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| {{infobox Book | <!-- See ] or ] --> | |||
| | name = Uncle Tom's Cabin | |||
| | title_orig = | |||
| | translator = | |||
| | image = ]<!--prefer 1st edition cover--> | |||
| | image_caption = ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'', Boston edition | |||
| | author = ] | |||
| | illustrator = ] (1st edition) | |||
| | cover_artist = | |||
| | country = ] | |||
| | language = ] | |||
| | series = | |||
| | genre = ] | |||
| | publisher = ] (as a serial) & ] (in two volumes) | |||
| | release_date = 20 March 1851 | |||
| | english_release_date = | |||
| | media_type = Print (] & ]) | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | isbn = NA | |||
| | preceded_by = | |||
| | followed_by = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''''Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly''''' is a ] by ] author ] which treats ] as a central theme. The novel is believed to have had a profound effect on the ]'s view of African-Americans. | |||
| Stowe was a ]-born teacher at the Hartford Female Academy and an active ]. She first published this book on ], ]. The story focuses on the tale of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave, the central character around whose life the other characters—both fellow slaves and slave owners—revolve. The novel depicts the harsh reality of ] while also showing that ] love and faith can overcome even something as evil as enslavement of fellow human beings. | |||
| ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' was the best-selling novel of the 19th century (and the second best-selling book of the century after the Bible)<ref>, accessed May 16, 2006.</ref> and is credited with helping to fuel the ] cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold. | |||
| The book's impact was so great that when ] met Stowe at the start of the ], Lincoln is often quoted as having declared, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."<ref>Charles Edward Stowe, ''Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Story of Her Life'' (1911) p. 203.</ref> | |||
| The book also created and spread several common stereotypes about ], many of which endure to this day. These include the affectionate, dark-skinned ]; the ] stereotype of black children; and the ], or dutiful, long-suffering servant faithful to his white master or mistress. In recent years, the negative associations with ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' have to a large degree overshadowed the historical impact of the book. | |||
| ] ] and ] ] said that the book convinced him to become active in the ] movement. | |||
| Uncle Tom's Cabin is available to read on the internet at Project Gutenberg It can also be downloaded as an audio book from Librivox. | |||
| ==Origins== | |||
| Stowe wrote the novel as a happily noted response to the 1850 passage of the second ], which punished those who aided runaway blacks and diminished the rights of fugitives as well as freed blacks. | |||
| Some historians believe that Stowe was inspired by the autobiography of ], an African-American who lived and worked on a 3,700 acre tobacco plantation in ] owned by Isaac Riley.<ref> by Susan Logue, VOA News, January 12, 2006. Accessed May 16, 2006.</ref> Henson was one of the first escaped slaves in the United States to write a memoir and Harriet Beecher Stowe evidently acknowledged that Henson's writings inspired ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''. When Stowe's book became famous, Henson republished his memoirs as ''The Memoirs of Uncle Tom'' and traveled extensively in America and Europe.<ref> by Susan Logue, VOA News, January 12, 2006. Accessed May 16, 2006.</ref> | |||
| ''American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses'', a volume co-authored by ] and the ], is also identified as a source of some of the material.<ref></ref> | |||
| Prior to the Civil War, Harriet Beecher Stowe and her husband; with the help of some neighbors, made their home in ], just across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a slave state. In Cincinnati the ] had local abolitionist sympathizers and was active in efforts to help runaway slaves on their escape route from the South. Stowe amassed a large quantity of research from oral and written sources, which she incorporated as story material for the novel. She only made brief visits to Kentucky towns and was never on a slave farm. | |||
| == Publication == | |||
| ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' was first published as a 40-week serial, ''Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly'' published in the '']'', an ] periodical, starting in the ] ] issue. It was published in book form on ], ]. | |||
| In the first year after the book was published, 300,000 copies of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' were sold. The book eventually became the bestselling novel in the world during the 19th century (and the second best-selling book after the Bible), with the book being translated into every major language.<ref>, accessed May 16, 2006.</ref> A number of the early editions carried an introduction by ], a Congregational minister in ] noted for his abolitionist views. | |||
| Because the ] laws of the time did not place any limits on stage dramatizations of fictional works, stage dramatizations, soon known as "Tom shows", began to appear during the period while Stowe's original work was still being published serially. | |||
| == World Reaction == | |||
| According to Stowe's son, when Lincoln met her in 1862 he commented, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."<ref>Charles Edward Stowe, ''Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Story of Her Life'' (1911) p. 203.</ref> Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made.<ref>''Uncle Tom's Cabin'', introduction by Amanda Claybaugh, Barnes and Noble Classics, New York, 2003, page xvii.</ref> Since then, many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of blacks and the ].<ref>''Uncle Tom's Cabin'', introduction by Amanda Claybaugh, Barnes and Noble Classics, New York, 2003, page xvii.</ref> | |||
| However, ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' excited greater interest in England than in America itself. The first London edition appeared in May, 1852, and sold over one million copies, far more than in the U.S. Much of this interest was because of British antipathy to America. As one prominent writer explained, "The evil passions which 'Uncle Tom' gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance , but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting under the conceit of America--we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary system--our Tories hate her democrats--our ] hate her ]s--our Radicals hate her litigiousness, her insolence, and her ambition. All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy." <ref>Nassau Senior, quoted in Ephraim Douglass Adams, ''Great Britain and the American Civil War'' (1958) p: 33. </ref> ], the American minister to Britain during the war, argued later that, "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life among the Lowly, published in 1852, exercised, largely from fortuitous circumstances, a more immediate, considerable and dramatic world-influence than any other book ever printed."<ref> Charles Francis Adams, ''Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity: Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity Terms, 1913.'' 1913. p. 79</ref> | |||
| ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' is credited with aiding anti-segregation efforts around the world. For example, ] translated the novel into ] around 1930, in support of ]n efforts to end the suffering of all blacks in that nation.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University Press, 1968), p. 122.</ref> | |||
| This book is also the first American novel translated into Chinese, by translator ]. | |||
| ==Plot summary== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{spoiler}} | |||
| ===Tom owned by George Shelby=== | |||
| The book opens with a ] farmer named ] who is about to lose his farm because of massive debts. Even though he and his wife (]) believed that they had a benevolent relationship with their slaves, Shelby decided to raise the needed funds by selling two of them — ], a middle-aged man with a wife and children, and Harry, the son of Emily Shelby’s maid ] — to a slave trader. Emily Shelby hated the idea of doing this because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold; Emily's son, ], hated to see Tom go because he considered that loveable old man to be his good friend. | |||
| ===Eliza and Harry escape=== | |||
| When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing the fact that Mr. Shelby has sold Tom and Harry to the slavetrader Haley, Eliza determines to run away in order to save her son. She is pushed to this decision not by any physical cruelty on the part of her master or mistress, but by the maternal fear of losing her only surviving child (she has already lost two children by miscarriage). She departs in the night, leaving a note of apology to her mistress. | |||
| ===Tom is “Sold down the river”=== | |||
| While all of this is happening, Uncle Tom is sold and taken down the Mississippi River. On the boat, Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named ]. When Eva falls into the river, Tom saves her. In gratitude, Eva's father, ], buys Tom from Haley and takes him with the family to their home in ]. Tom and Eva come to relate to one another in a very special way, sharing a deep Christian faith between them. | |||
| ===George, Eliza and Harry escape=== | |||
| As Eliza and her husband George Harris, who ran away previously, attempt to reach Canada, they are cornered by Loker and his men, causing George to shoot Loker. Worried that Loker may die, Eliza convinces George and the Quakers to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment. | |||
| ===Tom owned by Augustine St. Clare=== | |||
| Back in New Orleans, St. Clare debates slavery with his cousin Ophelia who, while opposing slavery, is deeply prejudiced against black people. St. Clare, however, is not biased against blacks. In an attempt to show Ophelia that her views on blacks are wrong, St. Clare purchases ], a young black slave. St. Clare then asks Ophelia to educate Topsy. | |||
| After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years, Eva grows very ill. Before she dies she experiences a vision of heaven, which she shares with the people around her. As a result of her death and vision, the other characters resolve to change their lives, with Ophelia promising to love her slaves more, Topsy saying she will better herself, and St. Clare pledging to free Uncle Tom. | |||
| ===Tom sold to Simon Legree=== | |||
| Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge, he is fatally stabbed while intervening in a fight. His wife reneges on her late husband's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious ] owner named ]. Legree (who is not a native southerner but a transplanted ]) takes Tom to rural ] where Tom meets Legree's other slaves, including Emmeline (whom Legree purchased at the same time). Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree's order to whip his fellow slave. Tom receives a brutal beating, and Legree resolves to crush Tom's faith in ]. But Tom refuses to stop ] his ] and trying to comfort the other slaves as best he can. While at the plantation, Tom meets Cassy, another of Legree's slaves. Cassy was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold to different owners; unable to endure the pain of seeing another child sold and possibly mistreated, she killed her third child. | |||
| At this point Tom Loker returns to the story. Loker has changed as the result of being healed by and living with the Quakers. In addition, George, Eliza, and Harry obtained their freedom after they crossed over into Canada. In Louisiana, Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness as his faith in God is stretched to the limit because of the hardships of the plantation. However, he has two visions — one of ] and one of Eva — which renews his resolve to remain faithful to ], even unto death. He encourages Cassy to escape, which she does, taking Emmeline with her. When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone, the cruel master orders his overseers to kill Tom. As Tom is dying, he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him. Humbled by the character of the man they have killed, both men make commitments to become Christians. George Shelby (Arthur Shelby's son) arrives with money in hand to buy Tom’s freedom, but is too late. | |||
| ===Final Section=== | |||
| On their boat ride to freedom, Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris’ sister and accompany her to Canada. Once there Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long-lost daughter who was sold as a child. Now that their family is together again, they travel to ] and eventually ], the African nation created for former American slaves. There Cassy's long-lost son will also meet them. George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm and frees all his slaves. George tells them to remember Tom’s sacrifice and his belief in the true meaning of Christianity. | |||
| ==Major characters== | |||
| ===Uncle Tom=== | |||
| Uncle Tom, the title character, was initially seen as a noble long-suffering Christian. In more recent years his name has become an epithet directed towards certain ] because he was derided as being a submissive slave. Uncle Tom has come to represent slaves who are utterly subservient to their masters. | |||
| ===Eliza=== | |||
| A light-skinned black slave. | |||
| ===Eva=== | |||
| Eva, whose real name is Evangeline St. Clare, is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare. Eva enters the narrative when ] is traveling via ] to ] to be sold, and he rescues the 5 or 6 year-old girl from drowning. Eva begs her father to buy Tom, and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare ]. | |||
| Eva constantly talks about love and forgiveness, even convincing the dour girl Topsy that she is worth loving. Some consider Eva to be a prototype of the later evangelions | |||
| Eventually Eva falls ill. Before dying, she gives a lock of her hair to each of her servants, telling them that they must become ] so that they may see each other in ]. On her deathbed, she convinces her father to free Tom, but because of circumstances the promise never materializes. | |||
| ===Simon Legree=== | |||
| A ]ous and cruel slave owner—a Northerner by birth—whose name has become synonymous with greed. It is Tom's Christianity which arouses him. | |||
| ===Topsy=== | |||
| A "ragamuffin" young slave girl. | |||
| ==Other characters== | |||
| ===Arthur Shelby=== | |||
| Tom's master in Kentucky. Shelby is characterized as a "kind" slaveowner and a stereotypical Southern gentleman. | |||
| ===Emily Shelby=== | |||
| Mr. Shelby's wife is a deeply religious woman who strives to be a kind and moral influence upon her slaves. She is appalled when her husband negotiates to sell some slave with a slave trader, especially since she promised Harry's mother, Eliza, that this would not happen. | |||
| ===George Shelby=== | |||
| ===Augustine St. Clare=== | |||
| Tom's second owner in Louisiana. He is the father of Eva. Upon his death, Tom and the other slaves (except Topsy, who belongs to Miss Ophelia) are put on the auctioneering block by his hypocritical and self-centered wife. | |||
| ==Criticism and Stereotypes== | |||
| * The "happy darky": A lazy, submissive slave, not to be viewed as a threat but of little use. | |||
| * The affectionate, dark-skinned female. | |||
| * The ] stereotype of black children. | |||
| * The ], or African American who is eager to please white people. | |||
| ==Anti-Tom literature== | |||
| In response to ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'', writers in the ] began producing numerous books to galvanize opposition to Stowe's novel. | |||
| The two most famous anti-Tom books are '']'' by ] and '']'' by ]; the latter author had been a close personal friend of Stowe's when the two lived in Cincinnati. Simms' book was published a few months after Stowe's novel and it contains several sections and discussions that clearly dispute Stowe's book and her view of blacks. Hentz's 1854 novel, widely-read at the time, but now largely forgotten, offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman — the daughter of an abolitionist, no less — who marries a southern slave owner. | |||
| In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin and the start of the ], between twenty and thirty anti-Tom books were published. Among these novels are two books titled ''Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is'' (one by W.L. Smith and the other by C.H. Wiley) and a book by ]. | |||
| Today this anti-Tom literature is generally seen as lacking any credible form of artistic expression. | |||
| =="Tom shows"== | |||
| ] | |||
| Given the lax copyright laws of the time, stage plays based on ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''—"Tom shows"—began to appear while the story itself was still being serialized. These plays varied tremendously in their politics—some faithfully reflected Stowe's sentimentalized antislavery politics, while others were more moderate, or even pro-slavery. Eric Lott estimates that at least three million people saw these plays, ten times the book's first-year sales. Some of these shows were essentially ] loosely based on the novel and their grossly exaggerated caricatures of black people further perpetuated some of the stereotypes that Stowe used. | |||
| Stowe herself never authorized dramatization of her work, because of ]ical distrust of drama (although she did eventually go to see ]'s version, and, according to ], was "delighted" by ]'s portrayal of Topsy). Asa Hutchinson of the ], whose antislavery politics closely matched those of Stowe tried and failed to get her permission to stage an official version; her refusal left the field clear for any number of adaptations, some launched for (various) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures. | |||
| All "Tom shows" appear to have incorporated elements of ] and of ] ]. The first serious attempt at anything like a faithful stage adaptation was a one-hour play by C.W. Taylor at Purdy's National Theater (]); it ran for about ten performances in August–September 1852 sharing a bill with a blackface burlesque featuring ]. Rice, famous in the 1830s for his comic and clearly ] blackface character ], later became the most celebrated actor to play the title role of Tom; when Rice opened in H.E. Stevens play of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' in January 1854 at New York's Bowery Theatre, the '']<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' reviewer described him as "decidedly the best personator of negro character who has appeared in any drama." | |||
| The best-known "Tom Shows" were those of ] and ]. Aiken's original ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' focused almost entirely on Little Eva (played by child star ]); a sequel, ''The Death of Uncle Tom, or the Religion of the Lonely'' told Tom's own story. The two were ultimately combined in an unprecedented evening-long six-act play. According to Lott, it is generally faithful to Stowe's novel, although it plays down the black trickster characters of Sam and Andy and variously adds or expands the roles of some farcical white characters instead. It also focuses heavily on George Harris; the '']'' reported that his defiant speech received "great cheers" from an audience of Bowery ]. Even this most sympathetic of "Tom shows" clearly borrowed heavily from minstrelsy: not only were the slave roles all played by white actors in blackface, but ]'s "]" was played in the scene where Tom is sold down the river. After a long and successful run beginning ], 1852 in ], the play opened in New York City ], 1853, where its success was even greater. | |||
| Conway's production opened in ] the same day Aiken's opened in Troy; ] brought it to his American Museum in New York ], 1853. Its politics were much more moderate. Sam and Andy become, in Lott's words, "buffoons". Criticism of slavery was placed largely in the mouth of a newly introduced ] character, a reporter named Penetrate Partyside. St. Clare's role was expanded, and turned into more of a pro-slavery advocate, articulating the politics of a ]. Legree rigs the auction that gets him ownership of Tom (as against Stowe's and Aiken's portrayal of oppression as the ''normal'' mode of slavery, not an abuse of the system by a cheater). Beyond this, Conway gave his play a happy ending, with Tom and various other slaves freed. | |||
| Showmen felt that Stowe's novel had a flaw in that there was no clearly defined comic character, so there was no role for a comedian, and consequently little relief from the tragedy. Eventually it was found that the minor character of Marks the Lawyer could be played as a broad charicature for laughs, dresing him in foppish clothes, often equipped with an incoungruously dainty umberella. Some productions even had him make an entrance mounted astride a large pig! | |||
| Among the pro-slavery "Tom shows" was ''Uncle Tom's Cabin as It Is: The Southern Uncle Tom'', produced in 1852 at the ] Museum. Lott mentions numerous "offshoots, parodies, thefts, and rebuttals" including a full-scale play by ] and a parody by Conway himself called ''Uncle Pat's Cabin'', and records that the story in its many variants "dominated northern popular culture… for several years". | |||
| According to Eric Lott, even those "Tom shows" which stayed relatively close to Stowe's novel played down the ] aspects of the book and Stowe's criticisms of capitalism, and turned her anti-slavery politics into anti-Southern sectionalism. Francis Underwood, a contemporary, wrote that Aiken's play had also lost the "lightness and gayety" of Stowe's book. Nonetheless, Lott argues, they increased sympathy for the slaves among the Northern white working class (which had been somewhat alienated from the abolitionist movement by its perceived elitist backing). | |||
| The influence of the "Tom shows" could also be found in a number of other plays through the 1850s: most obviously, C.W. Taylor's dramatization of Stowe's ''Dred'', but also J.T. Trowbridge's abolitionist play ''Neighbor Jackwood'', Dion Bouicault's ''The Octaroon'', and a play called ''The Insurrection'', based on ]. | |||
| ==Cinematic versions== | |||
| ]'s 1965 production of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''.]]''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' has been made into several film versions. | |||
| *The earliest was in 1903, directed by ] and starring Lubin as ]. Another version, also released in 1903, was a 13-minute short directed by ]. | |||
| *In 1910, a version was directed by ] and starring ] as ], ] as ], ] as ] and ] as Topsy. | |||
| *Another version in 1910 was directed by ] and adapted by ]. It starred ], ], ], ], ] and ] | |||
| *A 1913 release was directed by ] and adapted by ]. It starred ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| *Another 1913 release was directed by ] and starred ]. | |||
| *A 1914 version was directed by ]. It was adapted ] from the play adaptation by ]. It starred ], ], Marie Eline (again), ] and ]. | |||
| *A 1918 version was directed and adapted by ]. It starred ] (as both Little Eva '''''and''''' Topsy), ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| *A 1927 version was directed by ] and adapted by Pollard, ] and ], with titles by ]. It starred ], ], ], Margarita Fischer (again), ] and ]. | |||
| The subject matter of the ] novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation for several years. A ] version, directed by ], appeared in 1965 and was presented in the United States by ] presenter ], but there was no other film version until a ] broadcast in 1987. That version was directed by ] and adapted by ]. It starred ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| Characters from the novel were used in a 1919 ] comedy directed by ] and ], with ] as Uncle Tom and ] as Eliza. | |||
| The ] cartoon "]" (1933) features the classic Disney character roster playing a theatrical version of the novel. | |||
| A highlight of the ] musical '']'' (1951) is a ballet, "Small House of Uncle Thomas", in traditional Siamese style which has been organized by Tuptim, on the subversive theme of Eliza's escape. | |||
| In '']'' (2002), ] and ]'s characters attend an imagined wartime adaptation of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' with a ] ending. An actor portraying Abraham Lincoln is suspended in mid-air as he speaks consolingly to the ] actors portraying Stowe's characters. The ] audience members respond by shouting racist epithets, throwing objects at "Lincoln," and rioting to calls of "Down with the Union!" | |||
| In the ] cartoon "]" (1953) Bugs disguises himself as Uncle Tom singing "]" in order to cross the ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Translation into ] by ]: ''Setä Tuomon tupa'' | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <references /> | |||
| <!--READ ME!! PLEASE DO NOT JUST ADD NEW NOTES AT THE BOTTOM. See the instructions above on ordering. --> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * Bellin, Joshua D. "Up to Heaven's Gate, down in Earth's Dust: the Politics of Judgment in Uncle Tom's Cabin" ''American Literature'' 1993 65(2): 275-295. Issn: 0002-9831 Fulltext online at Jstor and Ebsco. Stowe also offered a solution to a moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents: whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil. Were the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible? Which of Stowe's characters should be emulated, the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris? Stowe's solution was similar to Ralph Waldo Emerson's: God's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them. | |||
| * Goldner, Ellen J. "Arguing with Pictures: Race, Class and the Formation of Popular Abolitionism Through Uncle Tom's Cabin." ''Journal of American & Comparative Cultures'' 2001 24(1-2): 71-84. Issn: 1537-4726 Fulltext: online at Ebsco | |||
| * Grant, David. "Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Triumph of Republican Rhetoric." ''New England Quarterly'' 1998 71(3): 429-448. Issn: 0028-4866 Fulltext online at Jstor. Sees novel as expressing the values of ideas of the Free Soil Movement. The character George Harris embodies the principles of free labor, while the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery. In contrast to Ophelia is Dinah, who operates on passion. During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed, just as the Republican Party (3 years later) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles. | |||
| * Hagedorn, Ann. ''Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad''. Simon & Schuster, 2002. ISBN 0-684-87065-7 | |||
| * Hulser, Kathleen. "Reading Uncle Tom's Image: From Anti-slavery Hero to Racial Insult." ''New-York Journal of American History'' 2003 65(1): 75-79. Issn: 1551-5486 | |||
| * Lewis, Gladys Sherman. ''Message, Messenger, and Response: Puritan Forms and Cultural Reformation in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.'' University Press of America, 1994. | |||
| * Lott, Eric. ''Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-507832-2. The information on "Tom shows" comes from chapter 8: "Uncle Tomitudes: Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production" (p. 211-233) | |||
| * Lowance, Mason I., Jr.; Westbrook, Ellen E.; and DeProspo, R. C., eds. ''The Stowe Debate: Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom's Cabin.'' U. of Massachusetts Press, 1994. 318 pp. | |||
| * Riss, Arthur. "Racial Essentialism and Family Values in ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''." ''American Quarterly'' 1994 46(4): 513-544. Issn: 0003-0678 Fulltext in JSTOR. Argues Stowe used biological essentialism to explain the character of African Americans and as a basis for her critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery. For Stowe, blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families. Moreover, Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person's family, thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race. Consequently she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society. | |||
| * Smith; Jessie Carney; ''Images of Blacks in American Culture: A Reference Guide to Information Sources'' Greenwood Press. 1988. | |||
| * Smylie, James H. "''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' Revisited: the Bible, the Romantic Imagination, and the Sympathies of Christ." ''American Presbyterians'' 1995 73(3): 165-175. Issn: 0886-5159 | |||
| * Tompkins, Jane. ''Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790-1860''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. See chapter five, "Sentimental Power: ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' and the Politics of Literary History." | |||
| * Winship, Michael. "'The Greatest Book of its Kind': a Publishing History of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''." ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' 1999 109(2): 309-332. Issn: 0044-751x | |||
| * Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. "Masculinity in ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''," ''American Quarterly'' 1995 47(4): 595-618. ISSN: 0003-0678 | |||
| Fulltext online at JSTOR. Stowe sought to redefine masculinity as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery. Many abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered. In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self-image or their standing in society, some abolitionists drew on principles of women's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism, and praised men for cooperation, compassion, and civic spirit. Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional, aggressive masculine action. All the men in Stowe's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other. | |||
| ==Online resources== | |||
| * Ed by Stephen Railton, covers 1830 to 1930, offering links to primary and bibliographic sources on the cultural background, various editions, and public reception of Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel. The site also provides the full text of the book, audio and video clips, and examples of related merchandising. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *; frontispiece by John Gilbert; ornamental title-page by Phiz; and 130 engravings on wood by Matthew Urlwin Sears, 1853 ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; ] & format)'' | |||
| *; "The purpose of the editor of this little work, has been to adapt it for the juvenile family circle. The verses have accordingly been written by the authoress for the capacity of the youngest readers ..." 1853 ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; ] & format)'' | |||
| * {{gutenberg|no=203|name=Uncle Tom's Cabin}} | |||
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| * , by Edward Rothstein, from the '']'', October 23, 2006. | |||
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