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Based on its budget, caseload, and network of allied attorneys, as well as connections to political figures such as former US Attorney General ] and Supreme Court Justice ], ADF is seen as the most organized and influential Christian legal interest group in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Daniel |title=Defending Faith: The Politics of the Christian Conservative Legal Movement |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2017 |isbn=978-0700624607}}</ref> ADF attorneys have argued cases before the Supreme Court,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/inside-the-christian-legal-powerhouse-that-keeps-winning-at-the-supreme-court/2018/07/04/fffa6aa0-7adb-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html |title=Inside the Christian legal powerhouse that keeps winning at the Supreme Court |work=The Washington Post |access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> including cases related to religious freedom, the Affordable Care Act, religious activity in schools, and prayers before town meetings.{{fact|date=March 2022}} Based on its budget, caseload, and network of allied attorneys, as well as connections to political figures such as former US Attorney General ] and Supreme Court Justice ], ADF is seen as the most organized and influential Christian legal interest group in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Daniel |title=Defending Faith: The Politics of the Christian Conservative Legal Movement |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2017 |isbn=978-0700624607}}</ref> ADF attorneys have argued cases before the Supreme Court,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/inside-the-christian-legal-powerhouse-that-keeps-winning-at-the-supreme-court/2018/07/04/fffa6aa0-7adb-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html |title=Inside the Christian legal powerhouse that keeps winning at the Supreme Court |work=The Washington Post |access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> including cases related to religious freedom, the Affordable Care Act, religious activity in schools, and prayers before town meetings.{{fact|date=March 2022}}


The ] designates ADF as an ] based on its active opposition to legal rights and protections of LGBTQ people ] and ].<ref name = "splc-profile"></ref> ADF has lobbied, brought lawsuits, and provided legal support to groups to prevent ] in the United States and worldwide; oppose ]; prevent laws from being passed to prohibit ] based on ] and ]; force transgender people to be sterilized in order to change their identification documents; and restrict transgender people's rights to ] and ].<ref name = "eu-sterilize"></ref><ref name="transrights"></ref><ref name = "splc-profile">{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/alliance-defending-freedom|title=Alliance Defending Freedom|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref><!--Please do not remove "SPLC designated it an anti-LGBTQ hate group" from the lead without first getting consensus to do so on the Talk page. Please see the Archives for previous discussions.--> The SPLC described the ADF as "one of the most influential groups informing the Trump administration’s attack on LGBTQ rights."<ref name = "splc-profile"></ref> ADF has lobbied, brought lawsuits, and provided legal support to groups to prevent ] in the United States and worldwide; oppose ]; prevent laws from being passed to prohibit ] based on ] and ]; force transgender people to be sterilized in order to change their identification documents; and restrict transgender people's rights to ] and ].<ref name = "eu-sterilize"></ref><ref name="transrights"></ref><ref name = "splc-profile">{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/alliance-defending-freedom|title=Alliance Defending Freedom|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref><!--Please do not remove "SPLC designated it an anti-LGBTQ hate group" from the lead without first getting consensus to do so on the Talk page. Please see the Archives for previous discussions.--> The SPLC described the ADF as "one of the most influential groups informing the Trump administration’s attack on LGBTQ rights."<ref name = "splc-profile"></ref>


==History== ==History==

Revision as of 20:26, 21 March 2022

American conservative Christian advocacy nonprofit organization
Alliance Defending Freedom
Logo of Alliance Defending Freedom
AbbreviationADF
FormationMarch 25, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-03-25)
TypeNon-profit organization
HeadquartersScottsdale, Arizona
ChairmanTerry Schlossberg
President, CEOMichael Farris
Revenue$55,629,426 (2017)
Expenses$50,304,647 (2017)
Endowment$4,285,445 (2013)
Employees289 (2017)
Volunteers695 (2017)
Websitewww.adflegal.org
Formerly calledAlliance Defense Fund
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Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF, formerly Alliance Defense Fund) is an American conservative Christian nonprofit advocacy group. ADF is headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona. It also has four branch offices located in Folsom, California; Washington, D.C.; Lawrenceville, Georgia; and New York.

Based on its budget, caseload, and network of allied attorneys, as well as connections to political figures such as former US Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett, ADF is seen as the most organized and influential Christian legal interest group in the country. ADF attorneys have argued cases before the Supreme Court, including cases related to religious freedom, the Affordable Care Act, religious activity in schools, and prayers before town meetings. 

ADF has lobbied, brought lawsuits, and provided legal support to groups to prevent decriminalization of homosexuality in the United States and worldwide; oppose same-sex marriage; prevent laws from being passed to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity; force transgender people to be sterilized in order to change their identification documents; and restrict transgender people's rights to use bathrooms and play sports.  The SPLC  described the ADF as "one of the most influential groups informing the Trump administration’s attack on LGBTQ rights."

History

James Dobson was a co-founder of Alliance Defense Fund, the predecessor of Alliance Defending Freedom.

In the early 1990s, evangelical Christian leadership began working politically to prevent what they considered to be threats to Evangelical religious liberty in American society. They targeted the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in particular, which they believed was a major factor in what they saw as a cultural erosion of their specific Evangelical Christian values. In response ADF was incorporated in 1993 by Bill Bright (founder, Campus Crusade for Christ), Larry Burkett (founder, Crown Financial Ministries), James Dobson (founder, Focus on the Family), D. James Kennedy (founder, Coral Ridge Ministries), Marlin Maddoux (president, International Christian Media), and William Pew.

ADF's first president was Alan Sears who also served as CEO and Chief Counsel. Sears had previously served as staff executive director of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, popularly known as the Meese Commission, which produced a 1986 report condemning some forms of pornography. Sears also wrote a book called "The Homosexual Agenda: Exposing the Principle Threat to Religious Freedom Today" arguing against same-sex marriage.

In 2000 the ADF began a summer internship program for Christian law students, the Blackstone Legal Fellowship. Its first student cohort had 24 students.

In 2003 the ADF launched the "Christmas Project," aiming to discourage non-Christian holidays from being celebrated and to promote Christmas celebrations in public schools. The annual initiative was organized in an effort to prevent school districts from holding secular holiday celebrations, or what the organization called the "censorship of Christmas." In its press release ADF singled out the American Civil Liberties Union as the chief target of the campaign. By 2004, the organization had contacted 3,600 school districts to inform them that they were not required by the Constitution to have holiday celebrations inclusive of all religions.

In 2005 the ADF and Focus on the Family began sponsoring a counter-protest called the Day of Truth (later called "Day of Dialogue") to oppose the annual Day of Silence, an annual event to promote awareness of anti-LGBT bullying and harassment in schools. About 1,100 students from 350 schools participated in ADF's event, which ADF billed as a response to the "homosexual agenda."

In 2008, ADF created the Pulpit Freedom Sunday to promote political messaging and endorsements in Christian pastors' sermons, defying a prohibition on political endorsements by non-profit 501(c)(3) organizations under the 1954 Johnson Amendment. The practice of political endorsement is controversial within the evangelical community, with most Evangelical pastors opposed as of 2017.

On July 9, 2012, the Alliance Defense Fund changed its name to Alliance Defending Freedom. The name change was intended to reflect the organization's shift in focus from funding allied attorneys to litigating cases.

As of 2014, ADF had an annual budget of $40 million and more than 40 staff attorneys, and had "emerged as the largest legal force of the religious right, arguing hundreds of pro bono cases across the country".

In 2014, ADF successfully challenged the Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare. In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., the Court ruled that the birth control mandate in employee funded health plans was unconstitutional.

In 2016 Tony Abbott, the former prime minister of Australia and current Member of Parliament, gave an address to ADF regarding marriage. Abbott was an outspoken opponent of the legalization of same-sex marriage in Australia.

The Southern Poverty Law Center listed the organization as an extremist anti-LGBTQ hate group in 2016. The group's designation "was a judgment call that went all the way up to top leadership at the SPLC". According to the SPLC, the ADF was included on the list due to the group's filing of an amicus brief in the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas, in which the ADF expressed support for upholding the state's right to criminalize consensual sexual acts between people of the same sex. The SPLC has described the ADF as "virulently anti-gay". The SPLC describes the group's mission as "making life as difficult as possible for LGBT communities in the U.S. and internationally". The ADF has opposed its inclusion on the SPLC's list, with senior counsel Jeremy Tedesco describing it as "a stranglehold on conservative and religious groups that is just hovering over us and that can continue to constrict and limit our ability to simply voice our opinion".

In January 2017, Michael Farris became the new CEO of ADF. Farris lobbied Congress for the passage of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, and is the founder of Patrick Henry College. Farris has called the SPLC's designation a "troubling smear" and "slander".

In July 2017, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions attended ADF's Summit on Religious Liberty. Praising the group, Sessions said, "While your clients vary from pastors to nuns to geologists, all of us benefit from your good work." LGBTQ rights groups criticized Sessions for his participation at the event. Dominic Holden wrote in BuzzFeed News that ADF's growing influence within the federal government can be attributed to Sessions' support.

Since 2010, ADF has been increasingly active in European politics. ADF International has increased spending in the EU from less than $2 million in 2019 to over $10 million in 2020-21.

Positions

Issue advocacy as a function of press releases

  Religious liberty (45%)  Opposition to abortion (22%)  Opposition to same-sex marriage (21%)  Not specified (12%)

While the ADF states that it works to promote freedom of religion and that it is "not a political organization," it is explicitly Christian; employees of ADF must profess "adherence to the inspired, infallible, inerrant, and authoritative Word of God in Scripture." Moreover, its mission is to "keep the door open for the gospel" by seeking to bring United States law in line with fundamentalist Christian beliefs.

Religion in public institutions

ADF supports the inclusion of invocations at public meetings and the use of religious displays (such as crosses and other religious monuments) in public buildings and on public lands. ADF believes parents should be able to opt their children out of sex education in schools if it teaches things that run counter to their religious beliefs.

Opposition to LGBTQ rights

The ADF has supported criminalization of homosexuality and conversion therapy, opposed laws against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and falsely linked homosexuality to pedophilia. ADF also opposes same-sex marriage and civil unions, as well as adoption by same-sex couples based on the "belief that God created men, women, and families such that children thrive best in homes with a married mother and father."

The ADF's international activities include legal efforts to prevent the decriminalization of sodomy in Jamaica and Belize. The SPLC has reported on ADF support for a law criminalizing same-sex sexual acts in Belize (ruled unconstitutional in 2016). The ADF denied playing any role in the case.

ADF opposes transgender rights based on an idea that "God creates each person with an immutable biological sex — male or female..." In ADF has authored model legislation for bathroom bills in the United States, aimed at restricting transgender people's use of public bathrooms. The organization has worked to prevent transgender children from playing sports, through lawsuits and by lobbying state legislatures.

The international branch, ADF International, argued that European countries should be able to legally require sterilization and genital surgery for transgender people to be allowed to change gender markers on government-issued identification documents.

Barring Jewish people from adoption

The ADF also supports allowing foster care and adoption agencies to decline to work with prospective parents based on religious identity; for example, the ADF has represented Christian-based agencies that have refused adoption services to Jewish couples. ADF also defended an Evangelical Christian foster agency in South Carolina that refused to place children with Jewish foster parents, despite the agency receiving public funding.

Restriction of abortion and euthanasia

ADF opposes abortion, and believes that healthcare workers have a right to decline participation in the performance of abortions and other practices an individual health worker finds morally objectionable. In the United Kingdom, the group has campaigned against buffer zones around abortion clinics and against the legalization of voluntary euthanasia in the United Kingdom. The group has challenged the right to euthanasia in Belgium, in a case that is pending at the European Court of Human Rights as of January 2022.

COVID-19 anti-vaccination and anti-lockdown cases

ADF has opposed government measures aimed to stop the spread of COVID-19 in the United States and in other countries. In Uganda, ADF joined a Texas libertarian organization in backing a campaign to end restrictions on large gatherings that the government had implemented to reduce COVID-19 spread. ADF brought legal challenges by religious groups against the Ugandan government's regulations of large gatherings. In Scotland the ADF fought against COVID-19 regulations on large gatherings, claiming that the measures were unfair to religious groups. The ADF-backed lawsuit won in Scotland's high court, although the Scottish public opposed exemptions for religious groups by a wide margin. The Church of Scotland also distanced itself from the legal action, saying that they accepted measures to prevent COVID-19 spread.

Finances

ADF is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization. It had a budget of $9 million in 1999. ADF reported a total revenue of $61.9 million for the year ending June 30, 2015, and net assets of $39.9 million.

In the European Union, ADF International increased its spending to £1.5 million (approximately $2 million USD) in 2019. As of 2020-2021, ADF International had a $10.5 million USD (€9.5 million) budget for EU activities.

Donors include the Covenant Foundation, the Bolthouse Foundation, the Edgar and Elsa Prince Foundation, the Richard and Helen DeVos Foundation, and the Bradley Foundation.

The M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust, one of largest charities in the Pacific Northwest, donated nearly $1 million to ADF from 2007 to 2016.

Blackstone Legal Fellowship

Blackstone Legal Fellowship, named after the English jurist William Blackstone, is ADF's summer legal training program. It was founded in 2000 for the purpose of preparing Christian law students for professional legal careers. The first class comprised 24 interns. The program is made up of interns, called Fellows, from a diverse selection of law schools as well as elite institutions such as Harvard and Yale. Amy Coney Barrett, who went on to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was a paid speaker at Blackstone on five occasions between 2013 and 2017.

Pulpit Freedom Sunday

Pulpit Freedom Sunday in 2011

Pulpit Freedom Sunday is an initiative to challenge the Johnson Amendment, which prohibits non-profit organizations, including churches, from endorsing political candidates. According to The New York Times, ADF's campaign is "perhaps its most aggressive effort". In 2008, the year the program was launched, 35 churches participated. In an act of civil disobedience pastors include endorsements for political candidates in their sermons in defiance of Internal Revenue Service regulations and in hopes of triggering a court challenge based on First Amendment grounds. The inaugural 2008 event included Minnesota reverend Gus Booth who encouraged his congregation to vote for John McCain rather than Barack Obama. As of 2014, participation in the event had grown to over 1,800 pastors. The IRS indicated that it would increase enforcement of the Johnson Amendment.

Notable cases

Main article: List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom

The ADF has been involved in several United States Supreme Court cases, including Rosenberger v. University of Virginia, Good News Club v. Milford Central School and Town of Greece v. Galloway. Good News Club and Town of Greece established precedents relating to Free Speech and the Establishment Clauses of the First Amendment respectively. Among its most notable legal battles was a 2014 case challenging the Affordable Care Act. In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., the Court ruled that the birth control mandate in employee-funded health plans when the company is "closely-held" was unconstitutional. The case set a precedent for evaluating legal questions relating to religious liberty. ADF attorneys defended a funeral home that fired a trans employee in the 2020 Supreme Court case R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, losing in a 6–3 vote. In 2021, the Supreme Court rejected an appeal from ADF attorneys on behalf of a florist who refused to serve her clients' same-sex wedding in a 6-3 vote.

People

The following people are currently or have been affiliated or associated with ADF:

See also

Legal groups

Related legislation

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Alliance Defending Freedom". Business Entity Details. State Corporation Commission. Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  2. ^ "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Retrieved 26 December 2018. Alliance Defending Freedom. Guidestar. June 30, 2014.
  3. ^ "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax"
  4. "ADF Names New CEO". Alliance Defending Freedom. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  5. Vile, John. "Alliance Defending Freedom". The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2021-12-01. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  6. Service, Lauren Markoe, Religion News (2015-01-12). "Supreme Court Weighs a Church's Right to Advertise Services". Sojourners. Retrieved 2021-12-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. "International Overview". Alliance Defending Freedom. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  8. Bennett, Daniel (2017). Defending Faith: The Politics of the Christian Conservative Legal Movement. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700624607.
  9. "Inside the Christian legal powerhouse that keeps winning at the Supreme Court". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
  10. ^ Amend, Alex (2017-07-27). "Anti-LGBT Hate Group Alliance Defending Freedom Defended State-Enforced Sterilization for Transgender Europeans". splcenter.org. SPLC. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
  11. ^ Avery, Dan. "State anti-transgender bills represent coordinated attack, advocates say". NBC News.
  12. ^ "Alliance Defending Freedom". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2021-06-29.
  13. Vile, John R. "Alliance Defending Freedom". www.mtsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  14. ^ Eric, Eckhholm (11 May 2014). "Legal Alliance Gains Host of Court Victories for Conservative Christian Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  15. McFeely, Tom (January 18, 2012). "Alliance Defense Fund's Chief Convert" . National Catholic Register. ncregister.com. Retrieved 2017-10-14. Referring to Ron Rosenberger and his volunteer lawyer, Alan Sears explains that ADF "raised money, and ... funded the petition for certiorari that asked the United States Supreme Court to hear their case" and that later it "funded the costs of the case and a number of amicus briefs".
  16. , With Gratitude, for the Giants Whose Shoulders ADF Stands On
  17. ^ "ADF Names New CEO - Alliance Defending Freedom". www.adflegal.org. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
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  33. Farris, Michael (August 17, 2018). "Southern Poverty Law Center 'Hate' Labels Deserve a Vigorous Response". National Review. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
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  44. Staff (July 2013) "Dangerous Liaisons: The American Religious Right & the Criminalization of Homosexuality in Belize" Southern Poverty Law Center
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  47. Ennis, Dawn (2020-02-12). "ADF sues Connecticut for letting trans girls compete in high school sports". Outsports. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  48. "Indiana transgender athlete ban draws increasing pushback". 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  49. Whetstone, Tyler. "Tennessee-based adoption agency refuses to help couple because they're Jewish". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  50. Hauser, Christine (2022-01-22). "Tennessee Couple Says Adoption Agency Turned Them Away for Being Jewish". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  51. "Lawsuit: Tennessee adoption agency turned away Jewish couple". AP NEWS. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  52. Smith, Tim (2018-10-23). "Religious freedom or discrimination? Anti-Defamation League fights Miracle Hill request". Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  53. Currie, Lydia (2019-02-07). "I Was Barred From Becoming a Foster Parent Because I Am Jewish". Retrieved 2022-03-20.
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  61. "Open doors: court declares worship ban unlawful". ADF International. 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
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  65. "Alliancer Defending Freedom Comparative Assets". Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability. Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  66. "The Bolthouse Foundation". The Bolthouse Foundation. 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
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  73. Kumar, Anugrah (11 Oct 2014). "Over 1,800 Pastors Take Part in Pulpit Freedom Sunday". The Christian Post. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
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  75. Hurley, Lawrence (2021-07-02). "U.S. Supreme Court rebuffs appeal by florist who spurned gay couple". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
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  88. Villarreal, Daniel (February 17, 2021). "MyPillow CEO Mike Lindell's Lawyer Doug Wardlow Announces Run for Minnesota Attorney General". MSN. Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved May 18, 2021.

Further reading

  • Bennett, Daniel (2017). Defending Faith: The Politics of the Christian Conservative Legal Movement. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700624607.
  • Budziszewski, J. (2006). Natural Law For Lawyers. ACW Press and The Blackstone Legal Fellowship. ISBN 978-1932124798.
  • Jones, Emma (June 2016). "Fair Access Versus Religious Freedom: A Difficult Balance". Oxford Journal of Law and Religion. 5 (2): 359–364. doi:10.1093/ojlr/rww018.

External links

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