes, Gender Stereotypes, and Judgments of Competence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14792779543000002|journal=European Review of Social Psychology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1–35|doi=10.1080/14792779543000002|issn=1046-3283}}</ref> However, the truth behind it is about sexism. Females are expected to behave nurturing, helpful, and warm as a domestic role, but males are expected to perform independent, ambitious, and competitive as a high-status role. It puts females in the lower status in the society but gives males higher rights, which is sexism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ridgeway|first=Cecilia L.|date=1992|title=Gender, Interaction, and Inequality|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2199-7|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-2199-7|isbn=978-1-4419-3098-9}}</ref>


=== Sexism Against male === === Sexism against males ===
People are more likely to put females in the position of being protected, but put the male in a protector role, which causes less care on males’ mental health than females.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2009|title=Bridging the gender gap in science|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.023431|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/pt.5.023431|issn=1945-0699}}</ref> However, the rate of suicide for males is 5 times higher than female for young adults.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-31|title=Data Finder - Health, United States - Products|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2017.htm|access-date=2021-10-13|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> People are more likely to put females in the position of being protected, but put the male in a protector role, which causes less care on males’ mental health than females.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2009|title=Bridging the gender gap in science|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.023431|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/pt.5.023431|issn=1945-0699}}</ref> However, the rate of suicide for males is 5 times higher than female for young adults.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-31|title=Data Finder - Health, United States - Products|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2017.htm|access-date=2021-10-13|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref>


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The Gender Empathy Gap is a phenomenon that people are likely to feel more empathy for one gender than another gender in a similar situation Many studies show that females have a higher score of empathy than males, but no significant difference in cognitive empathy, which mostly used self-report measurement.

Empathy in Different Genders

According to some studies, females can recognize facial expressions and emotions more accurately and faster than males, especially some neutral body language. Additionally, females can recognize males’ angry emotions better than males; males can recognize females’ happy emotions than females. However, some research shows that there is no difference between males and females on empathy. Researchers explain that females’ performance of recognizing emotion is driven by motivation. In other words, if females feel the work requires them to perform higher score empathy, they would perform better, or they will perform no difference with males.

From birth, female and male neonates react to emotional stimulations differently. Based on the experiment, female neonates are likely to cry when they heard others crying. Besides, they also have more eye contact with people than male neonates. Scientists believe that those reactions of female neonates may provide them more chances to feel others feeling, which is possible to make a difference in empathy scores on males and females when they grow up.

Gender Empathy Gap and Sexism

Sexism against females

According to the research, both males and females have a better attitude toward females than males and provide female positive traits, which is called the “women are wonderful” effect. However, the truth behind it is about sexism. Females are expected to behave nurturing, helpful, and warm as a domestic role, but males are expected to perform independent, ambitious, and competitive as a high-status role. It puts females in the lower status in the society but gives males higher rights, which is sexism.

Sexism against males

People are more likely to put females in the position of being protected, but put the male in a protector role, which causes less care on males’ mental health than females. However, the rate of suicide for males is 5 times higher than female for young adults.

References

  1. Sosevsky, Bella (2015-07-03). "Between Bethlehem and Jerusalem: Can Empathy Bridge the Gap?". International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology. 10 (3): 287–295. doi:10.1080/15551024.2015.1043845. ISSN 1555-1024. S2CID 143054585.
  2. Hardin, Jeffery (2016). "The gender gap in empathy: A case for the reconceptualization of gender". ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  3. Christov-Moore, Leonardo; Simpson, Elizabeth A.; Coudé, Gino; Grigaityte, Kristina; Iacoboni, Marco; Ferrari, Pier Francesco (October 2014). "Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 46: 604–627. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001. ISSN 0149-7634. PMC 5110041. PMID 25236781.
  4. Klein, Kristi J. K.; Hodges, Sara D. (June 2001). "Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When it Pays to Understand". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 27 (6): 720–730. doi:10.1177/0146167201276007. ISSN 0146-1672. S2CID 14361887.
  5. Hoffman, Martin L. (1977). "Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors". Psychological Bulletin. 84 (4): 712–722. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.712. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 897032.
  6. Carlson, Stephanie M.; Taylor, Marjorie (2005). "Imaginary Companions and Impersonated Characters: Sex Differences in Children's Fantasy Play". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 51 (1): 93–118. doi:10.1353/mpq.2005.0003. ISSN 1535-0266. S2CID 14359259.
  7. Eagly, Alice H.; Mladinic, Antonio (January 1994). "Are People Prejudiced Against Women? Some Answers From Research on Attitudes, Gender Stereotypes, and Judgments of Competence". European Review of Social Psychology. 5 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1080/14792779543000002. ISSN 1046-3283.
  8. Ridgeway, Cecilia L. (1992). Gender, Interaction, and Inequality. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2199-7. ISBN 978-1-4419-3098-9.
  9. "Bridging the gender gap in science". Physics Today. 2009. doi:10.1063/pt.5.023431. ISSN 1945-0699.
  10. "Data Finder - Health, United States - Products". www.cdc.gov. 2020-03-31. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
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