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On August&nbsp;28, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa.<ref name="NicholasTCR" /> At 06:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;9, the ] (NHC) began monitoring the northern portion the tropical wave over the western ] for potential development, as it moved across northern ] and the ] toward the ].<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 9, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=202109091013&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> By the next day, the wave was interacting with a surface ] over the southern ], producing widespread but disorganized showers and thunderstorms across the region.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Papin|first=Philippe|date=September 10, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=202109110541&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> Showers and thunderstorms associated with this system increased and become better organized on September&nbsp;12, and its top sustained winds reached {{cvt|40|mph|round=5}} (tropical storm-force), as confirmed by an ] flight that morning.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Henson|first1=Bob|last2=Masters|first2=Jeff|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas to douse Texas coast with torrential rains|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/09/tropical-storm-nicholas-to-douse-texas-coast-with-torrential-rains/|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|location=New Haven, Connecticut|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> As a result, advisories were initiated at 15:00&nbsp;UTC on Tropical Storm Nicholas.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.001.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 1|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> On August&nbsp;28, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa.<ref name="NicholasTCR" /> At 06:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;9, the ] (NHC) began monitoring the northern portion the tropical wave over the western ] for potential development, as it moved across northern ] and the ] toward the ].<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 9, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=202109091013&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> By the next day, the wave was interacting with a surface ] over the southern ], producing widespread but disorganized showers and thunderstorms across the region.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Papin|first=Philippe|date=September 10, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=202109110541&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> Showers and thunderstorms associated with this system increased and become better organized on September&nbsp;12, and its top sustained winds reached {{cvt|40|mph|round=5}} (tropical storm-force), as confirmed by an ] flight that morning.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Henson|first1=Bob|last2=Masters|first2=Jeff|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas to douse Texas coast with torrential rains|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/09/tropical-storm-nicholas-to-douse-texas-coast-with-torrential-rains/|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|location=New Haven, Connecticut|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> As a result, advisories were initiated at 15:00&nbsp;UTC on Tropical Storm Nicholas.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.001.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 1|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref>


After forming, the storm was found to be not very organized, as it lacked convective ] features. The center was also not well defined.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.003.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 3|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> After satellite imagery from radar and aircraft, it was found that the center had re-formed 150 ]s more north than expected and the storm had gained speed.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.004.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 4|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> The storm entered the southern part of a large area of deep convection, as signs of an eyewall structure forming were beginning to become prominent.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 13, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.005.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 5|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> The eyewall structure then dissipated and a new center began forming north-northeast of the previous.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 13, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.006.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 6|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> The storm then underwent a period of ], the fifth hurricane of the season to do so, after intensifying by {{convert|30|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} in a {{nowrap|24-hour}} period.<ref name=IOTS091421>{{cite web|last1=Masters|first1=Jeff|last2=Henson|first2=Bob|date=September 14, 2021|title=Nicholas brings debris, storm surge to Texas as Cat 1 hurricane|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/09/nicholas-brings-debris-storm-surge-to-texas-as-cat-1-hurricane/|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|location=New Haven, Connecticut|access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> Consequently, at 03:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;14, the system was upgraded to a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane.<ref name=NHC8c>{{cite report|first1=Richard|last1=Pasch|first2=Eric|last2=Blake|first3=Philippe|last3=Papin|title=Hurricane Nicholas Advisory Number 8...Corrected|date=September 13, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public.008.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, at 05:30&nbsp;UTC, Nicholas made landfall about 10&nbsp;mi (15&nbsp;km) west-southwest of ], with maximum sustained winds of 75&nbsp;mph (120&nbsp;km/h).<ref name=IOTS091421/><ref name=NPR&AP>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Nicholas Makes Landfall On The Texas Coast|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/14/1036860928/hurricane-nicholas-makes-landfall-on-the-texas-coast|agency=]|publisher=]|access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> It then quickly weakened inland to tropical storm strength, as it moved to near ].<ref>{{cite report|last=Blake|first=Eric|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 9|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.009.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 14, 2021}}</ref> Nicholas was downgraded to tropical depression status at 00:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;15,<ref>{{cite report|last=Beven|first=Jack|title=Tropical Depression Nicholas Intermediate Advisory Number 11A|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public_a.011.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> as it moved slowly into southern Louisiana, where residents were still recovering in the aftermath of ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicholas Crawls Into Louisiana From Texas, Dumping Rain In Areas Struck By Ida|date=September 15, 2021|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/15/1037313892/nicholas-storm-updates-louisiana-texas|agency=]|publisher=]|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> At the time, the system consisted of a large swirl of low- to mid-level clouds and showers, with a few patches of deep convection well removed from the center, according to the NHC.<ref>{{cite report|last=Beven|first=Jack|title=Tropical Depression Nicholas Discussion Number 12|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.012.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> Early the following day, while situated near ], along the Louisiana coast, Nicholas became post-tropical.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public.017.shtml|title=Post-Tropical Cyclone Nicholas Advisory Number 17|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov|author=Alex Lamers|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|location=College Park, Maryland|date=September 16, 2021|accessdate=September 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicholas Becomes Post-Tropical Near Marsh Island Along The Central Louisiana Coast|date=September 16, 2021|url=https://www.clickorlando.com/weather/hurricane/2021/09/12/tropical-storm-nicholas-forms-in-the-southwestern-gulf-of-mexico/|publisher=]|location=Orlando, Florida|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> Nicholas's remnant low later moved further inland, stalling over northern Louisiana,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public.023.shtml|title=Post-Tropical Cyclone Nicholas Advisory Number 23|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov|author=Greg Carbin|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|location=College Park, Maryland|date=September 17, 2021|accessdate=September 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/web_pages/sfc/sfc_archive_maps.php?arcdate=09/18/2021&selmap=2021091818&maptype=satsfcnps|title=WPC Surface Analysis valid for 09/18/2021 at 18 UTC|website=wpc.ncep.noaa.gov|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|date=September 18, 2021|access-date=September 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/web_pages/sfc/sfc_archive_maps.php?arcdate=09/18/2021&selmap=2021091821&maptype=satsfcnps|title=WPC Surface Analysis valid for 09/18/2021 at 21 UTC|website=wpc.ncep.noaa.gov|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|date=September 18, 2021|access-date=September 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> before its low-level circulation center became ill-defined on September&nbsp;18.<ref name="NicholasTCR" /> The storm's remnants persisted for another few days, before they were absorbed into an extratropical storm to the north.<ref name="NicholasTCR" /> The system's residual tropical moisture lingered over parts of the ] for several days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Showers And Storms Will Continue Through Tuesday|date=September 18, 2021|url=https://www.wbbjtv.com/2021/09/18/showers-and-storms-will-continue-through-tuesday/?|publisher=]|location=Jackson, Tennessee|access-date=September 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Leigh|last=Morgan|title=Flooding rain possible for Alabama today|date=September 18, 2021|url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/09/flooding-rain-possible-for-alabama-today.html?|work=]|access-date=September 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cappucci|first=Matthew|title=Forecasters eyeing new Atlantic tropical system set to be named 'Sam'|date=September 22, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/09/22/tropical-storm-sam-atlantic-2021/|newspaper=]|access-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref> After forming, the storm was found to be not very organized, as it lacked convective ] features. The center was also not well defined.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.003.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 3|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> After satellite imagery from radar and aircraft, it was found that the center had re-formed 150 ]s more north than expected and the storm had gained speed.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 12, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.004.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 4|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> The storm entered the southern part of a large area of deep convection, as signs of an eyewall structure forming were beginning to become prominent.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 13, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.005.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 5|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> The eyewall structure then dissipated and a new center began forming north-northeast of the previous.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Brown|first=Daniel|date=September 13, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.006.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 6|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> The storm then underwent a period of ], the fifth hurricane of the season to do so, after intensifying by {{convert|30|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} in a {{nowrap|24-hour}} period.<ref name=IOTS091421>{{cite web|last1=Masters|first1=Jeff|last2=Henson|first2=Bob|date=September 14, 2021|title=Nicholas brings debris, storm surge to Texas as Cat 1 hurricane|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/09/nicholas-brings-debris-storm-surge-to-texas-as-cat-1-hurricane/|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|location=New Haven, Connecticut|access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> Consequently, at 03:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;14, the system was upgraded to a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane.<ref name=NHC8c>{{cite report|first1=Richard|last1=Pasch|first2=Eric|last2=Blake|first3=Philippe|last3=Papin|title=Hurricane Nicholas Advisory Number 8...Corrected|date=September 13, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public.008.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, at 05:30&nbsp;UTC, Nicholas made landfall about 10&nbsp;mi (15&nbsp;km) west-southwest of ], with maximum sustained winds of 75&nbsp;mph (120&nbsp;km/h).<ref name=IOTS091421/><ref name=NPR&AP>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Nicholas Makes Landfall On The Texas Coast|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/14/1036860928/hurricane-nicholas-makes-landfall-on-the-texas-coast|agency=]|publisher=]|access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> It then quickly weakened inland to tropical storm strength, as it moved to near ].<ref>{{cite report|last=Blake|first=Eric|title=Tropical Storm Nicholas Discussion Number 9|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.009.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 14, 2021}}</ref> Nicholas was downgraded to tropical depression status at 00:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;15,<ref>{{cite report|last=Beven|first=Jack|title=Tropical Depression Nicholas Intermediate Advisory Number 11A|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public_a.011.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> as it moved slowly into southern Louisiana, where residents were still recovering in the aftermath of ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicholas Crawls Into Louisiana From Texas, Dumping Rain In Areas Struck By Ida|date=September 15, 2021|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/15/1037313892/nicholas-storm-updates-louisiana-texas|agency=]|publisher=]|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> At the time, the system consisted of a large swirl of low- to mid-level clouds and showers, with a few patches of deep convection well removed from the center, according to the NHC.<ref>{{cite report|last=Beven|first=Jack|title=Tropical Depression Nicholas Discussion Number 12|date=September 14, 2021|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.discus.012.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> Early the following day, while situated near ], along the Louisiana coast, Nicholas became post-tropical.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public.017.shtml|title=Post-Tropical Cyclone Nicholas Advisory Number 17|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov|author=Alex Lamers|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|location=College Park, Maryland|date=September 16, 2021|accessdate=September 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicholas Becomes Post-Tropical Near Marsh Island Along The Central Louisiana Coast|date=September 16, 2021|url=https://www.clickorlando.com/weather/hurricane/2021/09/12/tropical-storm-nicholas-forms-in-the-southwestern-gulf-of-mexico/|publisher=]|location=Orlando, Florida|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> Nicholas's remnant low later moved further inland, stalling over northern Louisiana,<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2021/al14/al142021.public.023.shtml|title=Post-Tropical Cyclone Nicholas Advisory Number 23|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov|author=Greg Carbin|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|location=College Park, Maryland|date=September 17, 2021|accessdate=September 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/web_pages/sfc/sfc_archive_maps.php?arcdate=09/18/2021&selmap=2021091818&maptype=satsfcnps|title=WPC Surface Analysis valid for 09/18/2021 at 18 UTC|website=wpc.ncep.noaa.gov|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|date=September 18, 2021|access-date=September 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/web_pages/sfc/sfc_archive_maps.php?arcdate=09/18/2021&selmap=2021091821&maptype=satsfcnps|title=WPC Surface Analysis valid for 09/18/2021 at 21 UTC|website=wpc.ncep.noaa.gov|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|date=September 18, 2021|access-date=September 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> before its low-level circulation center became ill-defined on September&nbsp;18.<ref name="NicholasTCR" /> The storm's remnants persisted for another few days, before they were absorbed into an extratropical storm to the north on September 20.<ref name="NicholasTCR" /> The system's residual tropical moisture lingered over parts of the ] for several days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Showers And Storms Will Continue Through Tuesday|date=September 18, 2021|url=https://www.wbbjtv.com/2021/09/18/showers-and-storms-will-continue-through-tuesday/?|publisher=]|location=Jackson, Tennessee|access-date=September 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Leigh|last=Morgan|title=Flooding rain possible for Alabama today|date=September 18, 2021|url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/09/flooding-rain-possible-for-alabama-today.html?|work=]|access-date=September 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cappucci|first=Matthew|title=Forecasters eyeing new Atlantic tropical system set to be named 'Sam'|date=September 22, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/09/22/tropical-storm-sam-atlantic-2021/|newspaper=]|access-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref>


==Preparations== ==Preparations==

Revision as of 17:35, 11 April 2022

Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2021
Hurricane Nicholas
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Nicholas at peak intensity just before landfall in Texas early on September 14
FormedSeptember 12, 2021
DissipatedSeptember 20, 2021
(Post-tropical after September 15)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 75 mph (120 km/h)
Lowest pressure988 mbar (hPa); 29.18 inHg
Fatalities4 total
Damage$1 billion (2021 USD)
Areas affectedYucatán Peninsula, Tamaulipas, Gulf Coast of the United States
Part of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Nicholas was a slow and erratic Category 1 hurricane that made landfall in the U.S. state of Texas in mid-September 2021. The fourteenth named storm, and sixth hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Nicholas originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa on August 28. The system developed into a tropical storm on September 12, with the National Hurricane Center (NHC) assigning the system the name Nicholas. Nicholas gradually intensified initially, due to adverse effects of strong wind shear. However, late on September 13, Nicholas began intensifying at a faster rate, and at 03:00 UTC on September 14, Nicholas intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 988 mbar (29.2 inHg). At 5:30 UTC on the same day, Nicholas made landfall in Texas at peak intensity. Afterward, the system gradually weakened, weakening into a tropical storm several hours later, and weakening further into a tropical depression on the next day. The system proceeded to drift slowly over Louisiana. On September 15, Nicholas degenerated into a remnant low, before being absorbed into another extratropical system on September 20.

The storm brought heavy rainfall and storm surge to parts of Texas and Louisiana. Some of the affected areas were still recovering from the effects of Hurricane Ida, which impacted the Gulf Coast of the United States a few weeks prior. Hurricane Nicholas killed a total of four people. According to Risk Management, insured losses from the hurricane ranged from $1.1 to $2.2 billion (2021 USD).

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key Saffir–Simpson scale   Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown Storm type circle Tropical cyclone square Subtropical cyclone triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On August 28, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa. At 06:00 UTC on September 9, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring the northern portion the tropical wave over the western Caribbean Sea for potential development, as it moved across northern Central America and the Yucatán Peninsula toward the Bay of Campeche. By the next day, the wave was interacting with a surface trough over the southern Gulf of Mexico, producing widespread but disorganized showers and thunderstorms across the region. Showers and thunderstorms associated with this system increased and become better organized on September 12, and its top sustained winds reached 40 mph (65 km/h) (tropical storm-force), as confirmed by an Air Force hurricane-hunter flight that morning. As a result, advisories were initiated at 15:00 UTC on Tropical Storm Nicholas.

After forming, the storm was found to be not very organized, as it lacked convective banding features. The center was also not well defined. After satellite imagery from radar and aircraft, it was found that the center had re-formed 150 nautical miles more north than expected and the storm had gained speed. The storm entered the southern part of a large area of deep convection, as signs of an eyewall structure forming were beginning to become prominent. The eyewall structure then dissipated and a new center began forming north-northeast of the previous. The storm then underwent a period of rapid intensification, the fifth hurricane of the season to do so, after intensifying by 35 mph (55 km/h) in a 24-hour period. Consequently, at 03:00 UTC on September 14, the system was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. Shortly thereafter, at 05:30 UTC, Nicholas made landfall about 10 mi (15 km) west-southwest of Sargent Beach, Texas, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). It then quickly weakened inland to tropical storm strength, as it moved to near Galveston Bay. Nicholas was downgraded to tropical depression status at 00:00 UTC on September 15, as it moved slowly into southern Louisiana, where residents were still recovering in the aftermath of Hurricane Ida. At the time, the system consisted of a large swirl of low- to mid-level clouds and showers, with a few patches of deep convection well removed from the center, according to the NHC. Early the following day, while situated near Marsh Island, along the Louisiana coast, Nicholas became post-tropical. Nicholas's remnant low later moved further inland, stalling over northern Louisiana, before its low-level circulation center became ill-defined on September 18. The storm's remnants persisted for another few days, before they were absorbed into an extratropical storm to the north on September 20. The system's residual tropical moisture lingered over parts of the southeastern U.S. for several days.

Preparations

The tropical wave that would become Nicholas shortly before forming on September 12.

When Tropical Storm Nicholas formed, tropical storm warnings were sent out along the coast from Barra El Mezquital and north to Port Aransas, Texas. Additionally, tropical storm watches were called from Port Aransas to High Island, Texas. As Nicholas neared landfall, tropical storm alerts were issued for the entire Texan coast. The first hurricane warning was issued from Port O'Connor to Freeport, Texas at 03:00 UTC, when the storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane.

Rainfall estimate totals were 8 to 16 inches (200 to 410 mm), with some places potentially receiving 15 inches (380 mm). Coastal Louisiana, which was battered by Hurricane Ida just weeks earlier, was estimated to receive 5 to 10 inches (130 to 250 mm). Lake Houston was lowered by one foot (30 cm). Schools in southern Texas were suspended on September 13. At least 330 flights originating from William P. Hobby Airport and George Bush Intercontinental Airport were cancelled. In Harris County, COVID-19 testing sites were closed. Late on September 13, ferry service between Galveston and the Bolivar Peninsula were suspended. Service resumed the next day.

Governor of Louisiana, John Bel Edwards, declared a state of emergency and noted that areas affected by Hurricane Ida would possibly feel the effects of the tropical storm. Edwards also requested a federal disaster declaration, which was approved by President Joe Biden on September 14. Governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, issued a disaster declaration for 17 counties in southeastern Texas and ordered the State Operations Center to increase its readiness level. The Louisiana National Guard deployed 80 high water vehicles, 23 boats and 15 aircraft across southern Louisiana. On September 13, before the storm hit, singer-songwriter Harry Styles postponed his performance in Houston.

Impact and aftermath

Losses in the United States ranged from $1.1 to $2.2 billion, according to an estimate by Risk Management (RMS). RMS estimated losses to the National Flood Insurance Program to be between $200 million and $500 million. Karen Clark & Co. estimated damage around $950 million.

Texas

The storm left at least 503,000 without power in Texas, mostly in the Houston area. An estimated 33% of Galveston County residents were without power. Portions of the Strand Historic District in Galveston were left underwater. The Colonial Pipeline shut down two pipelines from Houston to North Carolina due to power outages. This shutdown occurred just two weeks after the same pipelines were shut down due to Hurricane Ida. In Seabrook, officials estimated that 30 homes sustained wind or flood damage. The Pine Gully fishing pier in the Pine Gully Park was destroyed by storm surge. City officials promised to work with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA）to rebuild the pier.

Rain totals reached 14 inches (360 mm) near Galveston and Houston saw over 6 inches (150 mm). Storm surge in Port O'Connor was reported to be near 4 feet. A gas station had its roof blown off in Matagorda. Several roadways were closed due to flooding and debris, including a section of I-10 and Texas State Highway 225. No injuries or deaths have been reported due to the storm in Texas. Several highways in and near Clear Lake, League City, and Friendswood were inundated, including several lanes of Interstate 45. Tropical Storm Nicholas floods local road. In Pearland, 21% of people in the city were without power.

Louisiana

The storm left at least 120,000 without power in Louisiana. Around 87,000 residents were still without power from Hurricane Ida when Nicholas made landfall. By early morning, heavy rains had reached New Orleans and flood warnings were issued in the New Orleans area.

Elsewhere

The remnants of Nicholas contributed to two reported direct deaths that occurred in Alabama due to freshwater flooding. One was when a 40-year-old man was swept away in floodwaters in Tuscaloosa, and the other in Hazel Green when a 35-year-old man was pulled into a drainage pipe.

In Florida, there were two indirect deaths due to rip currents from the storm's remnants in Panama City Beach where two males were swept out to sea. Additionally, a 60-year-old man was hospitalized in critical condition on 17 September as a result of these rip currents.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Evans, Steve (September 24, 2021). Hurricane Nicholas insured loss estimated up to $2.2bn by RMS. artemis.bm (Report). Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  3. Brown, Daniel (September 9, 2021). Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
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  21. "WPC Surface Analysis valid for 09/18/2021 at 18 UTC". wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. "WPC Surface Analysis valid for 09/18/2021 at 21 UTC". wpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Weather Prediction Center. September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  36. Molinski, Dan (September 14, 2021). "Colonial Re-Shuts Fuel Pipelines, This Time Due to Hurricane Nicholas". Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  37. Ferguson, Colleen (September 15, 2021). "Hurricane Nicholas destroys Seabrook's Pine Gully Fishing Pier". Community Impact. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
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  40. Magee, Jake (September 14, 2021). "Tropical Storm Nicholas floods local roads". Community Impact. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
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External links

Tropical cyclones of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season
TSAna TSBill TSClaudette TSDanny 1Elsa TSFred 3Grace 1Henri 4Ida TSKate TSJulian 3Larry TSMindy 1Nicholas TSOdette TSPeter TSRose 4Sam SSTeresa TSVictor TSWanda
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