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Siege of Mariupol
Part of the Eastern Ukraine offensive of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
The situation in Mariupol, as of 17 April 2022
Date 24 February 2022 – present (2 years, 10 months and 4 days) Location Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine Status Ongoing Russian forces completely besiege the city on 2 March Russian forces reach the center of Mariupol on 18 March Russian forces divide the Mariupol pocket into two pockets on 10 April, and then 3 pockets on 13 April 95% of the city is destroyed
Belligerents
Russia  Donetsk PR	Ukraine
Commanders and leaders
Aleksandr Dvornikov (Commander of Russian forces in Ukraine) Mikhail Mizintsev (Head of NDCC) Andrey Sukhovetsky † (41st CAA, place of death disputed) Adam Delimkhanov Oleg Mityaev † (150th Rifle Div.) Andrei Paliy † (Black Sea Fleet landing forces) Colonel Alexei Sharov † (810th Marine Brig.) Ruslan Geremeyev Denis Pushilin Timur Kurilkin	Volodymyr Baranyuk [uk] (36th Naval Infantry Brig.) Denys Prokopenko (Azov Battalion) Serhiy Volyna (36th Naval Infantry Brig.) Svyatoslav Palamar (Azov Battalion)
Units involved
Russian Armed Forces  Russian Ground Forces 41st CAA 8th Guards CAA 150th Rifle Division  Russian Navy Black Sea Fleet  Russian Naval Infantry 810th Marine Brigade Rosgvardiya Kadyrovites North Battalion  Russian Air Force Spetsnaz GRU DPR Armed Forces Mariupol-Khingan Naval Infantry File:Somalia Battalion flag.png Somalia Battalion	Armed Forces of Ukraine Inside Mariupol:  Ukrainian Marine Corps 36th Marine Brigade National Guard of Ukraine 12th Operation Brigade Azov Regiment Other involved units:  Ukrainian Ground Forces 10th Assault Brigade 56th Motorized Brigade Territorial Defense Forces
Strength
14,000 personnel	Per Ukraine: 3,500 personnel 800 Azov Battalion members Per Russia: 8,000 personnel
Casualties and losses
Per Ukraine (15, 20 & 28 March): 350 killed Per Ukraine (810th Marine Brigade only): 158 killed, 500 wounded, 70 missing Per Ukraine (Spetsnaz GRU only): 14 killed	Per Russia: 4,000+ killed, 1,464 captured, 1–4 Mil Mi-8 helicopters shot down
Per Ukraine: 21,000+ civilians killed 20,000–30,000 people deported to camps and remote cities in Russia

The Siege of Mariupol is an ongoing military engagement between Russia and Ukraine which began on 24 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, as part of the Eastern Ukraine offensive. The city of Mariupol is located in the Donetsk Oblast in Ukraine and is claimed by the Russian-backed separatist Donetsk People's Republic. Russian forces completely besieged the city on 2 March, after which they gradually gained control of the city. The Red Cross described the situation as "apocalyptic", and Ukrainian authorities have accused Russia of engineering a major humanitarian crisis in the city, with city officials reporting that about 21,000 civilians have been killed. Ukrainian officials also reported that at least 95% of the city has been destroyed during the fighting, largely by Russian bombardments.

Background

The city of Mariupol is considered a major strategic city and target for Russian forces. Mariupol is the largest city in the Ukrainian-controlled portion of Donetsk Oblast. Mariupol is a major industrial hub, home of the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works, and is the largest city on the Sea of Azov.

Control of its port on the western shore of the Sea of Azov is vital to the economy of Ukraine. For Russia, it would accommodate a land route to Crimea as well as allowing passage by Russian marine traffic. Capturing the city would give Russia full control over the Sea of Azov.

In May 2014, during the War in Donbas, forces of the separatist and Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) attacked the city and forced Ukrainian forces to retreat during the Battle of Mariupol. However, the following month, Ukrainian forces recaptured the city with an offensive. A few months later in September, the DPR attempted to capture it for the second time, which again failed. In October, the then DPR Prime-Minister Alexander Zakharchenko vowed to retake the city. The conflict was frozen when the Minsk II ceasefire agreement was signed in 2015. One of the most instrumental groups for the recapture of Mariupol was the Azov Battalion, an Ukrainian neonazi volunteer militia. By September 2014 Azov was integrated into the National Guard of Ukraine, and set Mariupol as their headquarters. As one of Vladimir Putin's stated goals for the war is the "denazification" of Ukraine, Mariupol represents an important ideological target for the Russian forces.

Prior to the siege, around 100,000 residents left Mariupol according to the city's deputy major.

The city is defended by the Ukrainian Ground Forces, the Ukrainian Naval Infantry, the National Guard of Ukraine (primarily the Azov Battalion), the Territorial Defense Forces of Ukraine and irregular forces.

Siege

Preliminary shelling and advance on the city

On 24 February, the day the invasion began, Russian artillery bombarded the city, reportedly injuring 26 people.

On the morning of 25 February, Russian forces advanced from DPR territory in the east towards Mariupol. They encountered Ukrainian forces near the village of Pavlopil, with Ukrainian forces defeating the Russian advance. Vadym Boychenko, mayor of Mariupol, said that 22 Russian tanks had been destroyed in the skirmish.

The Russian Navy, drawing on the capabilities provided by the Black Sea Fleet, reportedly began an amphibious assault on the Sea of Azov coastline 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Mariupol on the evening of 25 February. An American defense official stated that the Russians may have deployed thousands of marines from this beachhead.

On 26 February, Russian forces continued to bombard Mariupol with artillery. Later, the government of Greece announced that ten ethnic Greek civilians had been killed by Russian strikes at Mariupol, six in the village of Sartana and four in the village of Buhas.

On the morning of 27 February, Boychenko said that a Russian tank column had advanced on Mariupol from the DPR, but this attack was repulsed by Ukrainian forces, with six Russian soldiers captured. Later that day, a 6-year-old girl in Mariupol was killed by Russian shelling. Pavlo Kyrylenko, governor of Donetsk Oblast, stated that fighting in Mariupol had continued throughout the night of 27 February.

Throughout 28 February, the city remained under Ukrainian control, despite being surrounded by Russian troops and constantly shelled. Electricity, gas, and internet connection to most of the city was cut during the evening. Later, according to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Russian Major General Andrey Sukhovetsky was killed by a Ukrainian sniper near Mariupol, but other sources said that he had been killed during the Kyiv offensive.

Mariupol surrounded

On 1 March, Denis Pushilin, the head of the DPR, announced that DPR forces had almost completely surrounded the nearby city of Volnovakha and that they would soon do the same to Mariupol. Russian artillery later bombarded Mariupol, causing over 21 injuries.

The city was fully surrounded on 2 March, after which the siege intensified. Russian shelling killed a teenager and wounded two other teenagers when they were playing soccer outside. Boychenko announced the city was suffering from a water outage and had experienced massive casualties. He also said Russian forces were preventing civilians from exiting.

Later on 2 March, Russian artillery targeted a densely populated neighborhood of Mariupol, shelling it for nearly 15 hours. The neighborhood was massively damaged as a result, with deputy mayor Sergiy Orlov reporting that "at least hundreds of people are dead".

On the morning of 3 March, the city was shelled again by Russian troops. Eduard Basurin, the spokesman for the DPR militia, formally called on the besieged Ukrainian forces in Mariupol to surrender or face "targeted strikes". Russian Ministry of Defense spokesman Igor Konashenkov reported that DPR forces had tightened the siege, and that three nearby settlements had been captured.

On 4 March, Boychenko stated that the city's supplies were running out, and called for a humanitarian evacuation corridor and Ukrainian military reinforcements. He also stated that Russian BM-21 Grads were shelling the city's hospitals and that Mariupol residents no longer had heat, running water, or electricity. Later that day, a temporary ceasefire was proposed for the Mariupol region in order to allow citizens to evacuate.

On 5 March, the Ukrainian government announced its desire to evacuate 200,000 civilians from Mariupol. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) announced that it would act as a guarantor for a new ceasefire to allow for this evacuation. The Red Cross described the situation in Mariupol as "extremely dire". After three days of shelling, a ceasefire was announced to be in effect from 11:00 to 16:00. Civilians began to evacuate from Mariupol along a humanitarian corridor to the city of Zaporizhzhia. As civilians entered the evacuation corridor, Russian forces continued shelling the city, forcing evacuees to turn back.

Ukrainian authorities later reported that Russian forces had failed to observe the ceasefire and continued to shell the city. Russian officials accused Ukrainian forces of not allowing civilians to evacuate towards Russia. The DPR reported that only 17 civilians had been evacuated from Mariupol.

On 6 March, the Red Cross announced that a second attempt to evacuate civilians from Mariupol had again failed. Anton Herashchenko, a Ukrainian official, said the second attempt at a humanitarian corridor for civilians in Mariupol ended with a Russian bombardment. The Red Cross reported that there were "devastating scenes of human suffering" in Mariupol. Later in the morning, Inna Sovsun, a Ukrainian member of parliament, stated that the fuel pipeline that supplies Mariupol was damaged by Russian forces, leaving more than 700,000 people without heat, and suggesting that people may freeze to death, as the temperature at the time often fell below 0 °C (32 °F). The bombardment also hit the city's last functioning cellular tower.

On 7 March, the ICRC Director of Operations stated that humanitarian corridor agreements had only been made in principle, without the precision required for implementation, needing routes, times and whether goods could be brought in to be agreed. The ICRC team had found that one of the proposed corridor roads was mined, and the ICRC was facilitating talks between Russian and Ukrainian forces.

On 8 March, another attempt to evacuate civilians was made, but the Ukrainian government accused Russia of violating the ceasefire again by bombing the evacuation corridor.

On 9 March, the Associated Press reported that scores of Ukrainian civilians and soldiers were being buried by city workers in a mass grave at one of the city's cemeteries. Russian shelling had hit the cemetery the previous day, interrupting the burials and damaging a wall. Later, another attempted ceasefire failed after Orlov reported that Russian soldiers had opened fire on construction workers and evacuation points. Orlov described the city's supply shortage as so severe that residents were melting snow to get water. Later that day, the Mariupol City Council issued a statement that a Russian airstrike had struck and destroyed a maternity ward and children's hospital. Ukrainian officials stated that three civilians were killed and at least 17 wounded.

On the same day, satellite photos of Mariupol taken the morning of 9 March were reported by the science news outlet, Space.com, to show "extensive damage" to high-rise apartments, residential homes, grocery stores and other civilian infrastructure, based on a comparison of before and after photos. The company operating the space satellite and its cameras works for U.S. intelligence agencies and the US military.

Russian push into the city

Ukraine's military stated on 12 March that Russian forces had captured the eastern outskirts of Mariupol. Later, a vehicle convoy of 82 ethnic Greeks was able to leave the city via a humanitarian corridor.

On 13 March, Boychenko stated that Russian forces had bombed the city at least 22 times in the previous 24 hours, with a hundred bombs, and added that the last food and water reserves in the city were being depleted. The Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs said that the National Guard of Ukraine had damaged several Russian armored vehicles with artillery strikes during the day. İsmail Hacıoğlu, the head of the local Sultan Suleiman Mosque, stated that 86 Turkish citizens in the city were awaiting evacuation by the Turkish government.

More than 160 cars were able to leave the city on 14 March at 13:00 local time, the first evacuation allowed during the siege. The Russian Ministry of Defense stated that 450 tonnes of humanitarian aid had been brought to the city after Russian forces captured the outskirts. Ukrainian military officials were later said to have killed 150 Russian soldiers and destroyed 10 Russian vehicles.

On the same day, Ramzan Kadyrov, the head of Chechnya, stated that Chechen soldiers were participating in the siege and had briefly entered Mariupol before retreating. Kadyrov also stated that Adam Delimkhanov, a close ally and member of the State Duma, was the commander of Chechen forces in Mariupol. The funeral for Captain Alexey Glushchak of the GRU, was held in Tyumen, and it was revealed he died near Mariupol, likely in the early stages of the siege.

On 15 March, around 4,000 vehicles with about 20,000 civilians were able to leave the city.

Ukrainian government official Anton Herashchenko said that Russian Maj. Gen. Oleg Mityaev, commander of the 150th Motorized Rifle Division, was killed while Russian forces tried to storm the city. The Donetsk Regional Drama Theatre sheltering hundreds of civilians was hit by a Russian airstike on 16 March and destroyed. Pavlo Kyrylenko, the governor of Donetsk Oblast, later stated that Russian forces had also targeted the Neptune swimming pool.

On 18 March, DPR forces said they had captured the Mariupol airport from Ukrainian forces. Clashes later reached the city center according to the mayor and on 19 March, Russian and Ukrainian forces began fighting at the Azovstal steel plant.

The next day, the city council of Mariupol claimed Russian forces had forcefully deported "several thousand" people to camps and remote cities in Russia over the past week. The same day, Russia denied that this was happening.

Also on 20 March, an art school building, which had sheltered some 400 people, was destroyed in a Russian bombing. No information on casualties was immediately available.

An order by Russia's Ministry of Defence to surrender, lay down arms and evacuate the city was submitted on 20 March, requesting a written response by 02:00 UTC the next day. The ultimatum was rejected by the Ukrainian government and the mayor of Mariupol.

On 21 March, one of the Ukrainian battalion commanders in the city described "bombs falling every 10 minutes".

On 23 March, local authorities, including the mayor, left the city due to the deteriorating situation. The following day, Russian forces entered central Mariupol, seizing the Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God. The City Administration alleged the Russians were trying to demoralize residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories, including statements that Odessa had been captured.

Vadym Boychenko said on 27 March that while Mariupol was still under Ukrainian control, Russian forces had entered deep into the city and that the city's population needed a "complete evacuation". By this point, Ukrainian soldiers had run out of food and clean drinking water, and an analyst believed that Ukrainian forces would not be able to fight on beyond a few days. However, Ukrainian officers refused to evacuate from the city, as they did not want to abandon their wounded and dead soldiers and civilians. The "Club 8bit" computer museum was destroyed.

On 28 March, Mayor Vadym Boychenko said "we are in the hands of the occupiers today" in a televised interview, and a spokesman for the Mariupol mayor's office announced that "nearly 5,000 people" had been killed in the city since the start of the siege. The Ukrainian government estimated that "from 20,000 to 30,000" Mariupol residents had been forcibly sent to camps in Russia under Russian military control. During the day, Russian forces seized the administrative building in the northern Kalmiusky district and the military headquarters of the Azov Battalion. In addition, Russian spokesman Igor Konashenkov announced that Russian forces had shot down a Ukrainian Mil Mi-8 that was heading to Mariupol to evacuate leaders of the Azov Battalion. The next day, Russian forces were reported to have likely divided Ukrainian troops in the city into two and possibly even three pockets.

On 2 April, Russian forces captured the SBU building in central Mariupol, after which there was no more reported fighting in the area. On 6 April Russian officials said they captured 267 Ukrainian marines from the 503rd Battalion of the Ukrainian Naval Forces and on 7 April, the DPR announced central Mariupol had been cleared of Ukrainian forces. Meanwhile, Russian troops started an advance from the southwest on 1 April, leaving the Ukrainian military in partial control of the area around the port in the southwest of Mariupol by 7 April. In addition, on 7 April, Russian forces captured a bridge leading to the Azovstal steel plant. The following day, Russian troops seized the southern part of Mariupol's port.

On 10 April, Russian forces captured the fishing port, separating Ukrainian troops in the port from those in the Azovstal steel plant, and dividing the Mariupol pocket into two pockets. The next day, DPR forces claimed to have captured 80% of Mariupol. Local Ukrainian forces expected the city to fall soon, since they were running out of ammunition, and analysts at the Institute for the Study of War believed that Mariupol would fall within a week.

On 11 April, Russian media reported that 160 Ukrainian servicemen from the 36th Marine Brigade were captured with their equipment.

During the night between 11 and 12 April, Colonel Volodymyr Baranyuk led the 36th Marine Brigade in an attempt to break out of the Russian encirclement at the Illich steel plant to the north. After being spotted they broke into smaller groups, with some of them managing to link up with fighters of the Azov Battalion at the Azovstal plant to the southeast. Around 30 Marines were captured during the breakout attempt. The fate of Colonel Baranyuk initially remained unknown. However, later, the DPR reported that they had identified the body of Baranyuk after their special forces blocked the Ukrainian breakout. On 12 April, a British man fighting with the Ukrainian Marines reported that his unit was going to surrender since they had run out of ammunition, food and other supplies. Subsequently, in the evening, Russia stated that 1,026 Marines of the 36th Marine Brigade had surrendered at the Illich steel plant, including 162 officers. According to Russia, the prisoners included 400 wounded fighters. Later, Russia said it captured an additional 134 Ukrainian servicemen, bringing the total number of prisoners to 1,160. The Institute for the Study of War regarded Russian claims of mass surrender as "likely false". On 13 April, Russian forces secured the Illich plant, splitting up the defenders of the Kalmiuskyi District and the Azovstal Steel Plant, and dividing Ukrainian forces in Mariupol into a total of three pockets. The commander of the Azov Battalion criticized the servicemen that had surrendered, while praising those that managed to link up with their unit. Concurrently, on 13 April, Russia announced it had taken full control of Mariupol's commercial port, which was confirmed three days later.

Final pockets

On 15 April, a Ukrainian military commander issued a plea for military reinforcements to come and "break the siege" of Mariupol. He also said that "the situation is critical and the fighting is fierce" but that sending reinforcements and breaking the siege "can be done and it must be done as soon as possible". On the same day, Ukrainian Defence Ministry spokesman Oleksandr Motuzianyk reported Russia started using Tu-22M3 long-range bombers to strike targets in Mariupol. On 15 April, Russian forces captured the remaining areas in the Kalmiuskyi District in Mariupol, north of the Illich Steel Plant, reducing the number of pockets in Mariupol from three to two. The Azovstal Steel Plant, the heart of one of the remaining pockets, was well-defended and described as a "fortress within a city", as the steel plant was an enormous complex that made locating the Ukrainian forces difficult and had workshops that were difficult to destroy from the air and plenty of underground tunnels.

On 16 April, Russian forces captured the base of the Ukrainian National Guard's 12th Operations Brigade, in western Mariupol. DPR troops also seized a police station near the beach of Mariupol. On 17 April, Russian forces made further advances in the Primorsky pocket, completely capturing the coastline, with Russian forces fighting a small amount of remaining Ukrainian forces for the remainder of the district. Russian forces also made advances near the Azovstal Steel Plant. Subsequently, Russia announced all urban areas of the city had been cleared, claiming that Ukrainian forces only remained at the Azovstal Steel Plant. However, fighting was reported to be continuing near Flotskaya street in the western Primorsky District. On 18 April, it was estimated that 95% of the city had been destroyed in the fighting. Ukrainian soldiers ignored a Russian ultimatum to surrender, deciding to fight to the end. Russia threatened to destroy those who continued to fight on. A military expert estimated that there could still be 500 to 800 Ukrainian soldiers holding out within the city, while Russian officials estimated that 2,500 Ukrainian soldiers and 400 foreign volunteers were holding out within the city.

Humanitarian situation and war crimes

On 6 March, Petro Andryushchenko, advisor to the mayor of Mariupol, reported that people were "drinking from puddles in the streets" due to the loss of running water in the city caused by days of around-the-clock Russian shelling and bombing attacks. He also stated that there was no heat, electricity or telephone service. Civilians had been unable to evacuate the city due to repeated ceasefire violations, attacks on agreed-upon evacuation corridors, and direct attacks on civilians attempting to evacuate.

On 7 March, U.S. ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Michael Carpenter, described two incidents that occurred in Mariupol on 5 and 6 March as war crimes. He stated that on both dates, Russian forces bombed agreed-upon evacuation corridors while civilians were trying to use them.

On 14 March, another spokesman for the ICRC announced that “hundreds of thousands” of people in the city were “facing extreme or total shortages of basic necessities like food, water and medicine.” On 15 March, Ukraine's Deputy Prime Minister Iryna Vereshchuk accused Russian forces of taking around 400 civilians hostage after capturing a hospital in the city. Ukrainian officials accused Russian forces of firing at an evacuation convoy and injuring five civilians on 16 March. On 18 March, Ukrainian officials stated that more than 350,000 people were sheltering under siege in Mariupol, still with no access to food or water.

On 21 March, CNN reported that an official in Mariupol said people are afraid, due to the constant bombing and shelling, to leave their underground shelters even to obtain food and water, meaning they were trying to drink less and eat less. On 22 March, CNN reported that the Russian Army had confiscated 11 buses that were headed into the city in order to evacuate citizens. Fox News later reported that at least some of the buses were filled with humanitarian supplies which were taken. It was also reported that 15 aid workers in the buses have been arrested while trying to get food into Mariupol. CNN also reported that to that date, all attempts to bring empty buses into Mariupol to evacuate civilians had failed. On 23 March, Ukrainian President Zelenskeyy announced that 100,000 civilians were still unable to get out of Mariupol and that they were trapped in "inhumane conditions" without food, running water or medicine.

On 25 March, Russian General Mikhail Mizintsev was accused by Ukrainian authorities of ordering the bombings of both the Mariupol Children's and Maternity Hospital and the city theatre where 1,200 civilians were sheltering.

On 1 April, Russian troops stifled a rescue effort by the United Nations (UN) to transport hundreds of civilian survivors out of Mariupol with 50 allocated buses, while peace talks continued in Istanbul.

Maternity and childrens hospital bombing

On 9 March, after an airstrike damaged a maternity ward and children's hospital, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy tweeted that the attack was an "atrocity" along with a video of the building's ruins. The hospital was destroyed. Three people were killed, including a young girl and at least 16 were injured; authorities stated that many more patients and hospital staff were buried under rubble from the blast.

Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that the building was formerly a maternity hospital, and Russia bombed it because it was then occupied by the Azov Battalion.

Later on the same day, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Maria Zakharova rejected the hospital bombing as "information terrorism", while Russian Ministry of Defence spokesman Igor Konashenkov called the bombardment staged.

Then, on the afternoon of 10 March, the Russian Embassy to the UK said in a tweet that two injured pregnant women seen being evacuated after the attack were actually played by actresses wearing "realistic make-up", that the maternity ward was occupied by the Azov battalion and that no women or children had been present since the facility was "non-operational". The tweet was later removed by Twitter for violating its rules. Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary for the Russian President, stated soon after the bombing that the Russian government would investigate the incident.

The accusation by Russia then began trending online in Russia including Russian Telegram social media which has hundreds of thousands of followers. Twitter then took down the embassy's posts.

The pregnant woman videotaped being carried out wounded on a stretcher (accused by Russia of being an actress) was moved to another hospital and then died on 13 March, after her child was stillborn. She had suffered numerous injuries in the bombing, including a crushed pelvis and detached hip, which contributed to the stillbirth of her child. Seeing that she had lost her baby, medical workers said that she cried out to them: “Kill me now.” Thirty minutes later, she also died.

Russian claims that the videos were faked and that the bombed hospital was being used as a military post were debunked by investigative reporters.

Regional theatre bombing

On 16 March, the Donetsk Regional Drama Theatre of the city was struck and largely destroyed by an airstrike. The Mariupol city council accused Russia of targeting the drama theatre, where at least hundreds of civilians had been sheltering. Human Rights Watch stated that the theatre was sheltering at least 500 civilians. Serhiy Taruta, the former governor of Donetsk Oblast, stated that 1,300 were sheltering inside.

A satellite image taken by Maxar Technologies on 14 March showed that the Russian word for "children" was written in large white letters on the pavement in both the front and the back of the theatre, which would make it clear that civilians were sheltering inside. Ukrainian Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Kuleba claimed that Russia "could not have not known this was a civilian shelter". According to the Verkhovna Rada, it was impossible to start rescue operations at the theatre due to the ongoing shelling. The city council also stated that access to the shelter in the theatre was blocked by debris. The Russian Defense Ministry denied attacking the building and accused the Azov Battalion of blowing it up.

The bomb shelter in the basement, where people had been sheltering, however, was able to resist the attack according to Taruta. Survivors began emerging from the remains of the theatre on 17 March. More than 130 civilians had been rescued from the basement as of 18 March, according to Ukrainian officials, and rescuers had yet to find any fatalities. The city council stated that no one had died according to initial information, but one person was gravely wounded.

Mass shelling of residential areas

On 2 March, deputy mayor Sergiy Orlov reported that Russian artillery targeted a densely populated neighborhood of Mariupol, shelling it for nearly 15 hours. He said that one populated residential district on the city's left bank had been "nearly totally destroyed".

Satellite photos of Mariupol taken the morning of 9 March taken by Maxar Technologies showed "extensive damage" to high-rise apartments, residential homes, grocery stores and other civilian infrastructure. This was determined by comparing before and after photos. The Mariupol council made a statement that the damage to the city has been "enormous". It estimated that approximately 80% of the city's homes had been significantly damaged, of which almost 30% were beyond repair. Reporting from Mariupol, Reuters reporter Pavel Klimov said that "all around are the blackened shells" of tower block dwellings.

On 16 March BBC News reported that nearly constant Russian attacks had turned residential neighbourhoods into "a wasteland." On the same day it reported that it had obtained drone footage showing "a vast extent of damage, with fire and smoke billowing out of apartment blocks and blackened streets in ruins." A city resident told the BBC that "in the left bank area, there's no residential building intact, it's all burned to the ground." The left bank contained a densely populated residential district. She also said that the city centre is "unrecognisable." On the same day the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) reported that Russian forces continued to commit war crimes in Mariupol including "targeting civilian infrastructure."

On 18 March, Lt Gen Jim Hockenhull, Chief of Defence Intelligence for the United Kingdom (UK), described "continued targeting of civilians in Mariupol". Ukrainian authorities stated that about 90% of buildings in Mariupole were now damaged or destroyed. On the same day, Sky News from the UK described videos as showing "civilian areas left unrecognisable by the bombing." Sky News also quoted the Red Cross as describing "Apocalyptic destruction in Mariupol." On 19 March 2022 a Ukrainian police officer in Mariupol made a video in which he said "Children, elderly people are dying. The city is destroyed and it is wiped off the face of the earth." The video was authenticated by the Associated Press.

The government of Mariupol said on 28 March that 90% of all buildings in Mariupol had been damaged by shelling, with 40% of all structures inside the city destroyed. The statistics released also counted that 90% of Mariupol's hospitals had been damaged, and that 23 schools and 28 kindergartens had been destroyed by Russian shelling.

By 18 April, Ukrainian officials estimated that at least 95% of Mariupol had been destroyed in the fighting, largely as a result of the Russian bombing campaigns.

Civilian casualties

Mariupol's deputy mayor Serhiy Orlov stated on 9 March that at least 1,170 civilians in the city had been killed in the city since Russia's invasion began and the dead were being buried in mass graves. On 11 March, the city council stated that at least 1,582 civilians had been killed during the siege, increasing that number on 13 March to 2,187 having been killed by the latter date. On 14 March, Oleksiy Arestovych, an adviser to Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, stated that more than 2,500 civilians had been killed in Mariupol's siege. However, the city council later clarified that 2,357 civilians had died.

Pyotr Andryushchenko, an adviser to the city government, however stated that the council's count was inaccurate and estimated that total number of civilians killed could be as high as 20,000. The New York Times reported that officials in the city had been struggling to account for how many civilians had died or gone missing during the siege. Videos posted on Telegram showed that residents of the Cheryomushki neighborhood were forced to bury corpses in a courtyard, while others had to turn a post office building into a makeshift morgue, stacking it with dead bodies.

On 16 March, the Associated Press (AP) reported that it had documented that many of the dead were "children and mothers" contrary, it said, to Russian government claims that civilians had not been targeted. It also reported that doctors in Mariupol were saying that they were treating "10 injured civilians for every injured Ukrainian soldier."

On 11 April, the Mayor of Mariupol stated that Russian forces had killed over 10,000 civilians in the city.

On 12 April, city officials reported that up to 20,000 civilians had been killed. On the same day, the Mayor of the city reported that about 21,000 civilians had been killed.

Weeks long blocking of evacuation attempts

On 1 April, a rescue effort by the UN to transport hundreds of civilian survivors out of Mariupol with 50 allocated buses was thwarted by Russian troops, who refused them safe passage into the city, while peace talks continued in Istanbul. On 4 April, a Russian Navy missile hit a Malta-based Dominica-flagged cargo ship, resulting in the ship catching fire.

Allegation of the use of chemical weapons

On 11 April 2022, the Azov Battalion accused Russian forces of using “a poisonous substance of unknown origin” in Mariupol. The United States stated it was aware of the allegations about the use of chemical weapons on social media, but that it could not confirm them at the time. Later, Ukraine stated that it was investigating the allegations, but that early assumptions suggested the weapon used was phosphorus ammunition, which is not considered a chemical weapon. Three Ukrainian soldiers were injured in the incident. According to The Guardian, experts remained sceptical about about the alleged attack.

Reaction

The siege has been compared by Ukrainian and US officials to the siege of Leningrad during World War II.

Media coverage

The Associated Press staff member Mstyslav Chernov and the freelancer Evgeniy Maloletka, working for AP, stayed in Mariupol since late February until 11 March. They were among the few journalists, and, according to the AP, the only international journalists in Mariupol during that period, and their photographs were extensively used by Western media to cover the siege and the situation in the city. According to Chernov, on 11 March, they were in a hospital taking photos, when they were evacuated from the city with the assistance of Ukrainian soldiers. They managed to escape from Mariupol unharmed, at which point he said no journalists were left in the city.

See also

• Siege of Chernihiv
• Battle of Kyiv (2022)
• Battle of Kharkiv (2022)
• Battle of Sumy

Notes

1. The largest city de jure in Donetsk Oblast is Donetsk, which has been de facto held by the DPR since 2014.

References

1. ^ "Ukraine: Mariupol Residents Trapped by Russian Assault - Ukraine". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
2. "Russia says separatists 'tightening the noose' around Mariupol -RIA". Reuters. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
3. Daniel Buffey; Lorenzo Tondo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
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External links

• Media related to War in Mariupol, 2022 at Wikimedia Commons
• Yahoo News UK article about 11 year old Ukrainian gymnast Kateryna Dyachenko who was killed during shelling in Mariupol on 22 March
• BBC News video of recently evacuated Mariupol civilians speaking about desperate conditions in the city, endless shelling, mass casualties and people having mental breakdowns under siege, 8 April 2022
• Video of drone flyover of apartment buildings being bombed in Mariupol. News.com.au, The News Room, March 15 2022
• Video of tanks firing repeatedly on apartment buildings in Mariupol, civilians in hospital, woman crying for dead children. AP News, 12 March 2022.
• Video of aftermath, including injured pregnant woman being carried, after Russian airstrike on hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine. Sky News, March 9, 2022
• Video posted on Twitter by a Ukrainian soldier in Mariupol – of shelling and damage in the City, 5 March, 2022, 8:27 AM
• Video, Sergei Orlov, Deputy Mayor of Mariupol, alleges that on 5 March Russian forces targeted and shelled civilian gathering areas where people were preparing to evacuate the city. Channel 4 News, London, UK

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