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{{short description|Far-right antisemitic conspiracy theory}}
{{redirect|Cultural Marxism|"cultural Marxism" in the context of social theory and cultural studies|Marxist cultural analysis}}
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'''Cultural Marxism''' is a ] ] ] which claims that ] is the basis of continuing academic and intellectual efforts to subvert ].<ref name="Jay">{{cite web|author-last=Jay |author-first=Martin |author-link=Martin Jay |title=Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe |url=http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm |archive-date=24 November 2011 |website=Salmagundi Magazine}}</ref><ref name="Jamin">{{cite book|author-last=Jamin |author-first=Jérôme |title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate |publisher=] |location=London, England |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-39619-8 |editor-last=Shekhovtsov |editor-first=Anton |editor-link=Anton Shekhovtsov |pages=84–103 |chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right |doi=10.1057/9781137396211.0009|access-date=11 September 2020 |editor-last2=Jackson |editor-first2=Paul |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922220920/https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA84 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Copsey 2015">{{cite book|author-last1=Richardson |author-first1=John E. |title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism |author-last2=Copsey |author-first2=Nigel |date=2015 |publisher=] |location=Abingdon, England |isbn=9781317539360 |chapter='Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse |access-date=11 September 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ |archive-date=29 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The theory claims that an ] of ] and ] intellectuals are ] Western society with a ] that undermines the Christian values of ] and promotes the ] values of the ] and ], ] and ], misrepresented as ] created by ].<ref name="Jamin"/><ref name="Copsey 2015"/><ref name="Jeffries 2016">{{cite book|author-last=Jeffries |author-first=Stuart |year=2016 |title=Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School |location=London, England |publisher=Verso Books |pages=6–11 |isbn=9781784785680}}</ref>

A contemporary revival of the Nazi propaganda term "]",<ref name="Woods 2019"/> the conspiracy theory originated in the United States during the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jay|first=M|date=2010|title=Dialectic of counter-enlightenment: The frankfurt school as scapegoat of the lunatic fringe|journal=Salmagundi|volume=168/169|pages=30–40|via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref name="Busbridge, Moffitt & Thorburn 2020">{{cite journal|author-last1=Busbridge |author-first1=Rachel |author-last2=Moffitt |author-first2=Benjamin |author-last3=Thorburn |author-first3=Joshua |date=June 2020 |title=Cultural Marxism: Far-Right Conspiracy Theory in Australia's Culture Wars |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822 |journal=Social Identities |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=722–738 |publisher=] |location=London, England |doi=10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822 |s2cid=225713131 |issn=1350-4630 |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730085335/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|at=Abstract|quote=In its dominant iteration, the US-originating conspiracy holds that a small group of Marxist critical theorists have conspired to destroy Western civilisation by taking over key cultural institutions.}} While originally found only on the far-right political fringe, the term began to enter ] discourse in the 2010s and is now found globally.<ref name="Busbridge, Moffitt & Thorburn 2020"/> The conspiracy theory of a Marxist culture war is promoted by ] politicians, ] leaders, political commentators in mainstream print and television media, and ] ].<ref name="Mirrlees 2018">{{cite journal|author-last=Mirrlees |author-first=Tanner |date=2018 |title=The Alt-Right's Discourse of 'cultural Marxism': A political Instrument of Intersectional Hate |url=https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/5403/pdf_55 |journal=Atlantis Journal |volume=39 |issue=1 |publisher=] |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120536/https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/5403/pdf_55 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scholarly analysis of the conspiracy theory has concluded that it has no basis in fact.<ref name="Busbridge, Moffitt & Thorburn 2020"/><ref name="Braune 2019"/>

== Origins ==
The conspiracy theory of Marxist ]fare originated in the essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'" (1992) written by Michael Minnicino,<ref name="Jay"/>{{rp|30–40}} published in the ]'s ''Fidelio'' magazine, a journal associated with the fringe American ] political activist, conspiracy theorist, and perennial presidential candidate ].<ref name="Sharpe 2020"/><ref>{{cite journal|author-first1=Sven |author-last1=Lütticken |title=Cultural Marxists Like Us |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/700248 |journal=Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry |date=24 August 2018 |issn=1465-4253 |pages=66–75 |volume=46 |doi=10.1086/700248 |s2cid=150160559}}</ref> In a speech to the ] of the Civitas Institute in 1998,<ref name="Weyrich"/>{{discuss|section=Civitas_Institute_speech_and_republication}} Paul Weyrich presented his conspiracy theory equating Cultural Marxism to ].<ref>{{cite book|author-first1=David |author-last1=Neiwert |title=Red Pill, Blue Pill: How to Counteract the Conspiracy Theories That Are Killing Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTXsDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=15 |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-63388-627-8 |via=Google Books |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120513/https://books.google.com/books?id=TTXsDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> He later republished the speech in his syndicated ].<ref name="Moonves 2016"/> In the United States, the conspiracy theory is promoted by religious ] and ] politicians such as ], ] and ]<ref name="Copsey & Richardson 2015">{{cite book |editor1-last=Copsey |editor1-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=John E. |title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism |chapter='Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse |year=2015 |isbn=9781317539360 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the ], ] and ] organizations.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=KhosraviNik|editor1-first=Majid |editor2-last=Mral |editor2-first=Brigitte |editor3-last=Wodak |editor3-first=Ruth |title=Right-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |location=London |isbn=978-1-7809-3245-3 |pages=96, 97 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wrw8gC8vCnUC&pg=PA89 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-last=Rosenberg |author-first=Paul |title=A User's Guide to 'Cultural Marxism': Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theory, Reloaded |website=Salon |date=5 May 2019 |url=https://www.salon.com/2019/05/05/a-users-guide-to-cultural-marxism-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theory-reloaded/ |access-date=11 June 2019 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611094714/https://www.salon.com/2019/05/05/a-users-guide-to-cultural-marxism-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theory-reloaded/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Media"/> It has been described as "a foundational element of the alt-right worldview".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elley |first1=Ben |title="The rebirth of the West begins with you!"—Self-improvement as radicalisation on 4chan |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |date=2021 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00732-x |s2cid=232164033 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00732-x |language=en |issn=2662-9992}}</ref>

For the ], Weyrich commissioned Lind to write a history of Cultural Marxism, defined as "a brand of ] commonly known as ']' or, less formally, Political Correctness"<ref name="Lind">{{cite web |author-last1=Lind |author-first1=William S. |title=What is Cultural Marxism? |url=http://www.marylandthursdaymeeting.com/Archives/SpecialWebDocuments/Cultural.Marxism.htm |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=Maryland Thursday Meeting |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419180243/http://www.marylandthursdaymeeting.com/Archives/SpecialWebDocuments/Cultural.Marxism.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> which claimed that the presence of openly gay people in the television business proved that Cultural Marxists control the ]; and that ] considered a coalition of "], students, ] women, and homosexuals" as a feasible ] of cultural revolution in the 1960s.<ref name="Berkowitz">{{cite web |author-last1=Berkowitz |author-first1=Bill |title=Ally of Christian Right Heavyweight Paul Weyrich Addresses Holocaust Denial Conference |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/ally-christian-right-heavyweight-paul-weyrich-addresses-holocaust-denial-conference |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |publisher=SPLC 2003 |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428160818/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/ally-christian-right-heavyweight-paul-weyrich-addresses-holocaust-denial-conference |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, the historian ] said in the ''Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe'' (2011) that ''Political Correctness: The Frankfurt School'' (1999), Lind's documentary of conservative counter-culture, was effective Cultural Marxism ] because it "spawned a number of condensed, textual versions, which were reproduced on a number of radical, right-wing sites."<ref name="Jay" /> He further writes:
<blockquote>These, in turn, led to a plethora of new videos, now available on ], which feature an odd cast of pseudo-experts regurgitating exactly the same line. The message is numbingly simplistic: All the 'ills' of modern American culture, from ], ], ], ], ] and ] to the decay of traditional education, and even ], are ultimately attributable to the insidious intellectual influence of the members of the Institute for Social Research who came to America in the 1930s.<ref name="Jay"/></blockquote>

== Interpretation of the Frankfurt School as a conspiracy ==
{{see also|Frankfurt School}}
] views the ]. The Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory is often compared to the antisemitic Nazi propaganda about "]" and "]".]]
The conspiracy theory claims that an elite of Marxist theorists and Frankfurt School intellectuals are subverting Western society. While parts of the conspiracy theory make reference to actual thinkers and ideas selected from the Western Marxist tradition, they severely misrepresent the subject and give an exaggerated interpretation of their effective influence.<ref name="Jamin2018-conclusion">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=When looking at the literature on Cultural Marxism as a piece of cultural studies, as a conspiracy described by Lind and its followers, and as arguments used by Buchanan, Breivik, and other actors within their own agendas, we see a common ground made of unquestionable facts in terms of who did what and where, and for how long at the Frankfurt School. Nowhere do we see divergence of opinion about who Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse really were, when they have met and in which universities. But this changes if we look at descriptions of what they wanted to do: conducting research or changing deeply the culture of the West? Were they working for political science or were they engaging with a hidden political agenda? Were they working for the academic community or obeying foreign secret services?}}</ref><ref name="Tuters2018-control">{{cite journal |author-last1=Tuters |author-first1=M. |title=Cultural Marxism |journal=Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy |year=2018 |volume=2018 |issue=2 |pages=32–34 |hdl=11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |quote=The concept of Cultural Marxism seeks to introduce readers unfamiliar with – and presumably completely uninterested in – Western Marxist thought to its key thinkers, as well as some of their ideas, as part of an insidious story of secret operations of mind-control}}</ref><ref name="Tuters2018-distort">{{cite journal |author-last1=Tuters |author-first1=M. |title=Cultural Marxism |journal=Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy |year=2018 |volume=2018 |issue=2 |pages=32–34 |hdl=11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |language=en |quote=The Cultural Marxist narrative attributes incredible influence to the power of the ideas of the Frankfurt School to the extent that it may even be read as a kind of “perverse tribute” to the latter (Jay 2011). In one account, for example (Estulin 2005), Theodor Adorno is thought to have helped pioneer new and insidious techniques for mind control that are now used by the “mainstream media” to promote its “liberal agenda” – this as part of Adorno’s work, upon first emigrating to the United States, with Paul Lazarsfeld on the famous Princeton Radio Research Project, which helped popularize the contagion theory of media effects with its study of Orson Welles’ 1938 broadcast of The War of the Worlds. In an ironical sense this literature can perhaps be understood as popularizing simplified or otherwise distorted versions of certain concepts initially developed by the Frankfurt School, as well as those of Western Marxism more generally.}}</ref><ref name="Woods 2019"/>
In reality, a group of German Marxist scholars, the majority of whom were Jewish, founded the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt in 1923, which came to be known as the ].<ref name="Jeffries2021">{{cite news |author-last1=Jeffries |author-first1=Stuart |title=Why Theodor Adorno and the Frankfurt School failed to change the world |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2021/08/splinters-in-your-eye-frankfurt-school-review |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=The New Statesman |date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Laurent|last1=Stern|title=On the Frankfurt school|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(83)90043-8|journal=History of European Ideas|date=1 January 1983|issn=0191-6599|pages=83–90|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1016/0191-6599(83)90043-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Frankfurt School|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315132105/frankfurt-school-horkheimer-max-adorno-theodor-torr-zolt%C3%A1n-landmann-michael|publisher=Routledge|date=25 October 2017|location=New York|isbn=978-1-315-13210-5|doi=10.4324/9781315132105|last1=Theodor|first1=W. Adorno|last2=Zoltán|first2=Torr|last3=Michael|first3=Landmann|editor1-first=Horkheimer|editor1-last=Max}}</ref> In their research, they sought to explain the failure of the ], why capitalism remained the economic system in Germany, and, eventually, why German workers turned to ] instead.<ref name="Jeffries2021"/><ref>{{cite book|first1=Stuart|last1=Jeffries|title=Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School|pages=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tedqDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Verso Books|date=26 September 2017|isbn=978-1-78478-569-7|via=Google Books}}</ref> After 1933, the majority of the Frankfurt School intellectuals relocated to the United States, where their theories had a limited impact on left-wing circles.<ref name="Jeffries2021"/>
While the influence of the Frankfurt School and ] are generally viewed by most political scientists to have had a considerable range within academia, they were directly in opposition to the theories promoted by ], who are frequently identified by proponents of the conspiracy theory as leading examples of Cultural Marxism. In addition, none of its members were part of any kind of international conspiracy to destroy ].<ref name="Jay"/><ref name="Neiwert 2019">{{cite web|author-last=Neiwert |author-first=David |date=23 January 2019 |title=How the 'cultural Marxism' hoax began, and why it's spreading into mainstream |url=https://www.dailykos.com/story/2019/1/23/1828527/-How-the-cultural-Marxism-hoax-began-and-why-it-s-spreading-into-the-mainstream |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120515/https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/1/23/1828527/-How-the-cultural-Marxism-hoax-began-and-why-it-s-spreading-into-the-mainstream |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author-last=Corradetti |author-first=Claudio |url=https://iep.utm.edu/frankfur/ |title=The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004411/https://iep.utm.edu/frankfur/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Academic Joan Braune explains that Cultural Marxism in the sense referred to by the conspiracy theorists never existed, and does not correspond to any historical school of thought. She also states that ] scholars are referred to as "]", not "Cultural Marxists", and points out that, contrary to the claims of the conspiracy theory, ] tends to be wary of or even hostile towards Marxism, including towards the ] typically supported by Critical Theory.<ref name="Braune 2019">{{cite journal|author-last=Braune |author-first=Joan |date=2019 |title=Who's Afraid of the Frankfurt School? 'Cultural Marxism' as an Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory |url=http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Joan-Braune.pdf |journal=Journal of Social Justice |volume=9 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716023535/http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Joan-Braune.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The British scholar Stuart Jeffries noted that the theories promoted by the Frankfurt school had "negligible real-world impact", and have been criticized for what ] called a "strategy of hibernation", noting that they were mostly content to complain about the world rather than attempting to change it.<ref name="Jeffries2021"/> Jeffries wrote: "The Frankfurt conspiracy theory, which has captivated several alt-right figures including Trump{{Clarify|date=January 2022|reason=Which Trump? We have multiple article on members of this political family }}, ] and the late ], founder of the eponymous news service, turned this history on its head. Rather than impotent professors issuing scarcely comprehensible ]s from the academy, the likes of ], ], ] and ] were a crack cadre of subversives, who, during their American exile, performed a cultural takedown to which ']' is a belated riposte."<ref name="Jeffries2021"/>

== Main promoters ==
According to Joan Braune, Lecturer in Philosophy at Gonzaga University, ], ] and ] are three of the main proponents of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory.<ref name="Braune 2019"/> According to political scientist Jérôme Jamin, the three people most responsible for originating and promoting the conspiracy theory are William Lind, ] and the far-right terrorist ].<ref name="survey"/>

], founder of ], was also a proponent of the conspiracy theory.<ref name="Braune 2019"/> Breitbart News has published the idea that ]'s atonal music was an attempt at inducing the population to ] on a mass scale.<ref>{{cite magazine |author-last=Brown |author-first=Mark |date=January 2019 |title=In defence of degenerate art |url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/442/defence-degenerate-art |magazine=] |issue=442 |access-date=22 November 2020 |quote=In 2015, Gerald Warner (the 'Tory intellectual' Scottish journalist) wrote an article for the American alt-right house journal Breitbart attacking the Frankfurt School of left-wing cultural theorists. His piece included this little gem: 'Theodor Adorno promoted degenerate atonal music to induce mental illness, including necrophilia, on a large scale.' |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820022802/http://socialistreview.org.uk/442/defence-degenerate-art |url-status=live }}</ref> Pat Buchanan has promoted the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory as meant to "de-Christianize" the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title='Cultural Marxism' Catching On |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching |access-date=11 September 2020 |website=] |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043851/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching |url-status=live }}</ref> ] promoted the conspiracy theory<ref name="Copsey & Richardson 2015"/>{{discuss|section=Weyrich quote}} as a deliberate effort to undermine "our traditional, Western, ] culture" and the conservative agenda in American society, arguing that "we have lost the culture war" and that "a legitimate strategy for us to follow is to look at ways to separate ourselves from the institutions that have been captured by the ideology of Political Correctness, or by other enemies of our traditional culture."<ref name="Weyrich">{{cite web |last1=Weyrich |first1=Paul |author1-link=Paul Weyrich|title=Letter to Conservatives by Paul M. Weyrich|url=https://www.nationalcenter.org/Weyrich299.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000411172504/http://www.nationalcenter.org/Weyrich299.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2000 |website=Conservative Think Tank: The National Center for Public Policy Research|access-date=November 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Moonves 2016">{{cite web|author-last1=Moonves |author-first1=Leslie |title=Death of the Moral Majority? |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/death-of-the-moral-majority/ |website=] |agency=] |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427075743/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/death-of-the-moral-majority/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-first1=Donald W. |author-last1=Whisenhunt |title=Reading the Twentieth Century: Documents in American History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1p3ykA5AQQC |publisher=] |location=Lanham, Maryland |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7425-6477-0|via=Google Books |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120513/https://books.google.com/books?id=D1p3ykA5AQQC |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Development of the conspiracy theory==

===New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness' (1992)===

In the essay "New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'" (1992), Michael Minnicino argues that the Jewish intellectuals of the Frankfurt School promoted ] in order to make ] the spirit of the ].<ref name="schillerinstitute.org">{{cite web|author-first=Michael |author-last=Minnicino |url=http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html |title=New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness' |publisher=Schiller Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725022941/http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html |archive-date=25 July 2018 |accessdate=6 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freud and the Frankfurt School |url=http://www.schillerinstitute.org/conf-iclc/1990s/conf_feb_1994_minnicino.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114050423/http://www.schillerinstitute.org/conf-iclc/1990s/conf_feb_1994_minnicino.html |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=6 October 2020 |publisher=Schiller Institute. In the 1994 conference report "Solving the Paradox of Current World History" published in the Executive Intelligence Review}}</ref> The historian ] pointed out that ]'s book cites Minnicino's essay as political inspiration for the ].<ref name="Jay"/>

Minnicino argues that late twentieth-century America has become a "New Dark Age" as a result of the abandonment of ] values and ] ideals, which he claims have been replaced with a "tyranny of ugliness." He attributes this to a purported Counter-Renaissance campaign, an alleged plot to socially and psychologically weaken America, carried out in three stages by ], the Frankfurt School, and elite media figures and political campaigners.<ref name="Woods 2019"/>

According to Minnicino, there are two aspects of the Frankfurt School plan to destroy Western culture: firstly, a cultural critique, by ] and ], to use art and culture to promote alienation and replace Christianity with ], including the development of ]ing to ] the populace and the development of advertising techniques to control political campaigning; and secondly, an attack on the traditional family structure by ] and ] by promoting ], sexual liberation, and ] to subvert ].<ref name="Woods 2019"/>

To achieve these aims, Minnicino claims, the Frankfurt School initiated, and supported, a "] revolution", distributing ]ic drugs to encourage sexual perversion and promiscuity amongst young Americans,<ref name="Woods 2019"/> and were instrumental in the development and planning of the radio, television, film, music, advertising, and opinion polling industries to manipulate, pacify, and control the population.<ref name="schillerinstitute.org"/>

===The Roots of Political Correctness (1999)===

In ]'s version of the conspiracy, Cultural Marxism is synonymous with ], a supposedly un-American and ] project opposed to ]. According to Lind's analysis, Lukács and Gramsci aimed to subvert Western culture, since it was an obstacle to the Marxist goal of ]. According to Lind, the "Cultural Marxists" of the Frankfurt School, began to focus (under ]) on psychological repression within Western societies, aiming to remove social inhibitions (and destroying Western culture) using four main strategies. First, Horkheimer's critical theory would undermine the authority of the traditional family and government institutions, while segregating society into opposing groups of victims and oppressors. Second, the concepts of the ] and the ], developed by Adorno, would be used to accuse Americans with right-wing views of having ] principles. Third, the concept of polymorphous perversity would undermine Western culture by promoting ] and ]. Finally, Marcuse's ] is ]d by Lind as an argument to silence the right, and allow only the left to be heard. Thus, Lind interprets the Frankfurt School's move to America from ] as a sinister plot to establish a ] system in the United States, based on political correctness.<ref name="Woods 2019"/>

===The Frankfurt School: Conspiracy to Corrupt (2008)===

In Timothy Matthews' version of the conspiracy, originally published in '']'' in December 2008, the Frankfurt School came to America to carry out "]'s work". According to Matthews, the Frankfurt School, under the influence of Satan, seek to destroy the traditional Christian family by starting a ], using critical theory and Marcuse's polymorphous perversity to encourage women's rights, homosexuality, and the breakdown of patriarchy by creating a female-centered culture.<ref name="Woods 2019"/>

The article accused the Frankfurt School of instigating:<ref name="Woods 2019"/>
# The creation of ] offences
# Continual change to create confusion
# The teaching of sex and ] to children
# The undermining of schools' and teachers' authority
# The destruction of American ] through ]
# The promotion of ]
# Emptying of churches
# An unreliable legal system with bias against victims of crime
# Dependency on the state or state benefits
# Control and dumbing down of media
# Encouraging the breakdown of the family

Despite a lack of a link between the list and any academic movement, conspiracy theorists use Matthews' allegations to promote the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory in ] and ] news media as well as in ] internet forums such as ].<ref name="Woods 2019"/>

===Righteous Indignation (2011)===

In ]'s interpretation of the conspiracy, which is similar in most respects to that of Lind, the "Democrat-Media Complex" represents an alliance between the Frankfurt School and ], starting with ] and ]. According to Breitbart, these politicians acquired a twisted view of human nature from the works of ], ], and ], and implemented a left-wing agenda by attacking the ]. Breitbart insinuates that ] funds the alleged cultural Marxism project.<ref name="Woods 2019"/>

Breitbart attributes the spread of the ideas of the Frankfurt School from universities to a wider audience to "trickledown intellectualism", and claims that ] introduced cultural Marxism to the masses in his 1971 handbook '']''. Woods argues that Breitbart focuses on Alinsky in order to associate cultural Marxism with the modern ], and ].<ref name="Woods 2019"/>

==Aspects of the conspiracy theory==
=== Othering of political opponents ===
In "Taking On Hate: One NGO's Strategies" (2009), the political scientist Heidi Beirich said that the Cultural Marxism theory ] the cultural '']'' of ] such as ], ], ], ], ], and ]s, ] and ].<ref name="PERRY">{{cite book |editor1-last=Perry |editor1-first=Barbara |author-last1=Beirich |author-first1=Heidi |title=Hate crimes |date=2009 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-275-99569-0 |pages=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7p6TDR1zwcC&pg=PA109 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828115957/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7p6TDR1zwcC&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Europe, the Norwegian far-right terrorist ] quoted Lind's culture war conspiracy in his 1,500-page political manifesto ''2083: A European Declaration of Independence'', stating that the "] (STD) epidemic in Western Europe is a result of cultural Marxism"; that "Cultural Marxism defines ]s, feminist women, homosexuals, and some additional minority groups, as virtuous, and they view ethnic Christian European men as evil"; and that the "] (ECHR) in ] is a cultural-Marxist-controlled political entity."<ref name=":1"/><ref name="QANTARA"/><ref name="PINO">{{cite book |author-last1=Shanafelt |author-first1=Robert |author-last2=Pino |author-first2=Nathan W. |title=Rethinking Serial Murder, Spree Killing, and Atrocities: Beyond the Usual Distinctions |publisher=] |location=Abingdon, England|isbn=978-1-317-56467-6 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDmLBQAAQBAJ&q=Rethinking+Serial+Murder,+Spree+Killing,+and+Atrocities:+Beyond+the+Usual+author&pg=PT10 |language=en |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828223938/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDmLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=Rethinking+Serial+Murder,+Spree+Killing,+and+Atrocities:+Beyond+the+Usual+author#v=snippet |url-status=live }}</ref> About 90 minutes before killing 77 people in the ], Breivik e-mailed 1,003 people his manifesto and a copy of ''Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology''.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine |author-last1=Trilling |author-first1=Daniel |title=Who are Breivik's Fellow Travellers? |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2012/04/who-are-breivik%E2%80%99s-fellow-travellers |access-date=18 July 2015 |magazine=] |date=18 April 2012 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722052250/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2012/04/who-are-breivik%E2%80%99s-fellow-travellers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="QANTARA">{{cite web |author-last1=Buruma |author-first1=Ian |title=Breivik's Call to Arms |url=http://en.qantara.de/content/islamophobia-in-europe-breiviks-call-to-arms |website=] |publisher=German Federal Agency for Civic Education & Deutsche Welle |date=11 August 2011 |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725115001/http://en.qantara.de/content/islamophobia-in-europe-breiviks-call-to-arms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title='Breivik Manifesto' Details Chilling Attack Preparation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14267007 |access-date=2 August 2015 |work=] |date=24 July 2011 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164256/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14267007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In "Collectivists, Communists, Labor Bosses, and Treason: The Tea Parties as Right-Wing, Populist Counter-Subversion Panic" (2012), the journalist ] identified the culture war conspiracy theory as the basic ideology of the ] within the ]. As a self-identified right-wing movement, the Tea Party claims they are suffering the same cultural subversion suffered by earlier generations of ]s. According to Berlet, the ] rhetoric of regional ] encourages counter-subversion panics, by which a large constituency of white middle-class people are deceived into unequal political alliances to defend their place in the middle class. Moreover, the failures of ] are ] onto the local ], ], ], ] citizens and immigrants by manipulating ], ], traditional ] and ].<ref name="Collectivists">{{cite journal |url=http://crs.sagepub.com/content/38/4/565.abstract |title=Collectivists, Communists, Labor Bosses, and Treason: The Tea Parties as Right-wing Populist Counter-Subversion Panic |author-first1=Chip |author-last1=Berlet |author-link1=Chip Berlet |journal=] |publisher=] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |date=July 2012 |volume=38 |pages=565–587 |doi=10.1177/0896920511434750 |issue=4 |s2cid=144238367 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115213944/http://crs.sagepub.com/content/38/4/565.abstract |archive-date=15 November 2015}}</ref>

In "Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right" (2014) and in "Cultural Marxism: A Survey" (2018), the political scientist Jérôme Jamin refers to conservative politician and media pundit ] as the "intellectual momentum"<ref name="survey">{{cite journal |author-last1=Jamin |author-first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258 |year=2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258}}</ref> of the conspiracy theory, and to Anders Breivik as the "violent impetus".<ref name="survey"/> Both of them relied on William Lind, who edited a multi-authored work called "Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology" that Jamin calls the core text that "has been unanimously cited as 'the' reference since 2004."<ref name="survey"/> Jamin further explains:

{{Blockquote|Next to the global dimension of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, there is its innovative and original dimension, which lets its authors avoid racist discourses and pretend to be defenders of democracy. As such, Cultural Marxism is innovative in comparison with old styled theories of a similar nature, such as those involving ]s, Bavarian ], ] or even ] bankers. For Lind, Buchanan and Breivik, the threat does not come from the migrant or the Jew because he is a migrant or a Jew. For Lind, the threat comes from the ] ideology, which is considered as a danger for freedom and democracy, and which is associated with different authoritarian political regimes (Russia, China, Cambodia, Cuba, etc.). For Buchanan, the threat comes from ], ] and hard capitalism which, when combined, transform people and nations into an uncontrolled mass of alienated consumers. For Breivik, a self-indoctrinated lone-wolf, the danger comes from Islam, a religion seen as a totalitarian ideology which threatens liberal democracies from Western Europe as much as its Judeo-Christian heritage. In Lind, Buchanan and Breivik, overt racism is studiously avoided.<ref name="Jamin"/>}}

In 2017, it was reported that advisor Richard Higgins was fired from the ] for publishing the memorandum '"POTUS & Political Warfare" that alleged the existence of a left-wing conspiracy to destroy ]'s presidency because "American public intellectuals of Cultural Marxism, foreign Islamicists, and ] bankers, the news media, and politicians from the Republican and Democratic parties were attacking Trump, because he represents an existential threat to the cultural Marxist memes that dominate the prevailing cultural narrative in the US."<ref name="GuardianHiggins">{{cite news |author-first=David |author-last=Smith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/13/donald-trump-white-house-steve-bannon-rich-higgins |title=How Trump's Paranoid White House Sees 'Deep State' Enemies on all Sides |date=13 August 2017 |newspaper=] |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814084406/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/13/donald-trump-white-house-steve-bannon-rich-higgins |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author-first1=Jana |author-last1=Winter |author-first2=Elias |author-last2=Groll |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/08/10/heres-the-memo-that-blew-up-the-nsc/ |title=Here's the Memo That Blew Up the NSC |date=10 August 2017 |magazine=] |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815003448/http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/08/10/heres-the-memo-that-blew-up-the-nsc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author-first=Rosie |author-last=Gray |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/a-national-security-council-staffer-is-forced-out-over-a-controversial-memo/535725/ |title=An NSC Staffer Is Forced Out Over a Controversial Memo |date=2 August 2017 |magazine=] |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175209/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/a-national-security-council-staffer-is-forced-out-over-a-controversial-memo/535725/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In "Liberalism and Socialism Mortal Enemies Or Embittered Kin?" (2021), professor Matthew McManus said that "the objectives of proponents of conspiratorial views about Cultural Marxism were (and are) not to give a current account of Critical Theory, but to advance a conservative version of US liberalism against the scapegoat of global conspiracy theory." and "In short, what Critical Theory provides to those who use "critical theory" to signal a socialist threat to liberalism is not only a link to Marxist thought, but also a ] against which to advance ] politics."<ref>{{Cite book|last=McManus|first=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WxAEAAAQBAJ|title=Liberalism and Socialism: Mortal Enemies or Embittered Kin?|date=2021-08-31|publisher=]|isbn=978-3-030-79537-5|language=en}}</ref>

=== Political correctness and antisemitic canards ===
In the speech "The Origins of Political Correctness" (2000), William S. Lind established the ideology and the etymology of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory. Lind wrote:
{{blockquote|If we look at it analytically, if we look at it historically, we quickly find out exactly what it is. ] is cultural Marxism. It is Marxism translated from economic into cultural terms. It is an effort that goes back not to the 1960s and the ] and the ], but back to ]. If we compare the basic tenets of Political Correctness with ], the parallels are very obvious.<ref name="Bill">{{cite web |author-last1=Lind |author-first1=William S. |title=The Origins of Political Correctness |url=http://www.academia.org/the-origins-of-political-correctness/ |website=] |access-date=8 November 2015 |date=5 February 2000 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017014712/http://www.academia.org/the-origins-of-political-correctness/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Concerning the real-life political violence caused by the conspiracy theory, law professor ] called it an ] in the 2018 editorial "The Alt-Right's Favorite Meme is 100 Years Old". About the origins and history of the conspiracy theory, Moyn wrote:
{{blockquote|Originally an American contribution to the ] of the alt-right, the fear of 'cultural Marxism' has been percolating for years through global sewers of hatred. Increasingly, it has burst into the mainstream. Before President Trump's aide Rich Higgins was fired last year , he invoked the threat of 'cultural Marxism' in proposing a new national security strategy. In June, ] tweeted out a racist meme that employed the phrase. On Twitter, the son of ], Brazil's newly elected ], boasted of meeting ] and joining forces to defeat 'cultural Marxism.' ], the self-help guru and best-selling author, has railed against it, too, in his ] ruminations.<ref name="Moyn 2018"/>}}

According to Moyn, "he wider discourse around cultural Marxism today resembles nothing so much as a version of the myth updated for a new age." Moyn concludes: "That 'cultural Marxism' is a crude ], referring to something that does not exist, unfortunately does not mean actual people are not being set up to pay the price, as ]s, to appease a rising sense of anger and anxiety. And for that reason, 'cultural Marxism' is not only a sad diversion from framing legitimate grievances but also a dangerous lure in an increasingly unhinged moment."<ref name="Moyn 2018">{{cite news |title=The Alt-Right's Favorite Meme is 100 Years Old |author-first=Samuel |author-last=Moyn |author-link=Samuel Moyn |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/opinion/cultural-marxism-anti-semitism.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fopinion&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=3&pgtype=sectionfront |newspaper=] |date=13 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114182205/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/opinion/cultural-marxism-anti-semitism.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fopinion&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=3&pgtype=sectionfront |url-status=live }}</ref> Maxime Dafaure likewise states that ''Cultural Marxism'' is a contemporary update of antisemitic conspiracy theories, such as the Nazi concept of "Cultural Bolshevism", and is directly associated with the concept of "Jewish Bolshevism".<ref>{{cite journal|author-first1=Maxime |author-last1=Dafaure |title=The 'Great Meme War:' the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies |url=http://journals.openedition.org/angles/369 |journal=Angles. New Perspectives on the Anglophone World |date=1 April 2020 |issn=2274-2042 |issue=10 |doi=10.4000/angles.369 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927071602/https://journals.openedition.org/angles/369 |url-status=live |doi-access=free|quote=The Cultural Marxism narrative has particularly telling ancestors, since it is a mere contemporary update of Nazi Germany’s concept of “Cultural Bolshevism” used to foster anti-Soviet fears (not unlike the American anti-communist hysterias of the Red Scares). Maybe even more telling is its direct association with the like-minded “Jewish Bolshevism” concept, which professes the whimsical claim that a Jewish cabal is responsible for the creation and spread of communism, and more broadly for the “degeneracy” of traditional Western values, an infamous term which also surfaces in recent far-right arguments.}}</ref>

In the essay "Cultural Marxism and the Cathedral: Two Alt-Right Perspectives on Critical Theory" (2019), the academic Andrew Woods notes that such comparisons are the most common way to analyze the antisemitic implications of the conspiracy theory, but he takes issue with calling it nothing more than a modern iteration of Cultural Bolshevism, saying that its antisemitism is nonetheless "profoundly American".<ref name="Woods 2019">{{cite book |author-last1=Woods |author-first1=Andrew |title=Critical Theory and the Humanities in the Age of the Alt-Right |publisher=] |location=New York City |isbn=978-3-030-18753-8 |pages=39–59 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8_3 |chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Cathedral: Two Alt-Right Perspectives on Critical Theory |date=2019 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8_3 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030141727/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8_3 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|47}} According to philosopher ], the term ''Cultural Marxism'' "plays the same structural role as that of the 'Jewish plot' in anti-Semitism: it projects (or rather, transposes) the immanent antagonism of our socio-economic life onto an external cause: what the conservative alt-right deplores as the ethical disintegration of our lives (], attacks on ], ], etc.) must have an external cause—because it cannot, for them, emerge out of the antagonisms and tensions of our own societies."<ref>{{cite book|author-last1=Burgis |author-first1=Ben |author-last2=Hamilton |author-first2=Conrad Bongard |author-last3=McManus |author-first3=Matthew |author-last4=Trejo |author-first4=Marion |date=2020 |title=Myth and Mayhem: A Leftist Critique of Jordan Peterson |publisher=] |location=London, England |page=16 |isbn=978-1-7890-4554-3}}</ref>

Rachel Busbridge, Benjamin Moffitt and Joshua Thorburn describe the conspiracy theory as being promoted by the far-right, but that it "has gained ground over the past quarter century" and conclude that "hrough the lens of the Cultural Marxist conspiracy, however, it is possible to discern a relationship of empowerment between mainstream and fringe, whereby certain talking points and tropes are able to be transmitted, taken up and adapted by 'mainstream' figures, thus giving credence and visibility to ideologies that would have previously been constrained to the margins."<ref name="Busbridge, Moffitt & Thorburn 2020"/>

=== Terrorism ===
{{anchor|Anders Behring Breivik}}
], which he justified as defense against Cultural Marxism.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="QANTARA" /><ref name=":0" />]]

In 2011, the conspiracy theory received renewed attention after 77 people were murdered during the ]. On July 22, 2011, Anders Breivik justified his terrorism by citing Marxist cultural warfare as the primary subject of his political manifesto.<ref>{{Cite journal |author-last=W. J. van Gerven Oei |author-first=Vincent |date=22 September 2011 |title=Anders Breivik: On Copying the Obscure |url=http://www.continentcontinent.cc/index.php/continent/article/view/56 |journal=Continent. |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=213–223 |issn=2159-9920 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716125213/http://www.continentcontinent.cc/index.php/continent/article/view/56 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Breivik wrote that the "sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemic in Western Europe is a result of cultural Marxism", that "Cultural Marxism defines Muslims, feminist women, homosexuals, and some additional minority groups, as virtuous, and they view ethnic Christian European men as evil" and that the "] (ECHR) in Strasbourg is a cultural-Marxist-controlled political entity."<ref name=":0"/><ref name="PINO"/>

A number of other far-right terrorists have espoused the conspiracy theory. ], a ] ] convicted of plotting the assassination of Labour MP ], promoted the conspiracy theory in a video for the ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2018 |title=MP's murder was to be 'white jihad' |language=en-GB |work=] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-44452529 |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601071728/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-44452529 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=The story of Jack Renshaw: The ex-Manchester student and paedophile who plotted a murder |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2019/05/24/the-story-of-jack-renshaw-the-ex-manchester-student-and-paedophile-who-plotted-a-murder-102505 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UK |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130506/https://thetab.com/uk/2019/05/24/the-story-of-jack-renshaw-the-ex-manchester-student-and-paedophile-who-plotted-a-murder-102505 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=How did Jack Renshaw, star of the creepy BNP Youth video, end up attempting to murder an MP? |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2018/06/15/how-did-jack-renshaw-star-of-the-creepy-bnp-youth-video-end-up-attempting-to-murder-an-mp-68449 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UK |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612175032/https://thetab.com/uk/2018/06/15/how-did-jack-renshaw-star-of-the-creepy-bnp-youth-video-end-up-attempting-to-murder-an-mp-68449 |url-status=live }}</ref> John T. Earnest, the perpetrator of the 2019 ], was inspired by ] ideology. In an online manifesto, Earnst stated that he believed "every Jew is responsible for the meticulously planned ]" through the promotion of "cultural Marxism and communism."<ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Lorber |author-first1=Ben |title=The Resurgence of Right-Wing Anti-Semitic Conspiracism Endangers All Justice Movements |url=https://rewirenewsgroup.com/religion-dispatches/2019/05/01/the-resurgence-of-right-wing-anti-semitic-conspiracism-endangers-all-justice-movements/ |website=Rewire News Group |date=1 May 2019 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025144547/https://rewirenewsgroup.com/religion-dispatches/2019/05/01/the-resurgence-of-right-wing-anti-semitic-conspiracism-endangers-all-justice-movements/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Fomentation ===
Following the Norway attacks, the conspiracy was taken up by a number of ] outlets and forums, including ] websites such as ], '']'' and ] which have promoted the conspiracy. The AltRight Corporation's website, altright.com, featured articles with titles such as "Ghostbusters and the Suicide of Cultural Marxism", "#3 — Sweden: The World Capital of Cultural Marxism" and "Beta Leftists, Cultural Marxism and Self-Entitlement".<ref name="Media">{{cite journal|author-last=Mirrlees |author-first=Tanner |year=2018 |url=https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/5403/pdf_55 |title=The Alt-Right's Discourse of 'Cultural Marxism': A Political Instrument of Intersectional Hate |journal=Atlantis |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120515/https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/5403/pdf_55 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''InfoWars'' ran numerous headlines such as "Is Cultural Marxism America's New Mainline Ideology?"<ref name="Braune 2019"/> VDARE ran similar articles with similar titles such as "Yes, Virginia (Dare) There Is A Cultural Marxism—And It's Taking Over Conservatism Inc."<ref name="Media"/>

] and ] also promoted the conspiracy and help expand its reach. Websites such as the '']'' have run articles with titles like "Cultural Marxism in Action: Media Matters Engineers Cancellation of Vdare.com Conference".<ref name="Media"/> '']'' regularly runs stories about "Cultural Marxism" with titles such as "Jewish Cultural Marxism is Destroying Abercrombie & Fitch", "Hollywood Strikes Again: Cultural Marxism through the Medium of Big Box-Office Movies" and "The Left-Center-Right Political Spectrum of Immigration = Cultural Marxism".<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Mirrlees |author-first=Tanner |year=2018 |url=https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/5403/pdf_55 |title=The Alt-Right's Discourse of 'Cultural Marxism': A Political Instrument of Intersectional Hate |journal=Atlantis |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |access-date=2 November 2020 |quote=A glut of content about cultural Marxism now circulates through the Internet and World Wide Web, and much of it stems from alt-right media sources—websites, magazines, and blogs. Anglin's ''The Daily Stormer'' publishes stories like 'Jewish Cultural Marxism is Destroying Abercrombie & Fitch' (Farben 2017) and 'Hollywood Strikes Again: Cultural Marxism through the Medium of Big Box-Office Movies' (Murray 2016) and 'The Left-Center-Right Political Spectrum of Immigration = Cultural Marxism' (Duchesne 2015). |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120538/https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/5403/pdf_55 |url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, ], head of the ], has promoted the conspiracy theory.<ref name="Media"/>

== Entering the mainstream discourse ==
In the late 2010s, ] popularized ''Cultural Marxism'' as a term by moving it into mainstream discourse.<ref name="Sharpe 2020"/><ref name="Media"/><ref name="Berlatsky">{{cite web|author-first1=Noah |author-last1=Berlatsky |access-date=4 November 2020 |title=How Anti-Leftism Has Made Jordan Peterson a Mark for Fascist Propaganda |url=https://psmag.com/education/jordan-peterson-sliding-toward-fascism |website=Pacific Standard |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613085727/https://psmag.com/education/jordan-peterson-sliding-toward-fascism |url-status=live}}</ref> Several writers stated that Peterson blamed the conspiracy for demanding the use of gender-neutral pronouns as a threat to free speech,<ref name="Sharpe 2020">{{cite web|author-last=Sharpe |author-first=Matthew |url=https://theconversation.com/is-cultural-marxism-really-taking-over-universities-i-crunched-some-numbers-to-find-out-139654 |title=Is 'cultural Marxism' Really Taking Over Universities? I Crunched Some Numbers to Find Out |website=The Conversation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006190450/https://theconversation.com/is-cultural-marxism-really-taking-over-universities-i-crunched-some-numbers-to-find-out-139654 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref> often misusing '']'' as a stand-in term for the conspiracy without understanding its ] implications, specifying that "Peterson isn't an ideological anti-Semite; there's every reason to believe that when he re-broadcasts fascist propaganda, he doesn't even hear the dog-whistles he's emitting".<ref name="Berlatsky"/><ref>{{cite book|author-last=Burston |author-first=Daniel |year=2020 |chapter=Jordan Peterson and the Postmodern University |title=Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Postmodern University |series=Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=129–156 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-34921-9_7 |isbn=978-3-030-34921-9 |s2cid=214014811 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> Former ] contributors ] and ], founder of ], have promoted the conspiracy theory, especially the claim that Cultural Marxist activity is happening in universities.<ref name="Braune 2019"/><ref>{{cite magazine|author-last=McManus |author-first=Matt |date=18 May 2018 |url=https://merionwest.com/2018/05/18/on-marxism-post-modernism-and-cultural-marxism/ |title=On Marxism, Post-Modernism, and 'Cultural Marxism' |magazine=Merion West |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617192743/https://merionwest.com/2018/05/18/on-marxism-post-modernism-and-cultural-marxism/ |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Busbridge, Moffitt & Thorburn 2020"/><ref name="Mirrlees 2018"/>

Spencer Sunshine, an associate fellow at the ], stated that "the focus on the Frankfurt School by the right serves to highlight its inherent Jewishness."<ref name="Paul 2019">{{cite web|author-last=Paul |author-first=Ari |date=4 June 2019 |title='Cultural Marxism': The Mainstreaming of a Nazi Trope |url=https://fair.org/home/cultural-marxism-the-mainstreaming-of-a-nazi-trope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022045211/https://fair.org/home/cultural-marxism-the-mainstreaming-of-a-nazi-trope/ |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting}}</ref> In particular, Paul and Sunshine have criticized traditional media such as '']'', '']'' and '']'' for either not clarifying the nature of the conspiracy theory and for "allowing it to live on their pages."<ref name="Paul 2019"/> An example is an article in ''The New York Times'' by ], who "rebrands cultural Marxism as mere political correctness, giving the Nazi-inspired phrase legitimacy for the American right. It is dropped in or quoted in other stories—some of them lighthearted, like the fashion cues of the alt-right—without describing how fringe this notion is. It's akin to letting conspiracy theories about ] or ] get unearned space in mainstream press."<ref name="Paul 2019"/> Another is ], who went on "to denounce 'cultural Marxists' for inspiring ] movements on campuses."<ref name="Paul 2019"/> Paul and Sunshine concluded that failure to highlight the nature of the Cultural Marxist conspiracy theory "has bitter consequences. 'It is legitimizing the use of that framework, and therefore it's coded antisemitism.'"<ref name="Paul 2019"/>

The theory was embraced in a National Security Council memo written in August 2017 by Rich Higgins entitled "POTUS and Political Warfare".<ref name="Jeffries2021"/> Higgins wrote: "Cultural Marxism relates to programmes and activities that arise out of Gramsci Marxism, Fabian socialism and most directly from the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt strategy deconstructs societies through attacks on culture by imposing a dialectic that forces unresolvable contradictions under the rubric of critical theory."<ref name="Jeffries2021"/> Higgins claimed that a variety of groups opposed to the Trump administration were all influenced by what he called "cultural Marxism" and that "attacks on President Trump...operate in a battle-space prepared, informed and conditioned by cultural Marxist drivers."<ref name="Jeffries2021"/> The memo was read by Donald Trump Jr. who passed on a copy of it to his father.<ref name="Jeffries2021"/>

Sociologists Julia Lux and John David Jordan assert that the conspiracy theory can be broken down into its key elements: "] anti-feminism, neo-] science (broadly defined as various forms of ]), genetic and cultural ], ] anti-Leftism fixated on ], radical ] applied to the social sciences, and the idea that a purge is required to restore normality." They go on to say that all of these items are "supported, proselytised and academically buoyed by intellectuals, politicians, and media figures with extremely credible educational backgrounds."<ref>{{cite book|author-first1=Julia |author-last1=Lux |author-last2=Jordan |author-first2=John David |editor1-first=Elke |editor1-last=Heins |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Rees |date=22 July 2019 |title=Social Policy Review: Analysis and Debate in Social Policy |publisher=] |chapter=7. Alt-Right 'cultural purity', ideology and mainstream social policy discourse: towards a political anthropology of 'mainstremeist' ideology |issue=31 |pages=151–176 |location=Bristol | language=en |doi=10.1332/policypress/9781447343981.001.0001 |isbn=9781447343981 |s2cid=213019061 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRGjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> ] wrote a conservative critique of conservatives' complaints about Cultural Marxism in '']'', stating: "For the Nazis, the Frankfurter School and its vaguely Jewish exponents fell under the rubric of {{lang|de|Kulturbolshewismus}}, 'Cultural Bolshevism.'"<ref name="Paul 2019"/>

=== Australia ===
Shortly after the Norway attacks, mainstream right-wing politicians began espousing the conspiracy. In 2013, ], a member of the ruling ], wrote in his book ''The Conservative Revolution'' that "cultural Marxism has been one of the most corrosive influences on society over the last century."<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Busbridge |author-first1=Rachel |author-last2=Moffitt |author-first2=Benjamin |author-last3=Thorburn |author-first3=Joshua |title=Cultural Marxism: far-right conspiracy theory in Australia's culture wars |journal=Social Identities |date=29 June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=722–738 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822 |s2cid=225713131 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822 |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120516/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822 |url-status=live }}</ref> Five years later, ], former Australian Senator, initially sitting as a member of ] and then ], declared during his ] in 2018 that "Cultural Marxism is not a throwaway line but a literal truth" and spoke of the need for a "] to the immigration problem."<ref name="Busbridge, Moffitt & Thorburn 2020"/>

=== Brazil ===
In Brazil, the government of ] contained a number of administration members who promoted the conspiracy theory, including ], the president's son who "enthusiastically described ] as an opponent of Cultural Marxism."<ref name="Braune 2019"/>

=== United Kingdom ===
During the ] debate in 2019, a number of ] and ]s espoused the conspiracy theory.<ref name="Manavis 2019"/><ref name="Walker 2020"/>

], the Conservative ] (MP), said in a pro-Brexit speech for the ], a ] think tank, that "e are engaging in many battles right now. As Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against cultural Marxism, where banning things is becoming ''de rigueur'', where freedom of speech is becoming a taboo, where our universities — quintessential institutions of ] — are being shrouded in censorship and a culture of no-platforming." Her usage of the conspiracy theory was condemned as ] by other MPs, the ] and the anti-racist organization ]. After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said that she is "not in any way antisemitic." Braverman was alerted to this connection by journalist ], but she defended using the term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tory MP Suella Braverman 'not in any way antisemitic', says Board after 'productive meeting' |date=3 April 2019 |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/tory-mp-suella-braverma-not-in-any-way-antisemitic-says-board-after-productive-meeting-1.482524 |newspaper=Jewish Chronicle |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124142714/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/tory-mp-suella-braverma-not-in-any-way-antisemitic-says-board-after-productive-meeting-1.482524 |url-status=live }}</ref> Braverman denied that the term ''Cultural Marxism'' is an antisemitic trope,<ref name="Manavis 2019">{{cite news|author-last=Manavis |author-first=Sarah |date=26 March 2019 |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2019/03/what-cultural-marxism-alt-right-meme-suella-bravermans-speech-westminster |title=What is cultural Marxism? The alt-right meme in Suella Braverman's speech in Westminster |newspaper=News Statesman |access-date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124142652/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2019/03/what-cultural-marxism-alt-right-meme-suella-bravermans-speech-westminster |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author-last=Bowcott |author-first=Owen |date=13 February 2020 |title=New attorney general wants to 'take back control' from courts |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/new-attorney-general-wanted-to-take-back-control-from-courts |access-date=12 September 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908074714/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/new-attorney-general-wanted-to-take-back-control-from-courts |url-status=live }}</ref> stating during a question and answer session "whether she stood by the term, given its far-right connections. She said: 'Yes, I do believe we are in a battle against cultural Marxism, as I said. We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought.'" Braverman further added that she was "very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from ]."<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Walker |author-first=Peter |date=26 March 2019 |title=Tory MP criticised for using antisemitic term 'cultural Marxism' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/mar/26/tory-mp-criticised-for-using-antisemitic-term-cultural-marxism |access-date=12 September 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913100721/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/mar/26/tory-mp-criticised-for-using-antisemitic-term-cultural-marxism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author-last=Sugarman |author-first=Daniel |date=26 March 2019 |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/board-of-deputies-rebuke-conservative-mp-suella-braverman-for-using-antisemitic-trope-1.482150 |access-date=12 September 2020 |newspaper=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Board of Deputies rebuke Conservative MP Suella Braverman for using 'antisemitic trope' |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904232420/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/board-of-deputies-rebuke-conservative-mp-suella-braverman-for-using-antisemitic-trope-1.482150 |url-status=live}}</ref>

] has promoted the cultural Marxist conspiracy theory, for which he has been condemned by other MPs and Jewish groups such as the Board of Deputies of British Jews, who said he used it as a ] code for ]. Farage said that the United Kingdom faced "cultural Marxism", a term described in its report by '']'' as "originating in a conspiracy theory based on a supposed plot against national governments, which is closely linked to the far right and antisemitism." Farage's spokesman "condemned previous criticism of his language by Jewish groups and others as 'pathetic' and 'a manufactured story.'"<ref name="Walker 2020">{{cite news |author-last=Walker |author-first=Peter |date=28 June 2020 |title=Jewish groups and MPs condemn Nigel Farage over antisemitic 'dog whistles' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/28/jewish-groups-and-mps-condemn-nigel-farage-for-antisemitic-dog-whistles |access-date=11 September 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904140432/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/28/jewish-groups-and-mps-condemn-nigel-farage-for-antisemitic-dog-whistles |url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''The War Against the BBC'' (2020), ] and ] write how the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory has been pushed by some on the right as part of an alleged ]. ] cites ], ] and the right-wing website ] as examples of "relentlessly about the institution's 'cultural Marxism' or left-wing bias. This now happens on a near-daily basis."<ref>{{cite news|author-last=Alibhai-Brown |author-first=Yasmin |date=20 October 2020 |url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/bbc-threat-licence-fee-dominic-cummings-732259 |title=Our BBC is under existential threat from right-wing, Trumpian tactics |newspaper=i |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102051815/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/bbc-threat-licence-fee-dominic-cummings-732259 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2020 a letter signed by 28 ] ] published in '']'' accused the ] of being "coloured by cultural Marxist dogma, colloquially known as the '] agenda'".<ref>{{cite letter |recipient=the ''Daily Telegraph'' |subject=Britain's heroes |language=English |date=9 November 2020 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2020/11/09/letterswill-police-break-armistice-day-ceremonies-wednesday/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2020/11/09/letterswill-police-break-armistice-day-ceremonies-wednesday/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2021 |author-mask= }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.edwardleigh.org.uk/news/letter-telegraph |title=Letter to the Telegraph |author-last=Leigh |author-first=Edward |author-link=Edward Leigh |date=11 November 2020 |website=Sir Edward Leigh MP |access-date=10 June 2020 |quote=Part of our mission is to ensure that institutional custodians of history and heritage, tasked with safeguarding and celebrating British values, are not coloured by cultural Marxist dogma, colloquially known as the "woke agenda".}}</ref> The use of this terminology in the letter was described by the ], ], anti-racist charity ] and the ] as antisemitic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/tory-mps-and-peers-warned-over-use-of-the-term-cultural-marxism-1.508974 |title=Tory MPs and peers warned over use of the term 'cultural Marxism' |author-first=Lee |author-last=Harpin |date=24 November 2020 |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124163050/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/tory-mps-and-peers-warned-over-use-of-the-term-cultural-marxism-1.508974 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Childs 2020">{{cite web |author-last=Childs |author-first=Simon |title=28 Tories Wrote About an Anti-Semitic Trope and No One Seemed to Notice |website=VICE |date=13 November 2020 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkdpby/tories-telegraph-cultural-marxism-letter |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Left Foot Forward 2020">{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Leading Tories challenged for using phrase linked to 'anti-Semitic dog-whistle' |website=Left Foot Forward |date=11 November 2020 |url=https://leftfootforward.org/2020/11/why-are-leading-tories-using-a-phrase-linked-to-an-anti-semitic-dog-whistle/ | access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref>

=== United States ===
While acting as an aide to the then-President ], Rich Higgins wrote a memo framing Trump's 2016 presidential campaign as "a war on Cultural Marxism that needed to be sustained during his presidency." Higgins wrote of a "cabal", an antisemitic trope,<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Davidson |author-first1=Carol Margaret |title=Anti-Semitism and British Gothic Literature |date=2004 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |page=69 |quote=As these examples illustrate, the terms 'cabal' and 'Cabala' were virtually synonymous, since their entry into the English language, with the Jews and sinister secrecy.}}</ref> promoting Cultural Marxism that included "globalists, bankers, Islamists, and conservative Republicans" and had captured control of the media, academia, politics and the financial system as well as controlling attempts to tamp down on hate speech and hate groups through the Countering Violent Extremism government programs. Higgins also asserted that the Frankfurt School "sought to deconstruct everything in order to destroy it, giving rise to society-wide nihilism."<ref name="Braune 2019"/><ref>{{cite news|author-first1=Jeet |author-last1=Heer |accessdate=8 May 2021 |title=Trump's Racism and the Myth of "Cultural Marxism" |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/144317/trumps-racism-myth-cultural-marxism |newspaper=The New Republic |date=15 August 2017 |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name="GuardianHiggins" /> ], a Washington Representative from the ], is a proponent of the conspiracy theory as outlined in a conspiracy-minded seven-page memo by Higgins, the National Security Council staffer in the Trump administration who was fired after the document became public in July 2017.<ref name="Braune 2019"/><ref>{{Cite news |author-last=Wilson |author-first=Jason |date=3 November 2018 |title=Washington Republican under fire for setting out 'Biblical Basis for War' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/03/matt-shea-washington-republican-biblical-basis-for-war |access-date=3 October 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831113304/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/03/matt-shea-washington-republican-biblical-basis-for-war |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
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== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |author-last1=Catlin |author-first1=Jonathon |title=The Frankfurt School on Antisemitism, Authoritarianism, and Right-wing Radicalism: The Politics of Unreason: The Frankfurt School and the Origins of Modern Antisemitism, by Lars Rensmann, Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 2017, xv + 600 pp., $25.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-43846-594-4 |journal=European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology |year=2020 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=198–214 |doi=10.1080/23254823.2020.1742018|s2cid=216306994 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=De Bruin |first1=Robin |title=European union as a road to serfdom: The Alt-Right's inversion of narratives on European integration |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |date=2021 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/14782804.2021.1960489|s2cid=238810398 }}
* {{cite book |author-last1=Grumke |author-first1=Thomas |title=Die Neue Rechte — eine Gefahr für die Demokratie? |publisher=VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften |isbn=978-3-322-81016-8 |pages=175–185 |language=de |chapter='Take this country back!': Die neue Rechte in den USA |date=2004}}
* {{cite journal |author-last1=Jamin |author-first1=Jérôme |title=Anders Breivik et le "marxisme culturel": Etats-Unis/Europe |journal=Amnis |year=2013 |issue=12 |doi=10.4000/AMNIS.2004 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |author-last1=Jamin |author-first1=Jérôme |title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-39621-1 |pages=84–103 |language=en |chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right |date=2014}}
* {{cite journal |author-last1=Jamin |author-first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |year=2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258}}
* {{cite journal |author-last1=Mirrlees |author-first1=Tanner |title=The Alt-right's Discourse on 'Cultural Marxism': A Political Instrument of Intersectional Hate |journal=Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice |year=2018 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |url=https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/5403 |language=en |issn=1715-0698}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Paternotte |first1=David |last2=Verloo |first2=Mieke |title=De-democratization and the Politics of Knowledge: Unpacking the Cultural Marxism Narrative |journal=Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=556–578 |doi=10.1093/sp/jxab025}}
* {{cite book |author-last1=Richardson |author-first1=John E. |editor1-last=Copsey |editor1-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=John E. |title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53937-7 |language=en |chapter='Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: A transnational discourse |date=2015}}
*{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Imogen |last2=Jones |first2=Callum |title=Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-10517-6 |chapter=Quillette, classical liberalism, and the international New Right}}
* {{cite book |author-last1=Woods |author-first1=Andrew |title=Critical Theory and the Humanities in the Age of the Alt-Right |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-18753-8 |pages=39–59 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8_3 |language=en |chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Cathedral: Two Alt-Right Perspectives on Critical Theory |date=2019 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8_3}}
* {{cite journal |author-last1=Tuters |author-first1=M. |title=Cultural Marxism |journal=Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy |year=2018 |volume=2018 |issue=2 |pages=32–34 |hdl=11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e |language=en}}

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