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{{Short description|Countries that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development}} {{Short description|Countries that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development}}


[[File:Laccess-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>
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The '''least developed countries''' ('''LDCs''') are a list of ] that, according to the ], exhibit the lowest indicators of ] ], with the lowest ] ratings of ]. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unitar.org/resource/sites/unitar.org.resource/files/document-pdf/GA-2767-XXVI.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709182754/http://www.unitar.org/resource/sites/unitar.org.resource/files/document-pdf/GA-2767-XXVI.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


⚫ There is one country which presently meets the criteria and two countries which previously met the criteria for LDC status, but declined to be included in the index, questioning the validity or accuracy of the CDP's data: ] (no longer meets criteria as of 1994), ] (no longer meets criteri>
A country is classified among the Least Developed Countries if it meets three criteria:<ref name=UN2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-criteria.html |title=Criteria For Identification Of LDCs |publisher = ], Development Policy and Analysis Division|access-date = 2018-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Criteria">UN-OHRLLS .</ref>
*] – adjustable criterion based on ] (GNI) per capita averaged over three years. {{asof|2018}} a country must have GNI per capita less than ]1,025 to be included on the list, and over $1,230 to graduate from it.
*] weakness (based on indicators of ], ], ] and adult ]).
*] (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by ]s).

As of December 2020, 46 countries are classified as LDC, while six have been upgraded between 1994 and 2020.<ref name="un">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |title=LDCs at a Glance |date=25 May 2008 |publisher=Department of Economic and Social Affairs |access-date=2020-12-04}}</ref> The ] (WTO) recognizes the UN list and says that "Measures taken in the framework of the WTO can help LDCs increase their exports to other WTO members and attract investment. In many developing countries, pro-market reforms have encouraged faster growth, diversification of exports, and more effective participation in the multilateral trading system."<ref name="wtoldc">{{cite web |title=Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: Briefing Notes Least Developed Countries - Towards free market access for least-developed countries |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/brief_e/brief03_e.htm |publisher=World Trade Organization}}</ref>

==Overview==
LDC criteria are reviewed every three years by the ] (CDP) of the ] (ECOSOC). Countries may be removed from the LDC classification when indicators exceed these criteria in two consecutive triennial reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-graduation.html|title=Graduation from the LDC category &#124; Department of Economic and Social Affairs|date=March 5, 2010|website=Economic Analysis & Policy Division &#124; Dept of Economic & Social Affairs &#124; United Nations}}</ref> The ] (UN-OHRLLS) coordinates UN support and provides advocacy services for Least Developed Countries. The classification ({{As of|2020|12|lc=on}}) applies to 46 countries.<ref name="un" />

At the UN's fourth conference on LDCs, which was held in May 2011, delegates endorsed a goal targeting the promotion of at least half the current LDC countries within the next ten years.<ref name="Goal2021"/> As of 2018, 10 or more countries were expected to be upgraded by 2024, with ] and ] already satisfying all criteria in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/06/ten-fewer-least-developed-countries-by-2024.html |title=Ten Fewer Least Developed Countries by 2024 |last=Wang |first=Brian |date=11 June 2018 |website=nextbigfuture.com |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

⚫ There is one country which presently meets the criteria and two countries which previously met the criteria for LDC status, but declined to be included in the index, questioning the validity or accuracy of the CDP's data: ] (no longer meets criteria as of 1994), ] (no longer meets criteria as of 2009), and ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1088728737|title=Handbook on the least developed country category : inclusion, graduation, and special support measures.|date=October 2018|others=United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Committee for Development Policy, United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs|isbn=978-92-1-104692-2|edition=Third|location=New York|oclc=1088728737}}</ref>

==Usage and abbreviations==
Least developed countries can be distinguished from ], "less developed countries", "lesser developed countries", or other terms for countries in the so-called ]. Although many contemporary scholars argue that "Third World" is outdated, irrelevant or inaccurate, others may use the term "Fourth World" in reference to least developed countries (although ] is also used to refer to stateless ethnic groups). The term "less economically developed country" (LEDC) is also used today.

However, in order to avoid confusion between "least developed country" and or LEDC "less economically developed country" (which may both be abbreviated as LDC), and to avoid confusion with ] (which can be abbreviated as LLDC), "developing country" is generally used in preference to "less-developed country".

During a United Nations review in 2018, the UN defined LDCs as countries meeting three criteria, one of which was a three-year average estimate of ] (GNI) per capita of less than US$1,025. Countries with populations over 75 million are excluded.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-criteria.html |title = Criteria For Identification Of LDCs |date = 4 March 2010 |publisher = ], Development Policy and Analysis Division|access-date = 2018-03-02}}</ref>

==Declassification==
The three criteria (human assets, economic vulnerability and gross national income per capita) are assessed by the ] every three years. Countries must meet two of the three criteria at two consecutive triennial reviews to be considered for graduation. The Committee for Development Policy sends its recommendations for endorsement to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).<ref name="UN_Its_Official"/>


Since the LDC category was initiated, six countries have graduated to '']'' status. The first country to graduate from LDC status was ] in 1994. The second country was ] in 2007.<ref>, UN News Centre, 14 June 2007.</ref> ] graduated to ''developing country'' status on 1 January 2011, ] graduated in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-graduation.html |title = Timeline of country's graduation from the LDC category |date = 5 March 2010 |publisher = ], Development Policy and Analysis Division|access-date = 2018-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://unohrlls.org/news/samoa-to-gain-developing-country-economic-status-in-january-2014/|title = Samoa To Gain Developing Country Economic Status In January 2014|access-date = 2015-08-09|website = ] via ]|archive-date = 2015-10-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017081118/http://unohrlls.org/news/samoa-to-gain-developing-country-economic-status-in-january-2014/|url-status = dead}}</ref> ] in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category-equatorial-guinea.html |title=Least Developed Country Category: Equatorial Guinea Profile |author = <!--not stated--> |date=2018 |publisher=], Development Policy and Analysis Division |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> and ] in December 2020.<ref name= "Vanuatu">{{cite web |url=https://unctad.org/news/vanuatu-graduates-least-developed-country-status |title=Vanuatu graduates from least developed country status |publisher = ]|date = 2020-12-04}}</ref> ] will graduate in 2023, and ] and ] will leave the category in 2024.<ref name="UN_Its_Official">{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/2018/its-official-and-historical-three-more-countries-will-graduate-from-the-ldc-category/ |title=It's official and historical – three more countries will graduate from the LDC category |date=2018-12-13 |website=Development Policy & Analysis Division |access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref> Nepal was selected to be graduated to developing countries on 2018. However, the authorities of Nepal requested to postpone it till 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.np.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/operations/projects/poverty_reduction/snpc/nepal-braces-for-graduation-from-an-ldc.html|title=Nepal braces for graduation from an LDC|website=UNDP in Nepal}}</ref> ] was expected to graduate in 2021, but the preparatory period was extended by three years because of the economic difficulties of the country and its dependence on commodities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/75/L.57|title=Extension of the preparatory period preceding the graduation of Angola from the least developed country category|website=undocs.org|date=2021-02-04}}</ref> ] met the criteria for the first time in 2018 and again in 2021 for the second time. The country is scheduled to officially graduate from LDC status in November 2026, two years after it was supposed to, because of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Byron|first1=Rejaul Karim|last2=Mirdha|first2=Refayet Ullah|date=2021-02-28|title=Becoming A Developing Nation: Bangladesh reaches A Milestone|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/becoming-developing-nation-bangladesh-reaches-milestone-2052161|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> ] and ] will also graduate in November 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=U.N. General Assembly graduates Bangladesh, Nepal to developing countries bloc|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-general-assembly-graduates-bangladesh-nepal-to-developing-countries-bloc/article37681442.ece|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since the LDC category was initiated, six countries have graduated to '']'' status. The first country to graduate from LDC status was ] in 1994. The second country was ] in 2007.<ref>, UN News Centre, 14 June 2007.</ref> ] graduated to ''developing country'' status on 1 January 2011, ] graduated in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-graduation.html |title = Timeline of country's graduation from the LDC category |date = 5 March 2010 |publisher = ], Development Policy and Analysis Division|access-date = 2018-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://unohrlls.org/news/samoa-to-gain-developing-country-economic-status-in-january-2014/|title = Samoa To Gain Developing Country Economic Status In January 2014|access-date = 2015-08-09|website = ] via ]|archive-date = 2015-10-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017081118/http://unohrlls.org/news/samoa-to-gain-developing-country-economic-status-in-january-2014/|url-status = dead}}</ref> ] in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category-equatorial-guinea.html |title=Least Developed Country Category: Equatorial Guinea Profile |author = <!--not stated--> |date=2018 |publisher=], Development Policy and Analysis Division |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> and ] in December 2020.<ref name= "Vanuatu">{{cite web |url=https://unctad.org/news/vanuatu-graduates-least-developed-country-status |title=Vanuatu graduates from least developed country status |publisher = ]|date = 2020-12-04}}</ref> ] will graduate in 2023, and ] and ] will leave the category in 2024.<ref name="UN_Its_Official">{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/2018/its-official-and-historical-three-more-countries-will-graduate-from-the-ldc-category/ |title=It's official and historical – three more countries will graduate from the LDC category |date=2018-12-13 |website=Development Policy & Analysis Division |access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref> Nepal was selected to be graduated to developing countries on 2018. However, the authorities of Nepal requested to postpone it till 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.np.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/operations/projects/poverty_reduction/snpc/nepal-braces-for-graduation-from-an-ldc.html|title=Nepal braces for graduation from an LDC|website=UNDP in Nepal}}</ref> ] was expected to graduate in 2021, but the preparatory period was extended by three years because of the economic difficulties of the country and its dependence on commodities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/75/L.57|title=Extension of the preparatory period preceding the graduation of Angola from the least developed country category|website=undocs.org|date=2021-02-04}}</ref> ] met the criteria for the first time in 2018 and again in 2021 for the second time. The country is scheduled to officially graduate from LDC status in November 2026, two years after it was supposed to, because of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Byron|first1=Rejaul Karim|last2=Mirdha|first2=Refayet Ullah|date=2021-02-28|title=Becoming A Developing Nation: Bangladesh reaches A Milestone|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/becoming-developing-nation-bangladesh-reaches-milestone-2052161|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> ] and ] will also graduate in November 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=U.N. General Assembly graduates Bangladesh, Nepal to developing countries bloc|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-general-assembly-graduates-bangladesh-nepal-to-developing-countries-bloc/article37681442.ece|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:43, 11 March 2022

Countries that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development

[[File:Laccess-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

There is one country which presently meets the criteria and two countries which previously met the criteria for LDC status, but declined to be included in the index, questioning the validity or accuracy of the CDP's data: Ghana (no longer meets criteria as of 1994), Papua New Guinea (no longer meets criteri>

Since the LDC category was initiated, six countries have graduated to developing country status. The first country to graduate from LDC status was Botswana in 1994. The second country was Cape Verde in 2007. Maldives graduated to developing country status on 1 January 2011, Samoa graduated in 2014, Equatorial Guinea in 2017, and Vanuatu in December 2020. Bhutan will graduate in 2023, and São Tomé and Príncipe and Solomon Islands will leave the category in 2024. Nepal was selected to be graduated to developing countries on 2018. However, the authorities of Nepal requested to postpone it till 2021. Angola was expected to graduate in 2021, but the preparatory period was extended by three years because of the economic difficulties of the country and its dependence on commodities. Bangladesh met the criteria for the first time in 2018 and again in 2021 for the second time. The country is scheduled to officially graduate from LDC status in November 2026, two years after it was supposed to, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Laos and Nepal will also graduate in November 2026.

UN conferences

Deputy Foreign Minister of Greece Spyros Kouvelis at the 4th UN Conference on Least Developed Countries

There have been four United Nations conferences on LDCs, held every ten years. The first two were in Paris, in 1981 and 1991; the third was in Brussels in 2001.

The Fourth UN Conference on Least Developed Countries (LDC-IV) was held in Istanbul, Turkey, 9–13 May 2011. It was attended by Ban Ki-Moon, the head of the UN, and close to 50 prime ministers and heads of state. The conference endorsed the goal of raising half the existing Least developed countries out of the LDC category by 2022. As with the Seoul Development Consensus drawn up in 2010, there was a strong emphasis on boosting productive capability and physical infrastructure, with several NGOs not pleased with the emphasis placed on the private sector.

Trade

Issues surrounding global trade regulations and LDCs have gained a lot of media and policy attention thanks to the recently collapsed Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations being termed a development round. During the WTO's Hong Kong Ministerial, it was agreed that LDCs could see 100 percent duty-free, quota-free access to U.S. markets if the round were completed. But analysis of the deal by NGOs found that the text of the proposed LDC deal had substantial loopholes that might make the offer less than the full 100 percent access, and could even erase some current duty-free access of LDCs to rich country markets. Dissatisfaction with these loopholes led some economists to call for a reworking of the Hong Kong deal.

Dr. Chiedu Osakwe, as of 2001 the Director, Technical Cooperation Division at the Secretariat of the WTO, and adviser to the Director-General on developing country matters, was appointed as the WTO Special Coordinator for the Least Developed Countries beginning in 1999. He worked closely with the five other agencies that together with the WTO constitute the Integrated Framework of action for the Least Developed Countries. They addressed issues of market access, special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries, participation of developing countries in the multilateral trading system, and development questions, especially the interests of developing countries in competition policy. At the 28th G8 summit in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien proposed and carried the Market Access Initiative, so that the then 48 LDCs could profit from "trade-not-aid". Additionally, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 advocates for an effective special and differential treatment of LDCs as integral parts of WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation.

List

The list of "least developed countries" according to the United Nations with some that are categorised into the landlocked developing countries and the Small Island Developing States:

There are 33 countries that are classified as least developed countries in Africa, nine in Asia, three in Oceania, and one in the Americas,

Africa

Americas

Asia

Oceania

Delisted

  • Kingdom of Sikkim Sikkim (became a state within the Republic of India in 1975)
  •  Botswana (graduated from LDC status in December 1994)
  •  Cape Verde (graduated in December 2007)
  •  Maldives (graduated in January 2011)
  •  Samoa (graduated in January 2014)
  •  Equatorial Guinea (graduated in June 2017)
  •  Vanuatu (graduated in December 2020)

See also

Notes

  1. "UN advocate salutes Cape Verde’s graduation from category of poorest States", UN News Centre, 14 June 2007.
  2. "Timeline of country's graduation from the LDC category". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
  3. "Samoa To Gain Developing Country Economic Status In January 2014". UN-OHRLLS via Radio Australia. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  4. "Least Developed Country Category: Equatorial Guinea Profile". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  5. ^ "Vanuatu graduates from least developed country status". United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2020-12-04.
  6. "It's official and historical – three more countries will graduate from the LDC category". Development Policy & Analysis Division. 2018-12-13. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  7. "Nepal braces for graduation from an LDC". UNDP in Nepal.
  8. "Extension of the preparatory period preceding the graduation of Angola from the least developed country category". undocs.org. 2021-02-04.
  9. Byron, Rejaul Karim; Mirdha, Refayet Ullah (2021-02-28). "Becoming A Developing Nation: Bangladesh reaches A Milestone". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  10. "U.N. General Assembly graduates Bangladesh, Nepal to developing countries bloc". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  11. "Goal to halve number of LDCs in next 10 years". The Guardian. 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  12. "Least developed countries: UN conference endorses ambitious plan to lift millions out of poverty". The Guardian. 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  13. "Public Citizen | Global Trade Watch | Global Trade Watch - Hot Issue June 21 - Study shows WTO's Doha Round proposal would leave many poor countries worse off". Citizen.org. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  14. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2006-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. World Trade Organization, "Moore announces key appointments for development issues", 1999 Press Releases, Press/136, 13 September 1999
  16. Osakwe, Chiedu, "Are WTO Members wrestling an octopus, did they set their sights too high?", DAC News November–December 2005, Development Assistance Committee, OECD.
  17. Vasil, Adria. "NOW Toronto: "Roots runs away: Beaver-clad clothier blames feds' Africa trade aid for west-end plant closure" (February 12-19, 2004, VOL 23 NO 24 Vasil)". Stage81.nowtoronto.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  18. "Goal 14 targets". UNDP. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  19. "LDCs at a Glance". United Nations Development Policy & Analysis Division. 2008-05-25. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  20. ^ Also a landlocked developing country
  21. ^ Also a Small Island Developing State
  22. "Least Developed Country Category: Bangladesh Profile | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". 25 December 2015.
  23. "UN Handbook on the LDC Category" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  24. ""About Sikkim" from the Government of Sikkim's website". Sikkim.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  25. ^ "Istanbul forum offers chance to recommit to helping world's poorest nations". United Nations. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  26. Ashton, Melanie (20 June 2012). "UN-OHRLLS Announces Samoa to Graduate from LDC Status". IISD's SDG Knowledge. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
  27. "Equatorial Guinea Graduates from the LDC Category". United Nations. 4 June 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

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