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| The '''Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje''' (United Partisan Organization; referred to as '''FPO''' by its ] initials) was a ] ] organization that took part in the ] ] ] during ]. The ] organisation was established by ] partisans - their leaders were writer ] and ]. | The '''Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje''' (United Partisan Organization; referred to as '''FPO''' by its ] initials) was a ] ] organization that took part in the ] ] ] during ]. The ] organisation was established by ] partisans - their leaders were writer ] and ]. | ||
| The Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje was formed on ], ] in the ]. It took on the motto: "We will not allow them to take us like beasts to the slaughter." This was one of the first resistance organizations that was established in the ghettos during World War II. Unlike in other ghettos, where the underground resistance was coordinated to some extent with the officials of the local Jewish establishment, Vilna's ], head of the ghetto, cooperated with German officials in stopping armed struggle. The FPO brought together ]-]s, right-wing conservatives, ]s and ]s. It was headed by ], ], and ]. The goals of the FPO were to establish self-defense in the ghetto, to sabotage German industrial and military activities and to join the partisan and Red Army’s fight against the Nazis. | The Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje was formed on ], ] in the ]. It took on the motto: "We will not allow them to take us like beasts to the slaughter." This was one of the first resistance organizations that was established in the ghettos during World War II. Unlike in other ghettos, where the underground resistance was coordinated to some extent with the officials of the local Jewish establishment, Vilna's ], head of the ghetto, cooperated with German officials in stopping armed struggle. The FPO brought together ]-]s, right-wing conservatives, ]s and ]s. It was headed by ], ], and ]. The goals of the FPO were to establish self-defense in the ghetto, to sabotage German industrial and military activities and to join the partisan and Red Army’s fight against the Nazis. | ||
Revision as of 13:03, 14 February 2007
The Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje (United Partisan Organization; referred to as FPO by its Yiddish initials) was a Jewish resistance organization that took part in the Vilna (Vilnius) ghetto uprising during World War II. The partisan organisation was established by Zionist partisans - their leaders were writer Abba Kovner and Yitzhak Witenberg.
The Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje was formed on January 21, 1942 in the Vilna Ghetto. It took on the motto: "We will not allow them to take us like beasts to the slaughter." This was one of the first resistance organizations that was established in the ghettos during World War II. Unlike in other ghettos, where the underground resistance was coordinated to some extent with the officials of the local Jewish establishment, Vilna's Jacob Gens, head of the ghetto, cooperated with German officials in stopping armed struggle. The FPO brought together socialist-Zionists, right-wing conservatives, communists and Bundists. It was headed by Yitzhak Wittenberg, Josef Glazman, and Abba Kovner. The goals of the FPO were to establish self-defense in the ghetto, to sabotage German industrial and military activities and to join the partisan and Red Army’s fight against the Nazis.
However, the FPO did not succeed in its mission. In early 1943, the Germans caught a resistance member in the forest and the Judenrat, in response to German threats, gave Wittenberg over to the Gestapo. The FPO was able to rescue him through an armed struggle and were then able to set up a small militia. The Judenrat did not tolerate this, though, because the Nazis constantly put pressure on them to end the resistance or face liquidation. The Judenrat knew that Jews were smuggling weapons into the ghetto and when a Jew was arrested for the purchase of a revolver, they finally gave the people an ultimatum. The Judenrat turned the people against the resistance members by making them seem like selfish enemies who were provoking the Nazis. Gens emphasized the people’s responsibility for one another. He said that resistance was sacrificing the good of the community. In the end, the people confronted the resistance and demanded their right to live. The resistance would not fire on the other Jews and they were eventually disarmed and arrested.
When the Nazis came to liquidate the ghetto in 1943, the members of the FPO again congregated. Gens took control of the liquidation so as to rid the ghetto of the Germans, but helped fill the quota of Jews with those who would fight but were not necessarily part of the resistance. The FPO fled to the forest.
See also
- Anti-fascism
- Ghetto uprising
- History of the Jews during World War II
- Jewish partisans
- Jewish resistance movement
- Resistance during World War II
- Vilna Ghetto
References
- Yitzhak Arad, Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust vol. 2, pp. 470-472. Illustration.
External links
- About the Holocaust
- Jewish Partisan Group Near Vilna
- Kurzbiographien
- Partisan Rachel Rudnitzky After Liberation
- Partisans in Vilna
- Partisans of Vilna
- Rozka Korczak & Abba Kovner with members of the United Partisan Organization (FPO)
- Vilna Partisans