| Revision as of 21:24, 19 June 2022 editOhconfucius (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers328,947 editsNo edit summaryTag: content sourced to vanity press← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:59, 24 June 2022 edit undoOhconfucius (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers328,947 edits ←Replaced content with '{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2013}} {{Infobox person | name = Sir Jim Knox | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing brackets --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Walter Knox Jr | birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|03|16}} | birth_place = Auckland,...'Tag: ReplacedNext edit → | ||
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}} | |||
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{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2013}} | ||
| {{Infobox person | |||
| | name = Sir Jim Knox | |||
| | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing ] --> | |||
| | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | |||
| | caption = | |||
| | birth_name = Walter Knox Jr | |||
| | birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|03|16}} | |||
| | birth_place = ], ] | |||
| | death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|12|01|1919|03|16}} | |||
| | death_place = ], ] | |||
| | spouse = Margret Knox and Elizabeth Knox | |||
| | mother = Doris Knox | |||
| | father = Walter Knox | |||
| | organization = ], ], Auckland Watersiders’ Action Committee, ] | |||
| | office = {{plainlist| | |||
| *Secretary of the Auckland Trades Council | |||
| *President of ] | |||
| }} | |||
| | term = 1979-1987 | |||
| | predecessor = ] | |||
| | successor = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Walter James Knox''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ|JP}} (6 March 1919 – 1 December 1991) was a leading New Zealand trade union leader. He was born in ] on 6 March 1919.<ref name="DNZB Knox">{{DNZB|title=Walter James Knox|first= Peter|last= Franks|id=5k13|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>''Who’s Who in New Zealand'', 12th edition, edited by Max Lambert p350 (1981, Reed, Wellington)</ref> | |||
| Knox worked as a truck driver and watersider, becoming involved in the ], and rose through the union ranks to become secretary of the Auckland District Woollen Mills Employees’ Union and vice president of the Auckland Trades Council in 1961. In 1969, Knox became secretary of the ], working alongside the organisation's president, Sir ]. | |||
| ], on England's East Coast was, by 1750, a major point of entry into ] for ] and ],<ref>{{cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co|others=Online at: University of California Libraries|year=1864|location=London}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Nicholas|title=Hull: Culture, History, Place|publisher=Liverpool University Press.|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78138-420-6|editor-last=Starkey DJ|location=Liverpool|pages=144–77|chapter=The making of a mosaic: Migration and the port-city of Kingston upon Hull}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=112|oclc=50123510}}</ref> second only to London for links to the continent.<ref name=":170">{{Cite web|last=Finestein|first=Israel|title=Hull. In JCR-UK: Hull - Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Hullcomm/hull-vic.htm|url-status=live|access-date=10 December 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> Around then, a few ] from German and Dutch cities lodged and settled in ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=33–91|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":146">{{Cite book|last=Margoliouth|first=Moses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcUCAAAAQAAJ&q=hull|title=The History of the Jews in Great Britain, Volume 3|publisher=Richard Bentley|year=1851|location=London|page=134}}</ref> Selling jewelry and dealing goods in the thriving port and ], they maintained contacts with Europe, London, and many other -- particularly Northern -- towns. The small community produced its own institutions and leaders, which were tested by ], and later by an influx of ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":60" /> | |||
| Skinner, Knox and other trade union leaders ], ], ], Blue Kennedy and ] were all well known in New Zealand 1980s due to ongoing industrial action.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-23|title=Still no justice for Trades Hall bomb death|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/114412583/still-no-justice-for-trades-hall-bomb-death|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| Communal efforts to support the arrival of Jews -- mostly bound for America -- encouraged some to stay, who then thrived particularly well in retail trades, and grew to be a community of over 2,500.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":20" /> Although probably never more than 1% of the area population, by the end of the twentieth century the Jews of Hull made a notable contribution to the life of the city, and to the broader world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|date=2017|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=London|pages=223|oclc=995382563}}</ref> Among the sons and daughters of the Jews of Hull (as well as many Lord Mayors and Sheriffs of Hull) were three ],<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Salaman|first=Redcliffe N.|date=1948|title=The Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society: Paper read before the Jewish Historical Society of England, 15th December, 1947|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777119|journal=Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England)|volume=5|pages=146–175|jstor=29777119|issn=2047-234X}}</ref> the founder of the world's largest furniture maker,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bruce Castle Museum, Haringey |title=Investigating the past. The Harris Lebus factory |url=https://www.haringey.gov.uk/investigating__the_past_-_the_harris_lebus_factory.pdf |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Wayback Machine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211035759/https://www.haringey.gov.uk/investigating__the_past_-_the_harris_lebus_factory.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}</ref> numerous doctors and lawyers, as well as actress ].<ref name=":112">{{cite web|last=Green|first=Alex|date=9 October 2020|title=Hull born actress Maureen Lipman made a dame by the Queen|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/actress-maureen-lipman-dame-queen-4594182|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref>]<ref name=":40">{{NHLE|num=1283079 |desc=Former Western Synagogue, Linden House|accessdate= 26 March 2021}}</ref>]] | |||
| On 6 February 1988, Knox was the seventh appointee to the ].<ref name=induction02>"The Order of New Zealand" (12 February 1988) 23 '']'' 447 at 448.</ref> | |||
| == Culture == | |||
| As also seen elsewhere, Jews in Hull gathered for ] rites, and to make arrangements for kosher meat,<ref>{{cite journal |last=FINESTEIN |first=ISRAEL |date=1996 |title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979 |journal=Jewish Historical Studies |volume=35 |pages=35, 44 |issn=0962-9696 |jstor=29779979}}</ref> in hastily opened ]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=synagogue {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/synagogue|access-date=7 May 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The East-European ] and Dutch ] Jews intermarried, thus uniting early rival congregations.<ref name=":15" /> Family, business and institutional links with ] in London and other towns were always important.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=57, 59, 63|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> As they were largely excluded from society in Britain as in Europe, the Jews of Hull were for a time mostly poor,<ref name=":110">{{Cite web|date=1969|title=Modern Hull {{!}} British History Online. Religion and Education, 1835–70|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp215-286#h3-0014|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> and their livelihoods were made via ], dealing in valuables, jewelry, and later, silver and gold work, watch and clockmaking, as well as importing goods. Prosperity brought better synagogues, improved access to kosher provisions, and wider charitable, civic and professional activity.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| ==Personal life== | |||
| Newcomers fleeing Russian ] came via ] and Baltic ports, many of them skilled tailors, drapers, cobblers, cabinet-makers, market traders and travelers. Established English and German Jews assisted those struggling in lodgings and terraces near the docks, as tensions and growing families spawned multiple synagogues.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":71" /> Jewish life in Hull came to reflect the restrained ] observance and ] ] of the old ],<ref name=":114" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=YIVO {{!}} Litvak|url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Litvak|access-date=28 March 2021|website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref> a culture wiped out by the ], ] and Soviets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Hilary|date=2018|title=A Litany of Violence in Lithuania: Understanding the Mass Death of Litvaks during the Holocaust|url=http://wp.towson.edu/iajournal/a-litany-of-violence-in-lithuania-understanding-the-mass-deaths-of-litvaks-during-the-holocaust/|journal=Journal of International Affairs|volume=52|pages=61–70}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Issroff|first=Saul|date=1995|title=What is a Litvak?|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/infofiles/litvak2.txt|url-status=live|website=Jewishgen.org}}</ref> More refugees were added by World Wars -- with the severe ], and the drama of the ] -- which furthered communal spirit, as did many Jewish entertainers.<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|date=19 May 1930|title=ENORMOUS SUCCESS OF LOUIS GOULDEN (The Wizard of the Piano) And His Golden Serenaders|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite news|date=7 July 1932|title=LENA HYMAN, the popular Hull vocalist, sails to-day for a tour of South Africa|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 October 1950|title=MUSIC, DANCING TONIGHT .. LOUIS GOLD'S MONARCHS OF MELODY 8 to 12. Admission 2/6. EAST HULL BATHS SATURDAY, OCT. 21st DANCING to MAXWELL DANIELS and his BAND|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> | |||
| Knox played ] for the Suburbs club in Auckland before switching codes and playing ] for the ] in the ] competition. His sports injuries made him unfit for war service during World War II.<ref name="DNZB Knox"/> | |||
| Knox was married twice, first to Margaret Joyce Svendsen in 1943, they had two children and a long marriage, then to Elizabeth Watson Bell Curtis (née Norrie) in 1983.<ref name="DNZB Knox" /> | |||
| Facing the challenge of acculturation, Hull ] of later generations have followed varied ], ] and ] lifestyles, just as elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharot|first=Stephen|date=1973|title=The Three-Generations Thesis and the American Jews|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/588375|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=151–164|doi=10.2307/588375|jstor=588375|issn=0007-1315}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Endelman|first=Todd M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/568491402|title=The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-93566-7|location=Berkeley|oclc=568491402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|date=2017|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=London|page=183|oclc=995382563}}</ref> As for many provincial communities,<ref name=":122" /> and most ],<ref name=":120">{{Cite book|last=Leigh|first=Gordon|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Sunderland_articles/From_Kretinga/introduction.htm|title=From Kretinga to Sunderland. A Jewish chain migration from Lithuania. Cause and Effect. 1850-1930s. (undated paper)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: the former Middlesbrough Hebrew Congregation and Jewish Community, Yorkshire, England|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/middel/index.htm|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JCR-UK: West Hartlepool Hebrew Congregation (Synagogue closed) & Jewish Community, County Durham, England|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/community/hr/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL OF NORTH EAST JEWRY|url=https://www.northeastjewish.org.uk/|url-status=live|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.northeastjewish.org.uk/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 March 2021|title=The Jewish community in Newcastle, England, is shrinking. But it's getting some unexpected help.|url=https://www.jta.org/2021/03/16/global/the-orthodox-community-in-newcastle-england-is-shrinking-for-hundreds-of-jews-its-still-home|access-date=5 May 2021|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2017|title=Grimsby thanks Arkush for 40 years of service|url=https://www.thejc.com/community/community-news/grimsby-thanks-arkush-for-40-years-of-service-1.445588|url-status=live|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref> career and family have drawn them away into a ], across the UK and abroad.<ref name=":51">{{Cite news|date=19 December 2012|title=Hull's Jewish community declines over last 50 years|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-20734621|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":135">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=31|oclc=45305328}}</ref> In 2016 the Hull community gathered to celebrate its 250-year history,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dysch|first=Marcus|date=1 July 2016|title=To Hull and back: Expats return for 250th anniversary|url=https://www.thejc.com/community/community-news/to-hull-and-back-expats-return-for-250th-anniversary-1.60031|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017|title=It's a Hull of a way to end 250th year|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/hull-250th-anniversary-1.434019|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=250 YEARS IN HULL – Jewish Small Communities Network|url=https://jscn.org.uk/250-years-hull/|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":77">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=222|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref name=":140" /> which is documented in an archive,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Records of the Hull Jewish Community – Hull History Centre Catalogue|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-DJC|access-date=21 March 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leaver|first1=P|last2=Bower|first2=E|last3=Tanner|first3=C|date=2016|title=Religion, culture and history: shaping of Hull's Jewish community|journal=Shemot|volume=24/2-3|pages=40–2}}</ref> a key paper,<ref name=":0" /> and off-line and on-line resources.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp332-333|title=A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull.|publisher=Victoria County History|year=1969|isbn=0-19-722737-6|location=London|pages=332–3}}</ref><ref>Margoliouth, Moses (1851). ''The History of the Jews in Great Britain, Volume 3''. London: Richard Bentley. p. 134-5.</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web|date=1906|title=HULL|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7924-hull|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2021|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name=":155">{{Cite book|last=Roth|first=Cecil|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/susser/provincialjewry/exeteripsw.htm#hull|title=THE RISE OF PROVINCIAL JEWRY. The Early History of the Jewish Communities in the English Countryside, 1740–1840|publisher=Jewish Monthly|year=1950}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4039-3910-4|editor-last=Rubinstein|editor-first=William D|location=London|pages=441–2}}</ref><ref name=":106">{{Cite book|last=Rosen|first=Lionel|title=A short history of the Jewish community in Hull|publisher=Swannack, Brown Co|year=1956|location=Hull}}</ref><ref name=":126">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|oclc=45305328}}</ref><ref name=":71">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=203–12|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=The Legacy of Hull's Jewish Community • The Jewish Community in Hull • MyLearning|url=https://www.mylearning.org/stories/the-jewish-community-in-hull/894|access-date=21 March 2021|website=www.mylearning.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sugarman|first=Philip|title=Hull, England|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hull|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History|url=https://www.hullhebrewcongregation.com/ourhistory|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=Hull Hebrew Congregation}}</ref><ref name=":101">{{cite book|url=http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/research/research-guides/PDF/Written-Record-Spoken-Word-Hulls-Jewish-Community.pdf|title=The written record and the spoken word. Religion, culture & history. The shaping of Hull's Jewish community.|publisher=Hull History Centre|access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="histclo.com">{{Cite web|title=English schools : Hull Jewish School|url=https://www.histclo.com/schun/country/eng/is/rel/hull-jew.html|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.histclo.com}}</ref> | |||
| == |
==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| Jewish life in Hull grew in the bustling Old Town,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Hull Jewish Archive|date=2008|title=Historical Walking Tour of Jewish Hull|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/hullcomm/JCR-UK%20-%20Hull%20Jewish%20Walk.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> perhaps 40 people in 1793, 60 in 1815, and 200 in 1835, with a few trading out in Beverley, York, Scarborough and Lincolnshire towns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=45, 49|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> A move west, around the arterial and , and also ], centered on Porter Street and the upmarket Coltman Street.<ref name=":171">{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Hull - Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/Hullcomm/hull-vic.htm|access-date=20 December 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carnegie Heritage Centre|date=2021|title=A Brief History of Coltman Street|url=https://www.carnegiehull.co.uk/coltman-street-history.php|url-status=live|website=Carnegie Heritage Centre, Hull}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=22 February 1915|title=DEATH OF MR JULIUS MAGNER. .. 26, Coltman-street .. prominent Hull Jewish family .. resident in Hull since 1848|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=47, 62|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> The proportion of new young immigrants was always high,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=209|oclc=995382563}}</ref> from mid-century settling around Osborne Street,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Caldwell|first=David|title=What you need to know about Osborne Street in the city of Kingston upon Hull with the postcode of HU1 2PN|url=https://www.streetlist.co.uk/hu/hu1/hu1-2/osborne-street|access-date=1 April 2021|website=Street List}}</ref> growing the community to over 300 by 1851,<ref name=":140" /> to 550 in 1870, and to 2,000 by 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=45, 46, 50, 82|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> These families also progressed, out along the same thoroughfares, accelerated by ]. The old housing and shops of Hull were decimated by the ],<ref name=":61" /> even before the era of ]. Motor-cars enabled more Jews to reside in ] – ] and ], as well as ], ] and ]. | |||
| By 1960 the Hull-born Jews predominated within a peak for the whole area of between 2,500 to 3,000, including some unlisted at synagogue or census,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":98">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=211|oclc=995382563}}</ref> and not counting the much smaller, closely-linked community in ], across the Humber.<ref name=":149">{{Cite book|last1=Gerlis|first1=Daphne|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18381919|title=The story of the Grimsby Jewish community|last2=Gerlis|first2=Leon|date=1986|publisher=Humberside Leisure Services|isbn=0-904451-33-X|location=Hull|oclc=18381919}}</ref><ref name=":143">{{cite web|last=Berman|first=John|title=Grimsby Hebrew Congregation & Jewish Community|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/Gr/index.htm|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> Jews were thus barely 1% of the city population,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kingston-upon-Hull. Total population. Chart view|url=https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10136295/cube/TOT_POP|url-status=live|website=A vision of Britain through time}}</ref> or of the wider district including suburbs. ], relocation, and emigration have since taken their toll;<ref name=":122">{{cite web|date=22 October 2011|title=Jews in decline: Britain's disappearing tribe|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/jews-in-decline-britain-s-disappearing-tribe-1167713.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref> most now live around ], ] and ],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manchester, UK Virtual Jewish World|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/virtual-jewish-world-manchester-uk|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref name=":141">{{Cite book|last=Freedman|first=M|title=Aspects of Leeds|year=1988|isbn=1-871647-38-X|editor-last=Tate LS|location=Leeds|pages=161–174|chapter=The Leeds Jewish Community}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv18b5gbx|title=Leeds and its Jewish community: A history|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2019|jstor=j.ctv18b5gbx|isbn=978-1-5261-2308-4|editor-last=Fraser|editor-first=Derek}}</ref><ref name=":135" /> and in Israel, with numbers in the Hull area falling now to 200 or less, and made up of mostly older people in recent years.<ref name=":51" /><ref name=":78">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=220|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Kingston upon Hull (Unitary District, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/yorkshireandthehumber/wards/E06000010__city_of_kingston_upon_hul/|access-date=5 August 2021|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | |||
| == Early history == | |||
| === Pre-1700 === | |||
| Before the ] of 1290,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Expulsion of Jews|url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item103483.html|access-date=12 May 2021|website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> Jewish leaders at ] and ],<ref>{{cite web|title=JCR-UK – Medieval (Pre-1290) Jewish Communities in Northern England|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/pre-1290/1290communities/north1290.htm#york1290|access-date=14 May 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JCR-UK – Medieval (Pre 1290) Jewish Communities in Eastern England|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/pre-1290/1290communities/east1290.htm#grimsby1290|access-date=14 May 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> lent monies to nearby ports ],<ref>Latin deed – acquittance by Aaron, the Jew of Lincoln .. to the men of Barton-upon-Humber. Year 1182 http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ch_1250_f001r</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 April 2010|title=Visit: Barton-upon-Humber|url=https://www.history.org.uk/historian/resource/3045/visit-barton-upon-humber|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The Historical Association}}</ref> and ].<ref name=":147">{{Cite journal|last=Dobson|first=R B|date=1974|title=The Decline and Expulsion of the Medieval Jews of York|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778866|journal=Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England)|volume=26|pages=34–52|jstor=29778866|issn=0962-9688}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|desc=North Pier and Crane Wharf, Bridlington Harbour, Bridlington |num=1389155|accessdate=20 May 2021}}</ref> Several of their credit agents,<ref name=":147" /> are recorded as named Jews of the ports of ],<ref name=":149" /><ref name=":153" /> and ],<ref name=":153">{{cite thesis|title=The Jews in England, 1272–1290|url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2342|publisher=University of St Andrews|date=1988|degree=PhD|first=Robin R.|last=Mundill|hdl=10023/2342}}</ref> which is now just outside Hull; and at ],<ref name=":147" /> which is in the ]. The same figures at Lincoln and York at times ],<ref name=":147" /><ref name=":148">{{Cite book|last=Schwamb|first=Barbara Poplinger|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/215275681.pdf|title=A PROFILE OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURY LINCOLN, ENGLAND. Dissertation|publisher=Oklahoma State University|year=1977|location=Stillwater, Oklahoma}}</ref><ref name=":153" /> as did Jacob de Hedon.<ref name=":153" /> | |||
| Close by, the large wool-producer ],<ref name=":152">{{Cite journal|last=Madden|first=Sister James Eugene|date=1963|title=Business Monks, Banker Monks, Bankrupt Monks: The English Cistercians in the Thirteenth Century|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25017300|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=49|issue=3|pages=341–364|jstor=25017300|issn=0008-8080}}</ref><ref name=":151">{{NHLE|desc=Site of Meaux Cistercian Abbey, Wawne |num=1007843|accessdate=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Donkin|first=R A|date=1958|title=Cistercian Sheep, Farming and Wool-Sales in the Thirteenth Century|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40272846|journal=The Agricultural History Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=2–8|jstor=40272846}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Julie Kerr|first=Sarah Foot|title=Cistercians in Yorkshire Project. Sheep farming|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/cistercians/cistercian_life/environment/farming/farming14.php|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=www.dhi.ac.uk}}</ref> bought estates indebted to these Jews,<ref name=":152" /><ref name=":147" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=M D|date=1881|title=The mediaeval Jews of Lincoln|url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-1132-1/dissemination/pdf/038/038_178_200.pdf|journal=Archaeological Journal|volume=38|pages=178–200|doi=10.1080/00665983.1881.10851983}}</ref> and borrowed from them for construction,<ref name=":152" /> whilst also developing the Hull river-mouth as a major centre,<ref name=":151" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=Medieval Hull {{!}} British History Online. Wyke upon Hull|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp11-85#h3-0003|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=River Humber.com, Kingston upon Hull, History Page 1.|url=https://www.riverhumber.com/index8a.html|access-date=18 May 2021|website=www.riverhumber.com}}</ref> for wool-merchants from England and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=Medieval Hull {{!}} British History Online. Wyke upon Hull|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp11-85#h3-0003|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gras|first=Norman Scott Brien|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyenglishcust00grasuoft|title=The early English customs system; a documentary study of the institutional and economical history of the customs from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century|date=1918|publisher=Cambridge, Harvard University Press|others=Robarts – University of Toronto|pages=224–44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rose|first=Susan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1044746419|title=The wealth of England: the medieval wool trade and its political importance, 1100–1600|date=2018|isbn=978-1-78570-737-7|location=Oxford|oclc=1044746419}}</ref> Nevertheless, unlike a community in ] up to the year 1234,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=GUTTENTAG|first=G. D.|date=1973|title=The Beginnings of the Newcastle Jewish Community|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778833|journal=Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England)|volume=25|pages=1–24|jstor=29778833|issn=0962-9688}}</ref> nothing is known of any Jews in the early ]. | |||
| ] ] during the ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Broxap|first=Ernest|date=1905|title=The Sieges of Hull during the Great Civil War|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/548730|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=20|issue=79|pages=457–473|doi=10.1093/ehr/XX.LXXIX.457|issn=0013-8266|jstor=548730}}</ref> before in 1656 starting the ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oliver Cromwell – Cromwell and the Jews|url=http://www.olivercromwell.org/jews.htm|access-date=10 May 2021|website=www.olivercromwell.org}}</ref> Oft-repeated claims of a presence in Hull toward the year 1700,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gunnell|first=William A.|url=https://archive.org/details/sketcheshullcel00johngoog/page/n6/mode/2up|title=Sketches of Hull Celebrities or Memories and Correspondence of Alderman Thomas Johnson Etc|publisher=Walker & Brown|year=1876}}</ref><ref name=":154">{{cite book|last=Symons|first=Alderman John|url=https://archive.org/details/kingstonianabei00symogoog/page/n164/mode/2up|title=Kingstoniana Being Historical Gleanings and Personal Recollections|publisher=The Eastern Morning News|year=1889|location=Hull}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=1|oclc=45305328}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Jews of medieval England|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/the-jews-of-medieval-england/|access-date=18 May 2021|website=HistoryExtra}}</ref> are discounted by scholars as being based on false recollections or forgeries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolf|first=Lucien|title=The middle-age of Anglo-Jewish history (1290–1656). In Papers read at the Anglo-Jewish historical exhibition, Royal Albert Hall|publisher=Office of the Jewish Chronicle|year=1888|location=London|pages=56, 77–9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jacobs|first1=Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924029595778|title=Bibliotheca anglo-judaica. A bibliographical guide to Anglo-Jewish history|last2=Wolf|first2=Lucien|date=1888|publisher=London : Office of the "Jewish chronicle,"|others=Cornell University Library|location=London|pages=xx,xxi,43, 44, 85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=120–1|oclc=50123510}}</ref> Recorded communal memory suggests the first settlers in Hull were sometime after 1700.<ref name=":146" /> | |||
| === Settlement === | |||
| The first known arrival is of Israel Benjamin in 1734, claiming to be a convert, who later died in Leeds.<ref name=":139" /><ref name=":140" /> Thereafter, at a time of ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Ausschreitungen, antijüdische {{!}} Das Jüdische Hamburg|url=https://www.dasjuedischehamburg.de/inhalt/ausschreitungen-antij%C3%BCdische|access-date=22 May 2021|website=www.dasjuedischehamburg.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 December 2014|title=December 1, 1742 – Empress Elizabeth Orders Expulsion of Jews from Russia|url=https://legallegacy.wordpress.com/2014/12/01/december-1-1742-empress-elizabeth-orders-expulsion-of-jews-from-russia/|access-date=22 May 2021|website=Legal Legacy}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stern-Taeubler|first=Selma|date=1949|title=The Jews in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4464809|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=129–152|jstor=4464809|issn=0021-6704}}</ref> it is documented that Jews came into Hull from Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Poland and the Baltic, bound for large Northern towns or London, some claiming to be converts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=33–35|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last=Bennett|first=Anne|date=2005|title=Early Jewish immigrants to Hull 1793–1815|url=https://jgsgb.org.uk/members/shemot/Shemot_December_2005.pdf|journal=Shemot|volume=13|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bennett|first=Anne|date=2007|title=Two converted Jews in Hull|journal=Shemot|volume=15|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|page=204|oclc=995382563}}</ref> ] came from other English ports, for Hull's ] ] Court.<ref name=":1" /> Traders settled around the ] marketplace,<ref name=":114">{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Denis|date=28 October 2014|title=Hidden mile of history. A historical walking tour of Jewish Hull.|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2008/07/18/jewish_history_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> being in effect legally free in Hull to set up business;<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 May 1830|title=Court of Common Council|work=The Times}}</ref> Jews ran many stalls and shops there until the late 1960s.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":78" /><ref name=":113" /> | |||
| In 1766, Isaac Levy of Church Lane was the first recorded resident, founding one of many dynasties of jewelers and watchmakers, with others soon in the lanes off Marketplace;<ref name=":0" /> located there was the equestrian statue of ], for the 1788 ] centenary, decorated with an elegant crown,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hadley|first=George|title=A new and complete history of the town and county of the town of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=T. Briggs|year=1788|location=Kingston upon Hull}}</ref> by Aaron Jacobs, jeweller and silversmith, forbear of synagogue presidents and clockmakers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Pringle|first=Ruth|date=2010|title=The Jacobs family of Hull|url=https://www.eastriding.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=zDDEY%2F8%2F4%2F11|journal=East Yorkshire Historian|volume=11|pages=49–63}}</ref> As some diversified into market bazaars and general trading, there were Jewish barbers (Abraham Levis, 1791), cobblers (Michael Levy, 1812), tailors (Henry Levy, 1812) and cabinet-makers (Henry Meyer, 1826).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=35, 38, 44|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> In 1822 Joseph Levi was a "quil and pencil merchant," and Samuel Lazarus a hatmaker.<ref name=":65">{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=44|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> In 1831 Joseph Jacobs ran a coffee house,<ref name=":65" /> and in 1834 Baruchson and Fawcett were importers and dealers in cigars.<ref name=":65" /> | |||
| === Advancement === | |||
| Moses Symons, bullion dealer and watchmaker, was a ], and in 1810 a founder member of the Humber Lodge of Freemasons,<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=47|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> which later had synagogue president and silversmith Elias Hart as its Master mason.<ref name=":86">{{Cite web|title=Humber Lodge No. 57 – Past Masters|url=https://humber57.org.uk/?Past-Masters|access-date=8 April 2021|website=humber57.org.uk}}</ref> | |||
| Philanthropist ] (1812–69), son and son-in-law to community leaders Israel Jacobs,<ref name=":6" /> and Joseph Lyon (see Synagogues), became Master of the Humber Lodge and a Town Councillor, as well as synagogue president.<ref name=":86" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=64, 77–80, 85|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> Returned from ] studies to his father's ] silversmiths and clockmakers, he oversaw a workshop as polymath and inventor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & co|others=Archived at University of California Libraries|year=1864|location=London|pages=218}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=46, 77|jstor=29779979|issn=0962-9696}}</ref> A charismatic lecturer,<ref>Margoliouth, Moses (1851). ''The History of the Jews in Great Britain, Volume 3''. London: Richard Bentley. p. 135 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VcUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=bethel&f=false</ref> president of Hull Literary & Philosophical Society,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History|url=https://www.hull-litandphil.org.uk/our-history.html|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.hull-litandphil.org.uk}}</ref> and the Mechanics' Institute, he led Hull at the ]. Drawing the 1853 ] to Hull, and after ] and ] stayed at the (to be Royal) ],<ref>{{cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=London : Simpkin, Marshall & co|others=Online at University of California Libraries|year=1864|location=London|pages=180–191}}</ref> Bethel became Jeweller to Her Majesty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Results – Hull Museums Collections|url=http://museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk/collections/search-results/display.php?keywordsorig=&titleorig=&personorig=Bethel+Jacobs&placeorig=&dateorig=&materialorig=&accessionnumberorig=&collectionorig=&museumorig=&keywords=bethel+jacobs&SearchSubmit_x=51&SearchSubmit_y=3&newsearch=new&title=&person=&place=&date=&material=&accessionnumber=&collectionall=all&museumall=all&location=any&Sender=List&Page=&irn=46472|access-date=27 March 2021|website=museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk}}</ref> Later Lieutenant of Hull Volunteer Rifle Corps,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|date=1864|publisher=London : Simpkin, Marshall & co|others=Online at: University of California Libraries|pages=576}}</ref> and president of Hull's Royal Institution, he founded ] in 1861.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|date=1864|publisher=London : Simpkin, Marshall & co|others=Online at University of California Libraries|pages=507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=81|jstor=29779979|issn=0962-9696}}</ref> | |||
| Simeon Mosely (1815–88), prominent dental surgeon, was synagogue president,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|date=1864|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & co.|others=University of California Libraries|location=London|pages=346, 451}}</ref> a Town Councillor, captain in the local volunteer brigade,<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 October 1868|title=Hull .. |work=Jewish Record}}</ref> and 1864 founding Worshipful Master of the Kingston Lodge.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=134, 157, 160–1|oclc=50123510}}</ref><ref name=":83">From Wolkowisk To Wallgate and Other Journeys: A History of the Wigan Jewish Community. Hilary Thomas, p.28 re Mosely family. https://jscn.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Wolkowisk.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 June 1860|title=Commissions signed by the Vice-Lieutenant of the East Riding of the County of York, and the Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull|work=The London Gazette|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22396/page/2320/data.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull Masonic Hall|url=http://www.hullmasonichall.com/|access-date=3 April 2021|website=Hull Masonic Hall}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|date=1864|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & co.|others=University of California Libraries|location=London|pages=608}}</ref> Longstanding mason Solomon Cohen (1827–1907), Sheffield-born clothier and synagogue president,<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 1868|title=Hull |work=Jewish Record}}</ref> was a ] for Marketplace ward from 1870,<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 November 1870|title=Hull|work=Jewish Record}}</ref> later an Alderman, chairman of Hull School Board and president of Hull Guardian Society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=42|jstor=29779979|issn=0962-9696}}</ref><ref name=":70">{{cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=London|page=208|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1899|title=Kelly's Directory of Hull. Bowlalley Lane|url=https://specialcollections.le.ac.uk/digital/collection/p16445coll4/id/286216|url-status=live|access-date=17 May 2021|website=specialcollections.le.ac.uk|page=79}}</ref> | |||
| See also Businesses, and ]. | |||
| == The Great Migration == | |||
| === Emigration === | |||
| ]'s lack of restriction on the entry of ]s saw port arrivals increase, especially after the continental ],<ref name=":140" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Bernard|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237883791|title=The refugee question in mid-Victorian politics|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08815-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=237883791}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Caroline Emily|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Shaw_berkeley_0028E_10513.pdf|title=Recall to Life: Imperial Britain, Foreign Refugees and the Development of Modern Refuge, 1789–1905. PhD dissertation|publisher=University of California|year=2010|location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name=":170" /> which was enabled by the transport revolution of ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Page|first=Thomas|date=1911|title=The Transportation of Immigrants and Reception Arrangements in the Nineteenth. Journal of Political Economy, 19, 732–749. The University of Chicago Press|url=https://www.jstor.org/tc/accept|url-status=live|access-date=16 May 2021|website=www.jstor.org}}</ref><ref name=":144" /> Whilst tens of millions of jews left mainland Europe between 1850 and 1914 by taking direct ] to America,<ref name=":68" /> the ] and other shipping companies ensured that over two million ] of all creeds traversed Hull's docks and railways, and up to a million ]'s.<ref name=":68" /><ref name=":69">{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Nicholas|date=1999|title=Migration from Northern Europe to America via the Port of Hull, 1848–1914|url=http://www.norwayheritage.com/articles/templates/voyages.asp?articleid=28&zoneid=6|url-status=live|access-date=7 April 2021|website=www.norwayheritage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull {{!}} Exodus: Movement of the People|url=https://www.exodus2013.co.uk/tag/hull/|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=Modern Hull {{!}} British History Online. Economy, 1870–1914|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp215-286#h3-0009|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref name=":144">{{Cite web|last=Newman|first=Aubrey|date=2000|title=Trains and Shelters and Ships. Paper presented at a seminar under the auspices of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain|url=http://www.jewishroots.uct.ac.za/trains.htm|url-status=live|access-date=16 May 2021|website=www.jewishroots.uct.ac.za}}</ref><ref name=":167">{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Nicholas|date=7 November 2013|title=Moving here - migration histories|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/+/http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/jewish/journeys/humber1.htm|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2021|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> This indirect route was much cheaper, for those observing strict kosher eating and other tenets, the shorter voyages were less stressful.<ref name=":121" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Endelman|first=Todd M.|date=2002|title=The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 (Jewish Communities in the Modern World)|url=https://epdf.pub/the-jews-of-britain-1656-to-2000-jewish-communities-in-the-modern-world.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=epdf.pub|page=128}}</ref><ref name=":144" /> | |||
| About one in four of Hull's trans-] were Jews,<ref name=":139">{{Cite web|title=Places of interest – Hull – Trails – Anglo-Jewish History – JTrails.org.uk|url=http://www.jtrails.org.uk/trails/hull/places-of-interest|access-date=3 May 2021|website=www.jtrails.org.uk}}</ref><ref name=":68" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 November 1848|title=.. the influx of foreigners, who arrive at Hull and from thence go to Manchester ..|page=66|work=Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> destined via Liverpool for New York or Buenos Aires, as well as for the Cape and also British towns.<ref name=":68">{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=Nicholas J.|date=2001|title=Work in progress: Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK, 1836–1914|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21533369.2001.9668313|journal=Journal for Maritime Research|volume=3|issue=1|pages=70–84|doi=10.1080/21533369.2001.9668313|s2cid=143951112|issn=2153-3369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=118–9|oclc=50123510}}</ref><ref name=":167" /> An expanding young population of Yiddish-speaking ] was leaving ]'s ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gartner|first=Lloyd P.|title=The Great Jewish Migration 1881–1914: Myths and Realities|date=1986|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42940756|journal=Shofar|volume=4|issue=2|pages=12–21|jstor=42940756|issn=0882-8539}}</ref> due to work restrictions, special taxes, and the forced ] which was fueling emigration.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Margolis|first1=Max L.|title=A history of the Jewish people|last2=Marx|first2=Alexander|publisher=The Jewish Publication Society of America|year=1927|location=Philadelphia|pages=665–724}}</ref> Murderous anti-Semitic ] (riots) after 1881, much publicised even in Hull,<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 February 1882|title=THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS. IMPORTANT MEETING IN HULL. .. by requisition to the Mayor .. Town Hall.. expressing sympathy with the persecuted Jews in Russia ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 February 1882|title=THE HULL JEWS AND THE RUSSIAN ATROCITIES .. great outrages ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref> and ], further escalated numbers leaving the ] into the new century.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Howe|first=Irving|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1500208|title=World of Our Fathers|date=1976|others=Kenneth Libo, Rouben Mamoulian Collection|isbn=0-15-146353-0|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=1500208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weinryb|first=Bernard D.|date=1955|title=East European Immigration to the United States|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452943|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=45|issue=4|pages=497–528|doi=10.2307/1452943|jstor=1452943|issn=0021-6682}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Nathan|title=The migration of Lithuanian Jews to the United States, 1880–1918, and the decisions involved in the process, exemplified by five individual migration stories|publisher=Hofstra University|year=2013|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ury|first=Scott|date=4 May 2017|title=Jewish migration in modern times: the case of Eastern Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13501674.2017.1412926|journal=East European Jewish Affairs|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=127–133|doi=10.1080/13501674.2017.1412926|s2cid=165576728|issn=1350-1674}}</ref><ref name=":60">{{Cite web|title=Moving to Britain. Exodus from eastern Europe. 1901 Census|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/census/events/britain4.htm|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref><ref name=":88">{{Cite news|date=31 May 1882|title=The exodus of the Jews from Russia|work=The Times}}</ref> | |||
| === Travelling to Hull === | |||
| In addition to the hope of a welcoming, gilded "],"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Varat|first=Deborah|date=2021|title="Their New Jerusalem": Representations of Jewish Immigrants in the American Popular Press, 1880–1903|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-gilded-age-and-progressive-era/article/abs/their-new-jerusalem-representations-of-jewish-immigrants-in-the-american-popular-press-18801903/D42ED098F2598A08596BB546B4CED736|journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era|volume=20|issue=2|pages=277–300|doi=10.1017/S1537781420000766|s2cid=233339207|issn=1537-7814}}</ref> emigration was often underpinned by informative correspondence with relatives.<ref name=":21" /> ] among Jews -- specifically from Lithuanian towns via the Baltic to Northern English port -- has been described.<ref name=":120" /> Even so, passage to Hull was often booked through unscrupulous agents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadell|first=Pamela S.|date=1981|title=The Journey to America by Steam: The Jews of Eastern Europe in Transition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23882035|journal=American Jewish History|volume=71|issue=2|pages=269–284|jstor=23882035|issn=0164-0178}}</ref><ref name=":121">{{Cite book|last=Nadell|first=Pamela Susan|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu148717345211075&disposition=attachment|title=THE JOURNEY TO AMERICA BY STEAM: THE JEWS OF EASTERN EUROPE IN TRANSITION|publisher=Ohio State University|year=1982}}</ref><ref name=":144" /> Husbands or eldest sons left first, and completed an arduous cross-border journeys by foot, cart, and train, to ] and ], or Baltic ports like ] and ].<ref name=":144" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=119|oclc=50123510}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":92">{{cite web|date=2021|title=From Russia with Love: A Migration Story|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3vx9q1kqKtzFhmDYcssDsdR/from-russia-with-love-a-migration-story|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ulyatt|first=Michael E|date=25 February 2013|title=City's forgotten visitors|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/arts-and-culture/citys-forgotten-visitors-1871289|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk}}</ref> | |||
| Larger vessels on the Baltic traversed the dangerous ],<ref name=":92" /> until in 1895 the ] opened,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Union Castle Line and Emigration from Eastern Europe to South Africa|last= Newman|first= Aubrey|date=n.d.|url=https://le.ac.uk/-/media/uol/docs/research-centres/stanley-burton/union-castle-line-and-emigration.pdf | accessdate= 2 May 2021 }}</ref> before the journey onward to Hull (or ], or ]).<ref name=":66">{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=45|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":88" /><ref name=":143" /> Carrying a little ] food, such as herring with stale bread, migrants embarked onto cargo or cattle boats, for several cramped nights on straw pallets, wood boards or rolling decks, sometimes in befouled and unsafe conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 1896|title=RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS SUFFOCATED AT SEA .. After many weary days .. the agent packed all on a timber vessel .. to Hull .. fourteen young Jews were smuggled on a German steamship ..|work=Jewish Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite book|last=Ulyatt|first=Michael E.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857522408|title=Be still and know thyself more|date=2012|isbn=978-0-9561757-1-7|location=Willerby, East Yorkshire|oclc=857522408}}</ref><ref name=":92" /><ref name=":144" /><ref name=":163">{{Cite news|date=9 November 1845|title=The Wreck of the Hull Steamer|work=Weekly Chronicle (London)}}</ref><ref name=":168">{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Nicholas|date=7 November 2013|title=Moving here - migration histories. The sea journey to England|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/+/http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/jewish/journeys/humber4.htm|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2021|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> One gale in 1845 claimed 26 ships off Holland,<ref name=":164">{{Cite news|date=5 November 1845|title=Wreck of the Hull and Hamburg Archimedean steamer Margaret|work=Morning Chronicle}}</ref> whilst the crew of a Hull-bound cargo steamer, having survived overnight lashed to the rigging, realized the deaths of all 16 passengers.<ref name=":163" /> They were Polish Jews "chiefly in needy circumstances," mostly travelling jewelers and families. Amongst the bodies was a mother and five children, and a man reportedly stood upright, holding an open prayer book in his extended hand.<ref name=":163" /><ref name=":164" /> Death and disease amongst the migrants was common.<ref name=":168" /> | |||
| Some lost luggage or had no onward tickets, and sometimes most arrived destitute.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 May 1889|title=The sweating system .. Isaac Smolenski landed at Hull, for America, without money for tickets|work=The Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 1904|title=Emigration and Immigration|work=The Times }}</ref><ref name=":162" /> On landing many walked into the Old Town to temporary lodgings,<ref name=":169">{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Nicholas|date=7 November 2013|title=Moving here - migration histories. Arrival of passengers|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/+/http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/jewish/journeys/humber5.htm|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2021|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> like Posterngate's Harry Lazarus Hotel,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plaques|first=Open|title=Harry Lazarus' Hotel, Hull blue plaque|url=https://openplaques.org/plaques/7769|access-date=19 March 2021|website=openplaques.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2016|title=Tour of historic Hull migrants hotel|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-humber-37094918|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> (a grave name in Delhi Street cemetery).<ref name=":72">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=213|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> Most proceeded west, by Osborne Street to ], busy with horse-drawn traffic, across to the segregated Emigrant Waiting Room.<ref name=":69" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Plaques|first=Open|title=Blue plaque № 31146|url=https://openplaques.org/plaques/31146|access-date=19 March 2021|website=openplaques.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A piece of Britain that shall forever remain foreign|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/humber/article_2.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2021|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":72" /> Built in 1871 by the ], a ] kitchen and washing rooms were later added;<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":169" /> now a ], it is currently (] the) Tigers Lair pub.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Immigrant Station And Railway Platform|url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1507243&resourceID=19191|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.heritagegateway.org.uk}}</ref> Behind, Platform 13 of ] took extra-long Monday or Wednesday trains, bound for Leeds and Liverpool;<ref name=":92" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":88" /> London, Southampton and Glasgow were also common destinations.<ref name=":144" /> From 1885 the new ] had a water-side railway hall, in use until 1908–9.<ref name=":13" /><ref>Quick, Michael (2020). Railway passenger stations in Great Britain. A chronology. 5th Edition. Railway and Canal Historical Society, Market Drayton. p.235 https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations-v5.02.pdf</ref> | |||
| === Staying or moving on === | |||
| Whilst most migrants from the "Old Country" were transitory through Hull, many stayed (intentionally or otherwise) for days, weeks, or for years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=48, 50|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":167" /><ref name=":140" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Endelman|first=Todd M.|date=2002|title=The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 (Jewish Communities in the Modern World)|url=https://epdf.pub/the-jews-of-britain-1656-to-2000-jewish-communities-in-the-modern-world.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=epdf.pub|page=130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gisela Feldman |url=https://www.ajrrefugeevoices.org.uk/RefugeeVoices/Gisela-Feldman|url-status=live|website=AJR Refugee Voices}}</ref><ref name=":165">{{Cite news|date=8 September 1871|title=Hull Hebrew School |work=Jewish Record}}</ref> Often, young men lodged temporarily with Jewish families in narrow lanes and terraced streets, borrowing money to work as ragged hawkers, later succeeding as jewelers and watch-dealers.<ref name=":140">{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=David|date=10 October 2016|title=Hull Civic Society lecture. Celebrating Two hundred and fifty years of Jewish Life in Hull. Transcript|url=https://www.hullcivicsoc.info/newsletters/A5%20NewsletterMarch17.pdf|url-status=live|website=Hull Civic Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=43 re Issac Daniels|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":70" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Endelman|first=Todd M.|date=2002|title=The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 (Jewish Communities in the Modern World)|url=https://epdf.pub/the-jews-of-britain-1656-to-2000-jewish-communities-in-the-modern-world.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=epdf.pub|page=91}}</ref> Frequently, illegal marriages occurred among the migrants.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 January 1870|title=Illegitimate marriages in provincial towns|work=Jewish Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: The Provinces and the Board by Nigel Grizzard, from Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain prepared by Aubrey Newman|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Newman_papers/Provincial_Jewry_Victorian/provinces_and_board.htm|access-date=10 December 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> For some who stayed, their grown children eventually continued the journey, like Benjamin Hart (born Hull 1869),<ref>{{cite web|title=1881 Census {{!}} UK Census Online|url=https://ukcensusonline.com/census/1881/|access-date=26 March 2021|website=ukcensusonline.com}}</ref> who sailed for America in 1912, but was lost on the ].<ref name=":45">{{Cite web|title=Eva Miriam Hart : Titanic Survivor|url=https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-survivor/eva-hart.html|access-date=26 March 2021|website=Encyclopedia Titanica}}</ref> He placed both his wife and their young daughter, ], into a ]; she lived to be 91 years old, possibly the last survivor who remembered the Titanic disaster.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Today – Eva Hart, Titanic Survivor|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/today--eva-hart-titanic-survivor/zhtw382|access-date=1 April 2021|website=BBC Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jr|first=Robert Mcg Thomas|date=16 February 1996|title=Eva Hart, 91, a Last Survivor With Memory of Titanic, Dies|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/16/world/eva-hart-91-a-last-survivor-with-memory-of-titanic-dies.html|access-date=1 April 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | |||
| == Charities and clubs == | |||
| A large number of active Hull Jewish societies were founded, with branches of many national and some international associations, all with officers and committees drawn from the community. A number are discussed here, with many others now forgotten.<ref name=":150" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":101" /><ref>{{cite news|date=25 July 1895|title=HULL HEBREW SELF-HELP SOCIETY .. assembled last night at the Springbank Hotel for the purpose of presenting au illuminated address to Bro Maurice Feitelberg, prior to his departure for South Africa ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Miscellanies|first=Jewish|date=3 March 2020|title=Palestina – The Chovevei Zion Quarterly, September 1897|url=https://jewishmiscellanies.com/2020/03/03/palestina-the-chovevei-zion-quarterly-september-1897/|access-date=19 May 2021|website=Jewish Miscellanies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 1915|title=HULL HEBREW SOCIAL INSTITUTE THE LATE ALDERMAN FELDMAN. The Hull Jewish Literary and Debating Society last night listened to an article upon Jews and Exter-marriage ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 December 1916|title=HULL JEWISH BOYS' CLUB|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 July 1914|title=HULL JEWISH CLUB. informal meeting was held on Monday at 48, Great Passage-street, to discuss the advisability of forming a Jewish Institute. There was a gratifying attendance, which proved ...|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 December 1931|title=HULL HEBREW BAZAAR .. divided among the Palestine Women and Child Welfare Society, the Hull Hebrew Board of Guardians, and the Hull Hebrew Boys' School ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 December 1942|title=SERVICES TO HULL .. Information Hull Committee, the Prisoners' Aid Society, the Jubilee District Nursing Association, and many other Jewish and non- Jewish organisations. He is president of the Hull Jewish Ex-Servicemen's Club and ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 1923|title=HULL JEWISH AID SOCIETY. A grand concert was held aid of the Hull Jewish Aid Society .. A large number attended .. the vice-president, Mr L. Jacobs.|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 May 1928|title=HULL JEWISH HELP SOCIETY. The annual installation of Officers and Committee of the Grand Order of Israel Brotherly Help Lodge, No. 19, was held in the Fulford Rooms. Beverley-road. Bio. M. Bransky, P.V.M.. the Noble Master, presided|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=31 August 1915|title=HULL JEWISH FRIENDLY SOCIETY|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 March 1934|title=EX-SERVICE SMOKER A Continental smoking concert aid of the Hull Jewish Ex-Servicemen's Association was held the Broadway Hotel, Ferensway, Hull, on Saturday night. The presiding officials were Messrs H. Rosen, P. Davis G. Cohen, Ted Martell, Flasher ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 March 1914|title=WHIST DRIVES AND TOURNAMENTS. The Hull Master (Jewish) Tailors' Association held their second annual whist drive .. in the Central Hall, Pryme-street|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> Charity fundraising was central to the social scene for many years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & co|others=University of California Libraries|year=1864|location=London|page=441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 April 1892|title=Jewish Food .. proceeds of the concert .. in aid of .. Society for the Relief of Local Jewish Poor .. £14 4d .. with £7 Is donations ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 December 1894|title=FOR THE JEWISH CHARITIES .. Concert at the Lecture Hall|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 April 1908|title=JEWISH GUARDIANS .. Board of .. funds .. at a very low ebb .. Hull Hebrew Choral Society are holding concert and dance .. in St. George's Hall, Storystreet|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 January 1918|title=MOTHER HUMBER MEMORIAL FUND .. Collected at Social, Hull Jewish Girls' Club|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 1931|title=JEWISH COMMUNITY DANCE Successful Effort for Charity .. at Messrs Powolny's banqueting hall|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 1935|title=WHIST DRIVE NOTICE HULL JEWISH EX-SERVICE MEN'S ASSOCIATION FUND|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 October 1946|title=JEWISH CHARITY DANCE Members of the Hull Jewish Orphan Aid Society, assembled at the New York Ballroom .. in aid of the Norwood Orphanage|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 March 1949|title=HULL JEWS' APPEAL FOR ORPHANS .. dinner in the Guildhall given by the Hull B'Nai B'Rith Lodge to launch an appeal ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> | |||
| === Meeting need === | |||
| Living in a major port, Hull's Jewish community has a history of charity both to residents, and to transient and settling immigrants.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=|date=2017|title=The Hull Jewish Community|url=http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/research/research-guides/jewish-community.aspx|url-status=live|website=Hull History Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Hull - Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Hullcomm/hull-vic.htm|access-date=10 December 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> The Philanthropic Society of 1848 was early among many voluntary agencies, running soup kitchens and clothing shelters, giving financial relief to indigents and travellers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=54, 55, 57|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> In 1854 there was a collection for poor ], and women were aided by the Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society of 1861.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=55, 56|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Hull – Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain (Papers by Aubrey Newman)|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/Hullcomm/hull-vic.htm|access-date=26 March 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> In 1869, general subscription funds were initiated for destitute, sick, and dying immigrants, and for the resident poor in winter.<ref name=":162">{{Cite news|date=15 October 1869|title=Hull .. steamers ply daily between Hull and Hamburg .. the greater part of them being in a destitute condition .. Chebrah Kadish .. to be supported by small monthly payments|work=Jewish Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 November 1869|title=Hull Hebrew Congregation|work=Jewish Record}}</ref> In the twentieth century, other groups included Hull Jewish Blind Society and an Orphan Aid Society.<ref name=":9" /> | |||
| Various charities had merged as the Hull Hebrew Board of Guardians in 1880, which then had 1,646 recipients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=55|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull Hebrew Board of Guardians – Hull History Centre Catalogue|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-DJC-1-9|access-date=19 March 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> A hundred years or so later it was renamed Hull Jewish Care,<ref>{{Cite web|title=HULL JEWISH COMMUNITY CARE – Charity 227049|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/sector-data/top-10-charities/-/charity-details/227049/full-print|access-date=19 March 2021|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk}}</ref> with an elders home on Anlaby Road from the 1950s until 2013.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2013|title=Declining demand forces the closure of Hull's welfare home|url=https://www.thejc.com/community/community-news/declining-demand-forces-the-closure-of-hull-s-welfare-home-1.43958|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref><ref name=":79">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=221|oclc=995382563}}</ref> In 1909 John Symons had left £20,000 to establish a home for incurables and the poor of Hull (see ], Civic leaders).<ref name=":140" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull. Public services. Hospital Services and Homes|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp371-386#h3-0015|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> Charles Jacobs, and his son Lord Mayor AK Jacobs (see ], Civic leaders), created by bequest the Jacobs Homes for the elderly, on Askew Avenue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=Charities – Almshouses. British History Online. A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp335-347#h3-0005|url-status=live|access-date=3 May 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Jacobs Homes|url=https://housingcare.org/accommodation-detail-template/|access-date=3 May 2021|website=HousingCare}}</ref> | |||
| === Social === | |||
| The Hull Hebrew Literary & Debating Society was funded in 1895 for readings and music.<ref>{{Cite news|first=|date=18 December 1896|title=HULL. At a general meeting of the Hull Hebrew Literary and Debating Society ..|work=Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> The Jewish Girls Club was founded in 1900, and The City Club, Wright Street was founded in 1901.<ref name=":11" /> The Hull Judeans of Lower Union Street,<ref name=":12" /> founded 1919,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dee|first=David|date=1 July 2012|title='The Sunshine of Manly Sports and Pastimes': Sport and the Integration of Jewish Refugees in Britain, 1895–1914|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02619288.2010.502722|journal=Immigrants & Minorities|volume=30|issue=2–3|pages=318–342|doi=10.1080/02619288.2010.502722|s2cid=145690246|issn=0261-9288}}</ref> later part of the ], organised sports such as cricket, football, table-tennis and swimming,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull Judeans Maccabi Association – Hull History Centre Catalogue|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-DJC-1-23|access-date=26 March 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 August 1937|title=HULL JEWISH GALA SWIMMING FINDING TEAM TO SEND TO OLYMPIC GAMES .. aim of the British Maccabi Association|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 1944|title=Hull Judeans' Club .. so active in sports, social, and cultural circles in pre-war days, has recommenced its activities|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> whilst for elders the Hull Jewish Friendship Club began in the mid-20th century.<ref name=":79" /> The Jewish (ex-serviceman's) Institute at 208 Anlaby Road, later Henry's nightclub, served numerous communal functions, as did the Parkfield Centre from 1973, later a Sikh Temple, behind the ], Anlaby Road.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":101" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Campbell|first=James|date=22 April 2020|title=Temple plans edge closer for Hull's Sikh community|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/sikh-temple-plans-west-hull-4068050|access-date=12 May 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> | |||
| === Religious === | |||
| By the 1930s, one communal burial society ]) was run by the several synagogues, as was the Hull Board of ], for the organised provision of ] food.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":101" /> The synagogues are also constituted as charities.<ref>{{cite web|title=HULL HEBREW CONGREGATION – Charity 1035451|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/1035451|access-date=7 May 2021|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HULL REFORM SYNAGOGUE – Charity 1080550|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/3963852|access-date=7 May 2021|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk}}</ref> See Synagogues. | |||
| === Political === | |||
| The Hull ] men's and women's lodges and youth organisation provided links with other communities including Israel,<ref name=":9" /> whilst the Hull Jewish Representative Council after the Second World War managed political issues,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hull Jewish Representative Council – Hull History Centre Catalogue|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-DJC-1-19|access-date=26 March 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref><ref name=":79" /><ref name=":101" /> later publishing Hull's ''Jewish Watchman'' newsletter.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web|date=20 September 1957|title='The Watchman' First Edition – Hull History Centre Catalogue|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-DJC-1-20-1-2-38|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref> | |||
| Fruit-machine manufacturer Jack Lennard,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mach Part 3 – Glenvil Press|url=https://sites.google.com/site/machpart3/glenvil|access-date=11 May 2021|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> founded the Hull Council for Soviet Jewry,<ref name=":78" /> and the Wilberforce Council for Human Rights,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilberforce Council for Human Rights – Library {{!}} University of Leeds|url=https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/participant/106259|access-date=29 March 2021|website=explore.library.leeds.ac.uk}}</ref> as well as the Hull Jewish Archive.<ref name=":46">{{Cite web|title=Research Files Compiled by Jack Lennard – Hull History Centre Catalogue|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-DJC-4-1|access-date=1 April 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref> | |||
| == Synagogues == | |||
| === Pre-1900s === | |||
| A reference to a synagogue demolished in 1700, situated on the narrow Dagger Lane in the Old Town, has been discredited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Dagger Lane Synagogue (demolished), Hull, Yorkshire|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/hu8_dagger/index.htm|access-date=24 May 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 1882|title=AN ANCIENT SYNAGOGUE AT HULL .. there had been but two synagogues during the last hundred years. Recently I have had the privilege of perusing some hundreds of MSS. compiled some 200 years since, among which was one giving a description of the Jewish synagogue as it appeared up to the ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref name=":154" /><ref name=":106" /><ref name=":138">{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=121|oclc=50123510}}</ref> | |||
| In 1780, the year of the ], a mob sacked a Catholic chapel on Posterngate, which was nearly opposite Dagger Lane;<ref>{{cite web|last=Baine|date=1823|title=A History of Hull from Baine's Gazetteer. Churches and Chapels. The Jews|url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/HullHistoryBaines/HullHistory09|url-status=live|access-date=19 November 2021|website=www.genuki.org.uk}}</ref> this was rebuilt and rented, as a "neat and convenient" ] for 25 to 30 worshippers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=London : Simpkin, Marshall & co|others=Online at: University of California Libraries|year=1864|location=London|pages=439–40}}</ref> In 1809, a larger rival was founded at 7 Parade Row (later demolished for ]),<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & co|others=Online at: University of California Libraries|year=1864|location=London|pages=440}}</ref> by the respected and affluent Joseph Lyon (c.1765–1812) of Blackfriargate, pawnbroker, slopman (clothier) and silversmith. Lyon funded Samuel Simon as minister (see Rabbis).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=113|oclc=50123510}}</ref> | |||
| In 1825 Solomon Meyer, pawnbroker and merchant (of Hull and Sheffield), and Israel Jacobs, jeweler and goldsmith (of Hull and Scarborough), as synagogue presidents, led Posterngate and Parade Row to amalgamate into the Hull Hebrew Congregation, 7 Robinson Row (off Dagger Lane),<ref name=":15" /> which was consecrated 1827.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=|title=History & Directory of East Yorkshire|publisher=Bulmer & Co.|year=1892|location=Preston}}</ref><ref name=":71" /> Paid for by the ] and by mortgage, the new ] had 100 seats,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stubley|first=Peter|title=SERIOUS RELIGION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF PUBLIC MANNERS: THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF EVANGELICALISM IN HULL. 1770–1914. PhD Thesis|publisher=University of Durham|year=1991|pages=281}}</ref> and a covered passage from the narrow cobbled street.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Results – Hull Museums Collections|url=http://museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk/collections/search-results/image.php?keywordsorig=jew&titleorig=&personorig=&placeorig=&dateorig=&materialorig=&accessionnumberorig=&collectionorig=&museumorig=&keywords=jewish&SearchSubmit_x=0&SearchSubmit_y=0&newsearch=new&title=&person=&place=&date=&material=&accessionnumber=&collectionall=all&museumall=all&location=any&Sender=List&Page=&irn=114860|access-date=27 March 2021|website=museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Robinson Row, Hull, 1979|url=https://flashbak.com/hull-yorkshire-photographs-1970s-1980s-436112/robinson-row-hull-1979/|access-date=8 April 2021|website=Flashbak}}</ref> Rebuilt under the leadership of ] c. 1851–1852, in Grecian-style with stained glass,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=51|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> it seated 200 men and 80 women in the gallery, but by 1900 it was overcrowded.<ref name=":98" /> | |||
| === Post-1900s === | |||
| ] | |||
| Over 200 years, tensions amongst congregations came and went peacefully, except for occasional synagogue scuffles.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|date=2017|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=London|pages=203–223|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1968|title=Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy, 1820-1890: First Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature at Cambridge," Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England|journal=Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England|volume=21|pages=155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 April 1865|title=DISGRACEFUL CONDUCT AT THE JEWISH SYNAGOGUE .. At the Police-court .. Mr Abraham Barnett .. for assaulting .. Mr Jacob Alper ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 October 1872|title=An Affray at the Hull Synagogue .. Hull Police Court .. large assembly of the principal members of the Hebrew congregation worshipping in Robinson row .. Louis Israel v. Elias Hart ..|work=Hull Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 1873|title=SCANDALOUS DISTURBANCE IN THE JEWISH SYNAGOGUE .. at Hull Police Court .. Solomon Wacholder was summoned for assaulting Mr. Isaac Hart and Marcus Markwould, and Louis Klein for aiding and abetting him in doing so ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 June 1878|title=ANOTHER DISGRACEFUL AFFAIR AT THE JEWISH SYNAGOGUE .. defendant had continued to behave in an manner in the Synagogue ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 July 1925|title=SYNAGOGUE SCENE. STRANGE EPISODE COGAN ST. SPLIT COMMUNITY? Stormy scenes have taken place Cogan-street, Hull, result of dispute between two sections ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> It was conflict with newcomers that led established families in 1902 to build the Western Synagogue for over 600, on Linnaeus Street along Anlaby Road; it was new-built in Byzantine style,<ref name=":150">{{cite web|last=Miscellanies|first=Jewish|date=11 May 2021|title=The Jewish Year Book, London, 1907, edited by Rev. Isidore Harris – Provincial Communities|url=https://jewishmiscellanies.com/2021/05/10/the-jewish-year-book-london-1907-edited-by-rev-isidore-harris-provincial-communities/|access-date=19 May 2021|website=Jewish Miscellanies}}</ref> the architect BS Jacobs, son of ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=52, 54, 63, 82|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":41">{{cite web|title=JCR-UK: the former Hull Western Synagogue, Hull, Yorkshire|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/hu4/index.htm|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Linnaeus Street|url=https://www.carnegiehull.co.uk/the-anlaby-road/linnaeus-street.php|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.carnegiehull.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":40" /> The remainder of Jews from Robinson Row relocated in 1903, as Hull Old Hebrew Congregation, to an Osborne Street new-build,<ref name=":104">{{Cite news|date=8 January 1902|title=The Hull Jewish community have secured .. Osborne Street for a new synagogue to accommodate all classes of worshippers, school for the education of Jewish boys|work=Sheffield Evening Telegraph}}</ref> which was by then the main Jewish area. With adorned entrances and later facilities, it seated 350 men, and 350 women above.<ref name=":89">{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Hull Old Hebrew Congregation (Synagogue closed), Hull, Yorkshire|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/hu3/index.htm|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=82, 86|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":76">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=219|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=GENUKI|title=Genuki: The Jewish Synagogue, (Osborne Street), Hull, Yorkshire (East Riding)|url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/PhotoFrames/22SynagogueAnneStreet|access-date=6 April 2021|website=www.genuki.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Osborne Street Synagogue, Hull, Yorks.: The Leeds Database|url=https://british-jewry.org.uk/leedsjewry/placesearch.php?psearch=Osborne+Street+Synagogue,+Hull,+Yorks.&tree=1|access-date=6 April 2021|website=british-jewry.org.uk}}</ref><ref name=":131" /> | |||
| About 1870 ] gathered off School Street, in what was in 1887 consecrated as "Hull Central Hebrew Congregation," Waltham Street.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=52|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 September 1887|title=A NEW SYNAGOGUE FOR HULL|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> Some joined Osborne Street in 1903, the rest in 1914 founded Cogan Street synagogue, refurbishing the neoclassical Salem Congregational Chapel, which had held 950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protestant Nonconformity {{!}} British History Online|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp311-330|access-date=27 March 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=GENUKI|title=Genuki: The Salem Congregational Chapel, Cogan Street, Hull, Yorkshire (East Riding)|url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/PhotoFrames/51SalemCongregationalChapelCoganStreet|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.genuki.org.uk}}</ref><ref name=":101" /><ref name=":132">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|pages=21–2|oclc=45305328}}</ref> In 1928 a rabbinical dispute erupted in the press over bones in its crypt, only re-buried in 1946 after the Cogan Street ] was bombed out in 1940.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 February 1928|title=BAN ON SYNAGOGUE Jews Forbidden to Pray in It Following Discovery of Family Vaults .. under the Cogan St Synagogue, Hull, Rabbi Schwartz has issued an order forbidding Jews to use|work=Daily Mirror|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":57">{{Cite news|date=15 May 1928|title=BONES IN SYNAGOGUE. HULL RABBI'S ACTION NOT SUSTAINED. JEWISH CHURCH LAW CASE. LONDON .. The Chief Rabbi, Dr Hertz, who recently visited Hull, has not sustained the action of the local Rabbi who placed ban upon worship ..|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 August 1946|title=NOTICE OF INTENDED REMOVAL OF HUMAN REMAINS AND MONUMENTS OR TOMBSTONES FROM THE SYNAGOGUE PREMISES .. NOTICE OF INTENDED REMOVAL OF HUMAN REMAINS AND MONUMENTS OR TOMBSTONES FROM THE SYNAGOGUE PREMISES (FORMERLY A METHODIST CHURCH), COGAN-ST ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref name=":90">{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Hull Central Synagogue (closed), Yorkshire|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/hu1/index.htm|access-date=27 March 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> The Central Congregation moved to West Parade, and in 1951 to 94 Park Street (formerly Alderman Cogan Girl's School) closing in 1976 to merge with Linnaeus Street.<ref name=":90" /><ref name=":132" /> | |||
| The Fischoff Synagogue of Lower Union Street, opened 1928 by ], closed in the 1941 ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: the former New Hebrew Congregation, Hull, Yorkshire, England|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/hu2/index.htm|access-date=27 March 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":80">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=215|oclc=995382563}}</ref> There were other short-lived ].<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Hull Jewish Community, Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/hull.htm|access-date=19 March 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref name=":126" /> | |||
| Osborne Street shul was also destroyed in the 1941 ], but restored after the Second World War.<ref name=":89" /> It was sold in 1989 and later became part of the Heaven and Hell nightclub.<ref name=":77" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Mutch|first=Michael|date=4 May 2021|title=Demolition begins on Hull's legendary Heaven and Hell nightclub|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/demolition-begins-hulls-legendary-heaven-5373816|access-date=7 May 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> The congregation merged with that of Linnaeus Street, taking new premises in Pryme Street, Anlaby,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull Hebrew Congregation {{!}} Orthodox Jewish Synagogue in Hull, East Yorkshire|url=https://www.hullhebrewcongregation.com/|access-date=1 April 2021|website=Hull Hebrew}}</ref><ref name=":77" /> which were consecrated in 1995.<ref>{{cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|pages=27–8|oclc=45305328}}</ref> | |||
| === Present === | |||
| As of 2021 the active synagogues are Hull Hebrew Congregation (] Orthodox) – in Pryme Street Anlaby;<ref name=":100">{{Cite web |title=Hull Hebrew Congregation – Jewish Small Communities Network |url=https://jscn.org.uk/small-communities/hull-hebrew-congregation/ |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jewish Chronicle|date=10 March 2021|title=Hull becomes a United Synagogue|url=https://www.thejc.com/community/community-news/hull-becomes-a-united-synagogue-1.512727|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref> and the ] ], which opened in 1992 at Willerby, twenty-five years after the ]'s formation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hull Reform Synagogue – Ne've Shalom|url=http://hull-reform.co.uk/|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2021|website=hull-reform.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Short History of Nev'e Shalom|url=http://hull-reform.co.uk/Pages/About%20Us/history.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2021|website=hull-reform.co.uk}}</ref> Through the efforts of community leader and historian Jack Lennard,<ref name=":46" /> Linnaeus Street shul is a ], mentioned by ],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pevsner|first=Nikolaus|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49299297|title=Yorkshire: York and the East Riding|publisher=Yale University Press|others=David Neave, Susan Neave, J. Hutchinson|year=2002|isbn=978-0-300-09593-7|edition=2nd|location=New Haven, Connecticut|page=551|oclc=49299297}}</ref> now an office.<ref name=":40" /> | |||
| === Rabbis === | |||
| Salis Daiches,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holtschneider|first=Hannah|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvs32qt4|title=Jewish Orthodoxy in Scotland: Rabbi Dr Salis Daiches and Religious Leadership|date=2019|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-5259-5|jstor=10.3366/j.ctvs32qt4}}</ref> who was from a Lithuanian dynasty of Rabbis,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daiches Family|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/daiches-family|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> served Hull to 1907;<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 1907|title=Hull Jewish Minister's Resignation. Rev Leaves For London.|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> he was later the leading Rabbi in ], and published the recently-reprinted ''Aspects of Judaism'' (1928).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Daiches|first=Salis|title=Aspects of Judaism. Selected essays.|publisher=George Routledge & Sons|year=1928|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daiches|first=Salis|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035762833|title=Aspects of Judaism : selected essays|date=2018|isbn=978-1-315-12235-9|location=Oxon|oclc=1035762833}}</ref> Rabbi Mordechai Schwartz, in Hull since 1920, published sermons,<ref>{{cite web|last=Miscellanies|first=Jewish|date=20 April 2020|title=Sefer Doresh Tov LeAmo by Rabbi Mordechai Zvi Schwartz, London 1917|url=https://jewishmiscellanies.com/2020/04/20/sefer-doresh-tov-leamo-by-rabbi-mordechai-zvi-schwartz-london-1917/|access-date=19 May 2021|website=Jewish Miscellanies}}</ref> and in 1926, the anti-Darwinian Faith and Science.<ref name=":56">{{cite web|last=Miscellanies|first=Jewish|date=24 June 2020|title=Faith and Science, by Rabbi Mordechai Tzvi Schwartz, Rabbi of the Jewish Community of Hull, London 1926|url=https://jewishmiscellanies.com/2020/06/23/faith-and-science-by-rabbi-mordechai-tzvi-schwartz-rabbi-of-the-jewish-community-of-hull-london-1926/|access-date=3 April 2021|website=Jewish Miscellanies}}</ref> Schwartz was involved in a major dispute over Cogan Street synagogue.<ref name=":57" /> In 1931 Rabbi Samuel Brod (arrived Hull 1898, d.1938) published a book of articles on the ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Miscellanies|first=Jewish|date=29 January 2020|title=Maarche Shmuel by Rabbi Samuel Menachem Brod of Hull, 1931|url=https://jewishmiscellanies.com/2020/01/28/maarche-shmuel-by-rabbi-samuel-menachem-brod-of-hull-1931/|access-date=3 April 2021|website=Jewish Miscellanies}}</ref> | |||
| Rabbi Louis Miller, father of New York's Rabbi Alan Miller (see Notable people), was minister of the Hull Western Synagogue and headmaster of its Hebrew School from 1920–30.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Rabbinical Profiles of Orthodox Ministers whose Surnames begin with M|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Profiles/minister_profiles_orthodox_M.htm|access-date=18 April 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref name=":130">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=12|oclc=45305328}}</ref> Eliezer Simcha Rabinowitz BA was from a rabbinical line,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabbinical Profiles|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Profiles/minister_profiles_orthodox_R.htm|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> and as Hull's Minister in 1953, became the first communal Rabbi of Hull (1956–59), and later, of ] and ]. Rabbi Chaim Joshua Cooper MA Ph.D. (1917–99), born in London, was renowned for his intellect as Hull's communal Jewish leader from 1960, active into the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabbinical Profiles. Rabbi Dr. Chaim Joshua Cooper|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Profiles/minister_profiles_orthodox_C.htm|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref name=":133">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=19|oclc=45305328}}</ref> | |||
| === Cantors and synagogue officers === | |||
| Samuel Simon was the earliest minister, serving from the 1820s to 1866. Simon was also a ] (ritual slaughterer) and ] (circumciser); he was later known as the alter ] (old reverend).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=38, 40|jstor=29779979|issn=0962-9696}}</ref> Shul secretary and Minister Rev. Isaac Hart taught at the school around 1870.<ref name=":166">{{Cite news|date=11 June 1869|title=Hull |work=Jewish Record}}</ref><ref name=":165" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 November 1869|title=Alderman Sir David Salomons Bart |work=Jewish Record}}</ref> Abraham Elzas, who was educated in Holland and well-traveled, was a minister as well as master of the Hebrew school, and a mason. He also published translations of several books of the Bible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elzas, Abraham – The 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia -|url=https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tje/e/elzas-abraham.html|access-date=19 May 2021|website=StudyLight.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|date=2002|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=129,144–5,146,157|oclc=50123510}}</ref> | |||
| Highly-regarded ministers remembered include Revs. Harry Abrahams and Judah Levinson of Osborne Street;<ref name=":74">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=Elstree|pages=218|oclc=995382563}}</ref><ref name=":133" /> and Revs. Joshua Freedberg, David Hirsch, and Hyman Davies of Linnaeus Street.<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":130" /> | |||
| As elsewhere, each synagogue had a sequence of not only ministers,<ref name=":170" /> but also presidents, vice-presidents, ] and secretaries.<ref name=":126" /> Some individuals and families have featured in these roles for decades – at Linnaeus Street, the Rosenstons and Conrad Segelman,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=14|oclc=45305328}}</ref> and at Osborne Street Harry Shulman.<ref name=":134">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=20|oclc=45305328}}</ref> Nevertheless, it was often the modest ] (caretaker, beadle), who was the most familiar face, such as latterly at Linnaeus Street, Harry Westerman.<ref name=":41" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=13|oclc=45305328}}</ref> | |||
| == Cemeteries == | |||
| Hull has five known Orthodox cemeteries, and a recent Reform one, with 2,500 burials in all,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=David|date=2005|title=Hull's six Jewish cemeteries|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Hullcomm/hullSixJewishCemeteries.htm|url-status=live|website=JCR-UK}}</ref> discounting an unsupported claim of a mediaeval Jewish cemetery.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & co.|others=Online at: University of California Libraries|year=1864|location=London|pages=451}}</ref> | |||
| From c.1780, a small plot at West Dock Terrace (later "Villa Place") saw burials until the last (of Joseph Lyon) in 1812. George Alexander,<ref name=":170" /> community leader and synagogue president, silversmith and coin dealer, and the Levy family then opened a Hessle Road site,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Growth of Hessle Road – 1870|url=https://www.hullwebs.co.uk/content/l-20c/city/hessle-rd/1870.htm|access-date=30 March 2021|website=www.hullwebs.co.uk}}</ref> which was in use until 1858. It sits next to the landmark 1895 Alexandra Hotel,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Alexandra Hotel, Kingston upon Hull, Kingston upon Hull|url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101197742-alexandra-hotel-myton-ward|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2021|website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020|title=Jewish. Alexandra Hotel – Hull|url=https://modernmooch.com/tag/jewish/|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2021|website=modernmooch.com}}</ref> with Star of David overglazings marking a once-Jewish area,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cobbler and A Trawlerman in East Riding of Yorkshire|url=https://whatsonhub.com/events/united-kingdom/east-riding-of-yorkshire/the-cobbler-and-a-trawlerman/|access-date=13 May 2021|website=Hull What's On}}</ref> it holds Israel Jacobs,<ref name=":6" /> and Barna(r)d Barna(r)d, jeweller, watchmaker and ] (d.1821), "buried with honour".<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":65" /> | |||
| In East Hull is the 1858 larger Delhi Street site, with the earliest graves lost to a 1941 German bomb.<ref name=":14" /> Expanded c.1900 it had a pre-burial hall and served Linnaeus Street and Osborne Street ]. In 2002 vandals damaged 110 graves, and smashed another 80 in 2011.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":94">{{Cite news|author=Gray|first=Chris|date=17 September 2011|title=Desecration of Jewish cemetery fuels fears of a growing trend in|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/desecration-of-jewish-cemetery-fuels-fears-of-a-growing-trend-in-anti-semitic-violence-5361207.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> The cemetery contains five ] of Jewish service personnel, one from the ] and four from the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hull Delhi Street Jewish Cemetery|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/search-results/?CemeteryExact=true&Cemetery=HULL%20DELHI%20STREET%20(JEWISH)%20CEMETERY|website=CWGC.org|access-date=4 February 2022}}Cemetery report.</ref> | |||
| In 1935 the Osborne Street congregation sought space at Marfleet Lane;<ref name=":77" /> buried there is synagogue secretary Phineas Hart (d.1952 age 80),<ref name=":134" /> who helped destitute immigrants; it also contains a Commonwealth war grave of Signalman Benedict Korklin, who died in the Second World War.<ref name=Korklin>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/75229202/BENEDICT%20KORKLIN/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> | |||
| The Central Congregation established in 1889 Ella Street Cemetery, in the ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 1889|title=CENTRAL HULL JEWISH SYNAGOGUE .. new burying ground|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> It is now the main Orthodox cemetery, one grave is of Annie Sheinrog headmistress (d.1985 age 94, see Schools). | |||
| Since 1975, the Reform Congregation has a small site in Anlaby.<ref>Anlaby Cemetery Users' Handbook East Riding of Yorkshire Council p.4 https://www.eastriding.gov.uk/EasySiteWeb/GatewayLink.aspx?alId=105859</ref><ref name=":14" /> | |||
| == Schools == | |||
| In 1826 the Robinson Row ] had a makeshift ], and by 1852, 40 boys and girls were in a rebuilt facility there, learning Hebrew, English and arithmetic.<ref name=":67">{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=67, 70|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref name=":136">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=32|oclc=45305328}}</ref> In 1838, there was also a free school for the poor.<ref name=":67" /> Due to the work of Philip Bender, Rev. Isaac Hart and others,<ref name=":136" /><ref name=":166" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=I.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|date=2002|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=127,130,140–1,157,160|oclc=50123510}}</ref><ref name=":165" /> schooling for boys and girls (which was segregated by gender) developed further, in West Street by the 1870s,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=3|oclc=45305328}}</ref> and separate institutions were established in Osborne Street by 1887.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull. Schools in Existence before 1945|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp348-370#h3-0010|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/HullStreets/Hull1892StreetsO|title=History & Directory of East Yorkshire. .. |publisher=Bulmer & Co|year=1892|location=Preston}}</ref><ref name=":104" /> A girls school was started in 1863,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=69|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> and with infants, it took in 200 pupils in 1900;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp348-370|title=A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, the City of Kingston Upon Hull|publisher=Victoria County History|year=1969|isbn=0-19-722737-6|location=London|pages=348–70}}</ref> under headmistress Miss Annie Sheinrog, this long continued,<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":137">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=33|oclc=45305328}}</ref> through to wartime evacuation in ], and closure in 1945.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|date=2002|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=140–6|oclc=50123510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=34|oclc=45305328}}</ref> | |||
| From 1870 on, boys state-schooling took hold,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2002|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=144|oclc=50123510}}</ref> supplemented by early morning or evening communal Hebrew School, attached to the larger synagogues.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 1896|title=HULL. On Sunday last over 100 boys attending the Hebrew Evening Classes ..|work=Jewish Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":104" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK: Hebrew School, Hull Records 1845–1945|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Hullcomm/hull_hebrew.htm|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sugarman|first=Philip|title=Bigshots and barmpots. A family history. |year=2019|location=Northampton|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":150" /> The surviving Sunday morning ] at Linnaeus Street,<ref name=":101" /> for boys and girls, was supplemented around 1966 by evening classes at Kirk Ella School, and soon relocated there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Kirk Ella St Andrew's C.P. School|url=https://kirkellaprimaryschool.org.uk/about-kirkella-primary-school/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=Kirk Ella Primary School}}</ref> Latterly it was run at the , and lastly at Pryme Street synagogue,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull Hebrew Congregation {{!}} Orthodox Jewish Synagogue in Hull, East Yorkshire|url=https://www.hullhebrewcongregation.com/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=Hull Hebrew}}</ref> before closing around 2010. Michael Westerman was the last headmaster.<ref name=":137" /> | |||
| In addition to local state-schools like ] in the Boulevard, ] and ] (girls), and ] in Anlaby Park, favoured private schools were ] (boys),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maurice Gosschalk|url=https://www.hymerscollege.co.uk/hymers-100/maurice-gosschalk|access-date=2 April 2021|website=Hymers College}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite web|title=Gus Plaut|url=https://www.hymerscollege.co.uk/hymers-100/gus-plaut|access-date=2 April 2021|website=Hymers College}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite web|last=Grantham|first=Anna|date=2015|title=Obituary: Max Gold|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/obituaries/obituary-max-gold-1.441039|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref><ref name=":55">{{Cite news|last=Goldrein|first=Iain|date=2021|title=Neville Clive Goldrein|pages=132–3|work=The Hymerian|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="antiquestradegazette.com">{{Cite web|title=Obituary: collector and author Malcolm Shields {{!}} Antiques Trade Gazette|url=https://www.antiquestradegazette.com/print-edition/2020/july/2450/backpage/obituary-collector-and-author-malcolm-shields/|access-date=3 April 2021|website=www.antiquestradegazette.com}}</ref><ref name=":145">{{Cite web|title=Forbes, Joel Scott {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914 – 1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/directory-newtest/listing/forbes-joel-scott/|access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> and to a lesser extent, ] (girls). | |||
| == Anti-Semitism == | |||
| The Jews of Hull often report their home as, for example, an "historic and welcoming city,"<ref name=":112" /> which has shown "maximum tolerance and understanding to religious minorities."<ref name=":127">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=v|oclc=45305328}}</ref> Ironically, ], who persecuted England's Jews up to their ] in 1290,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Expulsion of Jews|url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item103483.html|access-date=17 May 2021|website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> granted Hull's charter as "King's Town".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=xiv|oclc=45305328}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1299 Charter {{!}} Hull History Centre|url=http://hullhistorycentre.org.uk/research/research-guides/1299-charter.aspx|access-date=17 May 2021|website=hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref> ] has a ],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Massacre of the Jews at Clifford's Tower, York|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/cliffords-tower-york/history-and-stories/massacre-of-the-jews/|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=English Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cardaun|first=Sarah K|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004300897/B9789004300897_004.xml|title=Countering contemporary anti-semitism in Britain|publisher=Brill|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-30089-7|location=Leiden|pages=37–59|chapter=Antisemitism in England and Britain: A History of Prejudice and Divided Responses|doi=10.1163/9789004300897_004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 February 2020|title=Anti-Semitic abuse at record high, says charity|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51387844|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> and in Hull. | |||
| === Religious persecution === | |||
| In 1769, a local pamphlet claimed that the Wandering Jew of Jerusalem -- a cobbler condemned for spitting in the face of Jesus -- had arrived in Hull. No chains could contain him, and he never aged, as he awaited the ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 1881|title=THE WANDERING JEW IN HULL, 1769.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1881/10/09/archives/the-wandering-jew-in-hull-1769.html|access-date=11 April 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Since the ] of Jews from England, such myths shaped how Jews were perceived,<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 October 1814|title=The Wandering Jew .. appearance in Italy of a mysterious person, whom the multitude asserted was the Wandering Jew|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoeveler|first=Diane Long|title=The Jews and British Romanticism|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2005|isbn=978-1-137-06285-7|editor-last=Spector|editor-first=S.A.|location=New York|pages=165–178|chapter=Charlotte Dacre's Zofloya: The Gothic Demonization of the Jew}}</ref> leading up to the Evangelical call for the ], promoted by Hull's famed ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scult|first=Mel|date=1973|title=English Missions to the Jews: Conversion in the Age of Emancipation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466746|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=3–17|jstor=4466746|issn=0021-6704}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=74, 75|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 September 1867|title=AMONG THE JEWS .. world would never be converted until the Jews first were. The conversion the Jews is the key the conversion of the world|work=Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 March 1869|title=THE JEWS .. lecture .. by the Rev C. Godfrey Ashwin .. on .. superstitions of the Jews, and the means of removing them|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 October 1882|title=CHRISTIANITY AMONGST THE JEWS .. annual meeting of the Hull Branch of the Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews was held at the Royal Institution|work=Hull Packet}}</ref> Arrivals to the port, (as elsewhere) were proffered Christianizing meetings and pamphlets in ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gidney|first=W|date=1908|title=The History of the London Society for promoting chrisitianity amongst the Jews. From 1809 to 1908.|url=https://missiology.org.uk/pdf/e-books/gidney_w-t/london-society-for-promoting-christianity-among-the-jews.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There was an active mission in Hull throughout the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 1796|title=CURIOUS SELECTIONS .. Elizabeth, Jew convert, daughter of Rabbi Moses, was allowed two-pence a day, a consideration for being deserted by her family, on account of changing her religion ..|work=Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 1811|title=LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTION OF CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS. MR. ISAAC WILSON, Bookseller, Lowgate, Hull, has received for Sale, copies of SERMONS Preached for this Society ..|work=Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 1832|title=CHRISTIANITY AMONG THE JEWS .. baptisms of Jews .. Jews of every rank life were now confessing Christ|work=Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 1862|title=JEW Society .. a collection was made in aid of .. the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 November 1869|title=Conversion of a Jewess in the Hull Penitentiary |work=Jewish Record}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1899|title=Kelly's Directory of Hull. Hebrew Mission Society. 45 Great Thornton St.|url=https://specialcollections.le.ac.uk/digital/collection/p16445coll4/id/286178|url-status=live|access-date=17 May 2021|website=specialcollections.le.ac.uk|page=41}}</ref> | |||
| An 1833 petition in Hull viewed emancipation of the Jews as a threat to the ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 March 1833|title=The Jews and the Christian Sabbath|work=The News (London)}}</ref> When ] stood to be ] for nearby ] in 1847, the '']'' saw "a radical jew" and "an anti-christian movement".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=73|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 August 1847|title=|work=Hull Packet}}</ref> However, at that time, the editor of the ''Hull Advertiser'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results {{!}} Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette {{!}} Publication {{!}} British Newspaper Archive|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?newspaperTitle=Hull%20Advertiser%20and%20Exchange%20Gazette|access-date=30 April 2021|via=]}}</ref> was campaigning against such religious prejudice.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=Modern Hull {{!}} British History Online. Public Health and Poor Law, 1835–70|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp215-286#h3-0006|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stubley|first=Peter|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/108654.pdf|title=SERIOUS RELIGION AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF PUBLIC MANNERS: THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF EVANGELICALISM IN HULL. 1770–1914. PhD Thesis|publisher=Durham University|year=1991|pages=127}}</ref> | |||
| Attacks on Jewish graves in Hull continue from the past,<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 March 1950|title=VANDALISM AT HULL JEWISH CEMETERY DURING THE past few years vandalism at the Western Hebrew Congregational cemetery grounds has increased rapidly.|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> into the 21st century (see Cemeteries).<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":94" /> | |||
| === Economic === | |||
| In the early years, Jews in Hull found settled work primarily with other Jews or in self-employment.<ref name=":0" /> In 1838, bill-poster Michael Jacobs was summarily dismissed and accused of theft by a Dr. Johnson, allegations dismissed at court.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 March 1838|title=Hull Police Wednesday, a hard case|work=Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser}}</ref> A peddler in 1841 was racially abused, assaulted and threatened with a knife over a financial dispute,<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 October 1841|title=In the Police Court|work=Hull Packet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Grace|first=Susan|date=July 1998|title=Female Criminality in York and Hull 1830–1870|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2474/1/DX205125.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> although attacks on Jews in the street recurred for various motives.<ref name=":113">{{Cite news|date=23 May 1862|title=ILL-TREATING A JEW .. William Robinson, Thomas Carrill, and John Lee, were summoned by Jacob Milerofsky, a jew, for throwing stones at him and breaking a quantity of glass which he was carrying ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 December 1865|title=HULL POLICE COURT .. drunkenness and disorderly conduct .. the prisoners were charged with assaulting a German Jew and also with wilful damage .. on Christmas night ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 December 1881|title=THE MURDEROUS OUTRAGE ON A JEW AT HULL|work=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 January 1885|title=THE ASSAULT ON A HULL JEW AT SCARBOROUGH.|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref name=":91" /> Later, domination of some trades and Trade Union involvement caused local resentment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1969|title=Modern Hull {{!}} British History Online. Industrial Development, 1870–1914|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp215-286#h3-0011|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 February 1886|title=ALIENS v. ENGLISHMEN .. labour by foreigners. Take the tailoring and shoemaking trades. There was a very large amount of this sort of work done in the district. The Polish Jews had taken the trades, and very few Englishmen are now employed. The Jews worked for less, and gradually ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 April 1899|title=LOCK OUT OF HULL JEWISH TAILORS .. meeting of the Jewish Tailors Union, in Hull|work=Leeds Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 November 1913|title=YORKSHIRE ASSIZES. LIBEL ON A HULL JEWISH TRADER|work=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer}}</ref><ref name=":80" /> Similarly, the propensity of sabbath-observant Jews to trade or wish to trade on Sundays was an issue.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1912|title=A LIST OF EVENTS IN 5672 AND NECROLOGY: July 1, 1911, to June 30, 1912. Great Britain. Mass meeting at Hull.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23600788|journal=The American Jewish Year Book|volume=14|pages=140|jstor=23600788|issn=0065-8987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 March 1899|title=HULL JEWS AND SUNDAY WORK. A number of Jews were summoned at the Hull Police Court on Monday for following their employment on Sundays. Mr Twits, the Stipendiary Magistrate. pointed out that it they came to England they out .. to obey the English ..|work=Hull Daily News}}</ref> | |||
| In 1832, Jewish leaders in Hull were confusingly accused in print of "an offensive tax" on meat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finestein|first=Israel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50123510|title=Scenes and personalities in Anglo-Jewry, 1800–2000|date=2002|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=0-85303-443-5|location=London|pages=117|oclc=50123510}}</ref> For years local papers aired crude ],<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 January 1795|title=Cumberland's new Comedy The JEW .. Mr Wilkinson was induced to undertake that long and difficult character SHEVA (the Jew) |work=Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pamphlets|date=14 February 1801|title=Says Dick .. (with a laugh) .. ancestors ador'd calf! True, quoth the Jew, but then we're told This calf was made of gold; And thro' the world friend Dick, you'll find, Gold is the idol of mankind|work=Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 March 1873|title=SHAMEFUL CASE OF JEWISH DUPLICITY IN HULL|work=Hull Packet|url-status=live}}</ref> highlighting Jews as litigious money-lenders,<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 June 1899|title=ISAAC GORDON WORSTED. The Court of Appeal to-day dismissed with the appeal Isaac Gordon, the money lender, in the case of Gordon v Street|work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 February 1915|title=MONEY-LENDER GETS HIS 60 PER CENT .. Justice Coleridge heard action brought H. Blumberg. Sheffield|work=]}}</ref> or mocking them as comical disputants;<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 January 1862|title=A JEW'S PRACTICAL JOKE .. a Jew, named Alexander, brought an action against another Jew, named Jacobs .. to recover a small sum ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=4 October 1893|title=Abraham Isaac and Jacob. Scene in a Dublin Synagogue.|work=]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 September 1895|title=Moses and Jacob. A bedroom episode |work=]}}</ref> they routinely regurgitated London "column-fillers," such as any Jew accused of dishonesty.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 1795|title=LONDON .. one of the Commissioners of the Stamp-Office came to Portsmouth, in consequence of an information again Mr. Grecian Wolfe, Jew, for having counterfeit stamps in his possession ..|work=Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 May 1910|title=JEWISH BREACH OF PROMISE. .. Benjamin Goldstein, the son of a Highbury furrier|work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 February 1922|title=THE JEW'S COAT. Two Jews living in London were summoned Colchester on Tuesday for alternately using the same season ticket.|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 July 1919|title=CHARGE AGAINST MRS V. ISAACS. LONDON|work=]}}</ref> | |||
| === Political === | |||
| There was popular and political support in Hull for the emancipation of Jews from their legal restrictions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 June 1834|title=Imperial Parliament. House of Lords. June 9. Jews. .. The Marquis of Westminster presented several petitions .. from Hull, Bristol and other places.|work=Sun (London)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 November 1856|title=To the Electors of the Borough of Kingston-Upon-Hull .. Civil and Religious Liberty requires yet to be fully vindicated by the admission of Jew to Parliament .. Edwin James|work=Sun (London) - Thursday 0}}</ref> Nevertheless, the first apparently Jewish Mayor of Hull,<ref name=":110" /> was both a target of an acerbic political lampoon, which focused on his race, countenance, demeanour, intellect and loyalties,<ref name=":107">{{Cite book|last=Whiting|first=Henry John|title=Portraits of Public Men|year=1858|location=Hull|pages=1–4, 115}}</ref> and of more subtle taunting, about missionary conversion.<ref name=":111">{{Cite news|date=11 December 1857|title=MR MOSS'S MANDAMUS .. be thrashed until they are converted! It is needless to say that the missionary, dis- trusting this method' of conversion, declined to avail himself .. it has been reserved for Mr Ald. Moss to apply the forcible method ..|work=Hull Packet}}</ref> | |||
| Hostility to Jews in the wake of Eastern European immigration led to the ], with effective cessation of arrivals in 1914.<ref name=":37">{{Cite journal|last=Wray|first=Helena|date=2006|title=The Aliens Act 1905 and the Immigration Dilemma|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3838870|journal=Journal of Law and Society|volume=33|issue=2|pages=302–323|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6478.2006.00359.x|jstor=3838870|issn=0263-323X}}</ref><ref name=":38">{{Cite web|title=1905 Aliens Act|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Aliens_Act.htm|access-date=31 March 2021|website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> First World War xenophobic riots, worst in Hull,<ref name=":142" /> were directed at Germans,<ref name=":97">{{Cite news|date=13 May 2015|title=Anti-German riots spread: from the archive, 13 May 1915 |url= http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/anti-german-riots-lusitania-1915-first-world-war|access-date=19 March 2021|work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull Riots {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/riots/|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> but also fell on Jews<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilam|first=Abraham|date=1 January 1981|title=The Leeds Anti-Jewish Riots 1917|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0449010X.1981.10704824|journal=Jewish Quarterly|volume=29|issue=1|pages=34–37|doi=10.1080/0449010X.1981.10704824|doi-broken-date=28 February 2022|issn=0449-010X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panayi|first=Panikos|date=1 April 1989|title=Anti–German Riots in London during the First World War|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gh/7.2.184|journal=German History|volume=7|issue=2|pages=184–203|doi=10.1093/gh/7.2.184|issn=0266-3554}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History Timeline British Jews in The First World War – We Were There Too|url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/history-timeline.php|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2021|website=www.jewsfww.uk}}</ref><ref name=":93">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77553609|title=The home front encyclopedia : United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=James Ciment, Thaddeus Russell|isbn=978-1-57607-849-5|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=236|oclc=77553609}}</ref> including those in Hull.<ref name=":142">{{Cite web|title=Mass movement, Pals and trawlers: World War One in East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire – Arts and Humanities Research Council|url=https://ahrc.ukri.org/research/fundedthemesandprogrammes/worldwaroneanditslegacy/world-war-one-at-home/ww1ineastyorkandlincoln/massmovementww1/|access-date=7 May 2021|website=ahrc.ukri.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grizzard|first=Nigel|url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526123091/9781526123091.00019.xml|title=The Edwardian Jewish community and the First World War|date=29 March 2019|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-5261-2309-1}}</ref> In 1915, Rev. Isaac Levine of Cogan Street synagogue was beaten as a spy, dragged to a policeman by a drunk – who was himself imprisoned for five months.<ref name=":91">{{cite news|date=5 November 1915|title=Hull Minister's Ordeal|work=]}}</ref> Hannah Feldman, past Lady Mayoress, was also a victim.<ref name=":1" /> Many families anglicised their German-sounding names at this time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hull Riots {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/riots/|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=":93" /> | |||
| In the 1930s ] advertised in Hull,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 November 1934|title=Friday, Massed Fascist Meeting. Queen's Dock, 8 p.m., Blackshirt Policy|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> and attacked Jewish shops; some fought back – in 1936 ] fled the huge first Battle of Corporation Field.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Angus|date=22 October 2017|title=The Hull race riot involving flying bricks and razor blades in potatoes|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/fascist-leader-sir-oswald-mosley-660973|access-date=19 March 2021 |website=HullLive}}</ref><ref name=":74" /> Anti-Semitism was widespread, even during the Second World War, in the Hull area,<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|last=Levinson|first=Norma|title=Memories of Swanland|year=2006|location=Hull History Centre Jewish Community Archive}}</ref> then suddenly taboo after 1945 newsreels of ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Dominic |title=How antisemitism in Britain is rooted in the Second World War|newspaper=] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/antisemitism-in-britain-second-world-war-5ms57flqj|access-date=30 March 2021|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Belsen (1945)|website = ]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGEFw-XGv-s|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pathé|first=British|title=British Troops Enter Belsen|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/british-troops-enter-belsen|access-date=9 September 2021|website=www.britishpathe.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Liberation Of Bergen-Belsen|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-liberation-of-bergen-belsen|access-date=9 September 2021|website=Imperial War Museums}}</ref> Nevertheless, sympathy for ], and ambivalent British support for ],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Britain and Zionism: Then and Now|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/britain-and-zionism-then-and-now|access-date=30 March 2021|website=The Washington Institute}}</ref> were not enough to contain the reaction to ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palestine – Tuesday 12 August 1947 – Hansard – UK Parliament|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1947-08-12/debates/df46d039-3e5b-45fa-98d0-795d09b48ea2/Palestine|access-date=30 March 2021|website=hansard.parliament.uk}}</ref> The 1947 anti-Jewish summer riots,<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 1947|title=Anti-semitic Attacks in Britain Continue into Fourth Day; 700 Riot in Manchester|url=https://www.jta.org/1947/08/06/archive/anti-semitic-attacks-in-britain-continue-into-fourth-day-700-riot-in-manchester|access-date=19 March 2021|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Britain's last anti-Jewish riots|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2012/05/britains-last-anti-jewish-riots|access-date=30 March 2021|website=www.newstatesman.com| date=23 May 2012 }}</ref> were worst in Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow, and in Hull windows of Hessle Road shops were broken.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 August 1947|title=ANTI-JEWISH RIOTERS SET FIRE TO A FACTORY ; THREATS NO SOLUTION COURT TOLD |work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 1947|title=Prison for men who broke window at Hull|work=]}}</ref><ref name=":52" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 1947|title=More anti-Jewish demonstrations|work=The Times}}</ref> | |||
| Hull University has one of the ] from the ], triggered by the ongoing dispute about anti-Zionism and anti-semitism on campus.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2016|title=Trouble on campus: Is the NUS beyond repair?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/may/18/trouble-on-campus-is-the-nus-is-beyond-repair|access-date=9 May 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Oryszczuk|first=Stephen|title=Hull students the latest to disaffiliate from NUS|url=http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/hull-nus-disaffiliation/|access-date=9 May 2021|website=jewishnews.timesofisrael.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Klaff|first=Lesley|date=14 November 2010|title=Anti-Zionist expression on the UK campus: free speech or hate speech?|url=http://jcpa.org/article/anti-zionist-expression-on-the-uk-campus-free-speech-or-hate-speech/|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|volume=22|issue=3 & 4|pages=87–109|issn=0792-335X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1019844795|title=Anti-Zionism on campus : the university, free speech, and BDS|date=2018|others=Andrew Pessin, Doron S. Ben-Atar|isbn=978-0-253-03408-3|location=Bloomington, Indiana|oclc=1019844795}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rozenberg|first=Joshua |date=1 March 2021|title=Drawing a line on freedom of speech|url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/commentary-and-opinion/drawing-a-line-on-freedom-of-speech/5107555.article|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Law Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Qattan|first=Ziad|title=Free speech, Israel-Palestine and the battle to define anti-Semitism at British universities|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2021/3/17/free-speech-israel-palestine-and-the-battle-to-define-anti-semitism|access-date=9 May 2021|website=alaraby| date=17 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 November 2020|title=Statement from 420+ Current UK Students on IHRA Definition of Antisemitism|url=https://www.palestinecampaign.org/statement-from-current-students-on-ihra-definition-of-antisemitism/|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Palestine Solidarity Campaign}}</ref> | |||
| == First World War == | |||
| === War service === | |||
| The touching letters of Marcus Segal, who was killed in 1917, from the trenches to his Hull-born mother, evoke life at the front.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcus SegalBritish Jews in The First World War – We Were There Too|url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/marcus-segal-1273.php|access-date=11 April 2021|website=www.jewsfww.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2013|title=Marcus Segal, Letters from the Trenches|url=https://sarahfairhurstjmm.wordpress.com/2013/08/05/marcus-segal-letters-from-the-trenches/|access-date=11 April 2021|website=Discoveries at the Jewish Military Museum}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| There were about 50 Hull Jewish men who died for their country in the Great War, although many more survived.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hull Western Hebrew Congregation WW1 Roll Of Honour|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/35437|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Imperial War Museums}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{cite web|title=Hull Hebrew Congregation WW1 And WW2 Board|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/40178|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Imperial War Museums}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> A few of the communal tragedies were the deaths of Corporal (Cpl) Harry and Private (Pte) Marcus Silverstone, who were killed weeks apart ] in 1916.<ref name=":103" /> Pte Max Kay (Chayet) of the ] was born in ], lived on Hessle Road, and died of wounds in ] in 1916; he was mentioned in dispatches, and is remembered on the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Max Kay {{!}} British Jews in The First World War - We Were There Too|url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/max-kay-3881.php|access-date=15 November 2021|website=www.jewsfww.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Max Kaye (Chayet) {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914 - 1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/max-kaye-chayet/|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> | |||
| In January 1917, Cpl Harry Furman (aged 20) rescued his pal Pte Simon Levine (aged 21), before both died of their wounds.<ref name=":115">{{Cite web|title=Simon Levine & Harry Furman {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/furman/|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Later that year, Solomon Ellis (previously Moshinsky) was killed, six months before his brother Nathan.<ref name=":103">{{Cite web|title=Hull Jewish Community Roll of Honour {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/sole/|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Louis Newman was killed in France in 1917, three months before his brother Charles died at Ypres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newman, Charles {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/directory-newtest/listing/newman-charles/|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Abraham and Joseph Sultan also both died in the war.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sultan, Abraham {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914–1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/directory-newtest/listing/sultan-abraham/|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Lieutenant (Lt) Edward M. Gosschalk, (aged 33) whose father had been Sheriff of Hull, died in 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edward Meyer Gosschalk. British Jews in The First World War – We Were There Too|url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/edward-meyer-gosschalk-1546.php|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2021|website=www.jewsfww.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Great War Forum|date=2008|title=Lieutenant Edward Meyer Gosschalk|url=https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/94986-lieutenant-edward-meyer-gosschalk/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| Sergeant (Sgt) Jack Aarons was wounded in 1916, and received the ] in 1918; he lived until 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jack Aarons {{!}} British Jews in The First World War - We Were There Too|url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/jack-aarons-4744.php|access-date=11 January 2022|website=www.jewsfww.uk}}</ref> Pte. Louis Shapero also received the ] for conspicuous bravery in rescuing a wounded officer whilst under fire.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 September 1916|title=Louis Shapero|page=9199|work=London Gazette, suppl. 29758}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull Jewish Community Roll of Honour {{!}} Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914 - 1918|url=https://ww1hull.com/sole/|access-date=2022-01-17|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 August 1916|title=HUMOUR FOR JEWISH SOLDIER .. Much satisfaction will be felt among the local Jewish community at the announcement of the award the Military Medal to Private Louis Shapero, East Yorkshire Regiment, for conspicuous bravery in rescuing wounded officer whilst under fire ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 1917|title=.. Mrs Shapero lost her husband a about a year. Six sons and one daughter survive. Of the sons three are in the army, Private Louis, who won the Military Medal for Bravery ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> | |||
| The first Jew to serve in the ] was Wing Commander Joseph Kemper MBE; born in Hull,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wing Commander Joseph Kemper MBE {{!}} British Jews in The First World War - We Were There Too|url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/wing-commander-joseph-kemper-mbe-3088.php|access-date=15 November 2021|website=www.jewsfww.uk}}</ref> he was one of five Jews who served in both the RFC, and in the RAF in the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Jewish Contribution to the Royal Flying Corps {{!}} British Jews in The First World War - We Were There Too|url=https://www.jewsfww.uk/the-jewish-contribution-to-the-royal-flying-corps-3726.php|access-date=15 November 2021|website=www.jewsfww.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kemper, Joseph|url=https://www.rememberingthejewsofww2.co.uk/kemper-joseph/|access-date=15 November 2021|website=Remembering the Jews of WW2}}</ref> | |||
| === Home front === | |||
| In addition to the stress of having sons who were away at war, there was a surge of xenophobia at home (''see '''Anti-Semitism, political''')''.<ref name=":97" /> Bombing by German ]s in Hull hit Jewish traders amidst others in Churchside marketplace,<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 June 2015|title=The day World War One came to Hull|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-32917351|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> and homes such as that of Harris Needler's family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Updates on the Hull Zeppelin raid: 6/7 June 1915 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-england-humber-32920960|url-status=live|access-date=13 April 2021|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – World War One At Home, Porter Street, Hull: Night of Bombardment|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p022v5n8|access-date=27 September 2021|website=BBC}}</ref> | |||
| The wartime economy offered a boom in outfitting for the military,<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 January 1915|title=HULL TAILORS. ARMY WORK FOR THE LOCAL TRADERS. Hull master tailors have received a War Office contract for 1.500 soldiers' uniforms per week .. bv 28 local master tailors|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> and even airplane work and naval salvage.<ref name=":95">{{Cite news|date=27 June 1916|title=Cabinet Maker Foreman and Designer. Apply Marks and Sugarman 46 Osborne Street|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":96">{{Cite news|date=12 August 1918|title=WAR TIME SALVAGE SALE THE YORKSHIRE COAST .. Among the larger buyers were .. Messrs. Sugarman, furniture manufacturers. Hull|work=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer|url-status=live}}</ref> The ],<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 December 1919|title=HULL INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC. HIGH DEATH RATE IN 1918–19|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> and a severe post-war depression eventually tipped many of the same businesses into bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 April 1922|title= .. Marks and Sugarman, at 46, Osborne-street, Hull, has been dissolved ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 December 1923|title=RECORD IN BANKRUPTCIES .. 1922 has established record ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 1922|title=SALES BY AUCTION. Re ISRAEL COBDEN, in Bankruptcy. TO TAILORS, CLOTHIERS, AND OTHERS|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> | |||
| == Second World War == | |||
| === Leading into war === | |||
| Despite immigration restrictions,<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":38" /> some of those fleeing Europe in the 1930s came to Britain, often via Hull.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eva Rosner|url=https://www.ajrrefugeevoices.org.uk/RefugeeVoices/Eva-Rosner|url-status=live|website=AJR Refugee Voices}}</ref> About 120 stayed in the area, at least for a time, including German-speaking doctors like Isserlin and Seewald (see ]).<ref name=":39">{{Cite web|date=6 May 2017|title=Hull History Centre: Roots and Routes: They Come and Go...|url=http://hullhistorycentre.blogspot.com/2017/05/roots-and-routes-they-come-and-go.html|access-date=1 April 2021|website=Hull History Centre}}</ref><ref name=":74" /> The Sprinz family (see ]) settled around Hull after ].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002|title=A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 7, Holderness Wapentake, Middle and North Divisions. Garton. Manors and other estates.|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol7/pp40-50#|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|publisher=Victoria County History|location=London|pages=40–50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sprinz|first=Hugo Carl|date=17 October 1947|title=LIST of ALIENS to whom Certificates of Naturalization have been: granted by the Secretary of State|work=THE LONDON GAZETTE|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38100/page/4909/data.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| Local families, Jewish and Christian, initially took in 63 ] children, of whom at least 22 were brought up in Hull.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kindertransport, 1938–1940|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kindertransport-1938-40|access-date=1 April 2021|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":39" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Rosner|first=Bob|url=|title=One of the lucky ones: rescued by the kindertransport|publisher=Holocaust Centre|year=2006|isbn=978-0-9543001-9-7|location=Newark-on-Trent|oclc=1006238529}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web|title=The Diary of a Young Girl {{!}} Rutgers Magazine|url=https://ucmweb.rutgers.edu/magazine/1013archive/features/spring-2011/the-diary-of-a-young-girl.html|access-date=20 March 2021|website=ucmweb.rutgers.edu}}</ref><ref name=":74" /><ref name=":128">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=7,13|oclc=45305328}}</ref> Among them was Rudolf Wessely, father of psychiatrist Regius Prof. Sir ].<ref name=":101" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wessely|first=Simon|date=30 December 2013|title=Rudolph Wessely obituary|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/dec/30/rudolph-wessely-obituary|access-date=2 April 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Another was Fred Barshak, who had witnessed Kristallnacht in Vienna; like many he later found that his whole family had been killed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Kindertransport violinist is laid to rest – Slipped Disc| date=21 October 2016 |url=https://slippedisc.com/2016/10/a-kindertransport-violinist-is-laid-to-rest/|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":36" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Barschak|first=Fred|date=9 November 2013|title=How Kristallnacht actually saved lives|url=https://www.thejc.com/comment/opinion/how-kristallnacht-actually-saved-lives-1.50712|url-status=live|website=Jewish Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oliver|first=Charlotte|date=2016|title=Tributes to a man 'full of kindness'|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/tributes-to-a-man-full-of-kindness-1.54307|url-status=live|access-date=18 April 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref> A violin prodigy, he studied law at Oxford and became a property developer;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fred Barschak|url=https://www.ajrrefugeevoices.org.uk/RefugeeVoices/Fred-Barschak|url-status=live|website=AJR Refugee Voices}}</ref><ref>Spier, Howard (2003) Fred Barschak. A dash of eccentricity in the air? Association of Jewish Refugees Journal. Vol 3, no.11, p.11 https://ajr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2003_november.pdf</ref> his children are comedian ],<ref>{{cite news|date=24 June 2003|title=Aaron Barschak: 'Comedy terrorist'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3012206.stm|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> and composer/film-maker Tamara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamara Barschak - Film soundtrack composer - Home page |url=http://www.tamarabarschak.com/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.tamarabarschak.com}}</ref> | |||
| As other British Jews, the community in Hull dreaded a ], with good cause. The truth about the ] later called the ] was no secret;<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 1942|title=Germans murder 700,000 Jews in Poland. Travelling gas chambers.|page=5|work=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/jan/27/daily-telegraphs-holocaust-article-in-1942-that-went-unheralded|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 1943|title=Last Minute News Trainloads of Jews Deported from Bulgaria Reach Poland; Sent to "death Camp"|url=https://www.jta.org/1943/06/06/archive/last-minute-news-trainloads-of-jews-deported-from-bulgaria-reach-poland-sent-to-death-camp|access-date=31 March 2021|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 1942|title=British Foreign Office Receives Report of Atrocities in Holocaust|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/british-foreign-office-receives-report-of-atrocities-in-holocaust|url-status=live|access-date=31 March 2021|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> and, it turned out, German plans to round up and kill people in Britain had been drawn up.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oldfield|first=Sybil|title=The black book. The Britons on the Nazi Hitlist|publisher=Profile Books|year=2020|isbn=978-1-78816-508-2}}</ref> Professor Theodor Plaut, at Hull University 1933–1936, was one of the listed Jewish targets.<ref name=":47">{{Cite journal|last=Plaut|first=Theodor|date=1 July 1931|title=International Aspect of the German Situation|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/000271623115600103|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=156|issue=1|pages=9–14|doi=10.1177/000271623115600103|s2cid=144080262|issn=0002-7162}}</ref><ref name=":48">{{Cite web|last=Shoesmith|first=Kevin|date=28 January 2018|title=Revealed: The Hull names on Hitler's hit list|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/revealed-hull-names-hitlers-hit-1129391|access-date=2 April 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> | |||
| === The Hull Blitz === | |||
| In 1940 spirits were high, with fundraising for the forces.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 1940|title=COMFORTS FOR THE FORCES. HULL JEWISH COMMUNITY'S AID TO THE FUND|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> Yet, as a ] the city had a special reason to fear not only invasion, but the ].<ref name=":85">{{Cite book|last=Atkinson|first=D|title=Hull: Culture, History, Place|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78138-419-0|editor-last=Starkey|editor-first=David|location=Liverpool|pages=238–69|chapter=Trauma, Resilience and Utopianism in World War II Hull}}</ref> Hull was the British city that was proportionality most heavily bombed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hull Blitz|url=https://www.history.co.uk/shows/ww2-treasure-hunters/articles/the-hull-blitz|access-date=1 April 2021|website=Sky HISTORY TV channel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull: A Northern Coastal Town {{!}} Historic England|url=http://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/features/blitz-stories/hull-a-northern-coastal-town/|access-date=1 April 2021|website=historicengland.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2007|title=Listed status for bombed cinema|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/humber/6324301.stm|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Stuart|first=Andrew|date=14 June 2017|title=Watch: Hull bomb sites then and now – incredible Blitz pictures|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/history/watch-hull-bomb-sites-now-112032|access-date=2 April 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> A map of bomb sites shows where areas were hit by the ],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hull Blitz – a Hull bomb map|url=http://www.rhaywood.karoo.net/bombmap.htm|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.rhaywood.karoo.net}}</ref> with some Hull Jewish fatalities: auxiliary fireman Alexander Schooler,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fireman Alexander Schooler {{!}} Names on the Firefighters Memorial Page 3893 {{!}} The Firefighters Memorial Trust In Memoriam Book|url=https://www.theonlinebookcompany.com/OnlineBooks/firefightermemorialtrust/Celebrations/FirefighterMemorial/3892|access-date=9 April 2021|website=www.theonlinebookcompany.com}}</ref><ref name=":49">{{Cite web|title=Alec Schooler. Civilian War Dead|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-TYD-2-935|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sugarman|first=Martin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935924588|title=Jewish participation in the fire service in the Second World War: last voices|date=2016|isbn=978-1-910383-08-7|location=London|oclc=935924588}}</ref> air-raid warden Abraham Levy,<ref name=":84">{{Cite web|last=Levy|first=Abraham|title=Civilian War Dead Index Cards – Hull History Centre Catalogue|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-TYD-2-593|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref> fire-watcher Louis Black,<ref name=":50">{{Cite web|title=Louis Black. Civilian War Dead.|url=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C-TYD-2-73|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2021|website=catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blitz Special Edition – Regional Press Awards – unrest and war|url=http://doczz.net/doc/916488/blitz-special-edition---regional-press-awards|access-date=26 April 2021|website=doczz.net}}</ref> Mark Goltman on Beverley Road,<ref name=":87" /> and others in raids in ],<ref name=":87">{{Cite web|last=Pollins|first=Harold|title=Jewish civilian deaths during World War II|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/static/excluding_those_listed_in_Stepney_Registry.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 December 1940|title=HULL. – Mr Joe Seltzer, who recently died of wounds received through enemy action in another city...|work=Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> | |||
| Three synagogues were damaged, two badly (''see '''Synagogues'''''), amid a City Centre "moonscape of bombsites, craters and broken buildings".<ref name=":76" /> The old housing and shops around Osborne Street and along Anlaby and Hessle Roads were later subject to ]; of the streets that completely disappeared,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Covell|first1=Mike|last2=Spereall|first2=David|date=20 January 2018|title=A look back at the lost streets of Hull|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/history/look-back-lost-streets-hull-1090605|access-date=2 April 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> some had been Jewish strongholds – Lower Union St, Paradise Place, Day St; in this district, truly, "little, if any of old Hull is still standing."<ref name=":61">{{Cite book|last=Gibson|first=Paul|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/711751277|title=Hull then and now.|publisher=Carnegie Heritage Act|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9555569-1-3|location=Hull|oclc=711751277}}</ref> | |||
| Perhaps half the population of Hull was homeless or evacuated at some point,<ref name=":85" /> with Jewish children being sent away, many to non-Jewish homes, around East Yorkshire and beyond.<ref name=":58">{{Cite journal|last=Shields|first=Malcolm|date=2010|title=Evacuees – a reminiscence|journal=East Yorkshire Historian|volume=11|pages=65–9}}</ref><ref name=":26" /><ref name=":74" /> Hull and Birmingham were sites of Government "operational research" into children and the civilian impact of bombing, led by ] and ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burney|first=Ian|date=2012|title=War on fear: Solly Zuckerman and civilian nerve in the Second World War|url= |journal=History of the Human Sciences|volume=25|issue=5|pages=49–72|doi=10.1177/0952695112470350|issn=0952-6951|pmc=3627513|pmid=23626409}}</ref><ref name=":48" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=archivesuea|date=2 December 2017|title=Children's essays reveal the effects of Blitz bombing in Hull|url=https://unboundueaarchives.wordpress.com/2017/12/02/childrens-essays-reveal-the-effects-of-blitz-bombing-in-hull/|access-date=2 April 2021|website=Unbound – UEA Archives Blog}}</ref><ref name=":85" /> The shock of the ], the newsreels from ], and the jubilation of ],<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 May 1945|title=The Hull Western Synagogue .. was packed yesterday for the united service of Thanksgiving|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> were followed by events in ] (see Anti-Semitism).<ref name=":52">{{Cite book|last=Burkitt|first=Nicholas Mark|title=British Society and the Jews: a study into the impact of the Second World War era and the establishment of Israel, 1938–1948. PhD Thesis|publisher=University of Exeter|year=2011|location=Exeter}}</ref> | |||
| === War service === | |||
| There were at least 18 Hull Jewish service fatalities, and many more decorated survivors, in the Second World War. | |||
| Captain (Capt) ] MBE CdG MdeR (1916–44), in 1938 a teacher at Middleton Street Boys, was a ] for ]; betrayed on his second mission in occupied France, he was murdered by ] at ], Austria 1944.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sugarman|first=Martin|date=2007|title=Captain Isidore Newman SOE.|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Isidore_Newman.pdf|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=41|pages=231–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Isidore Newman – SOE Agents in France|url=https://nigelperrin.com/isidorenewman.htm|access-date=28 April 2021|website=nigelperrin.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=North East War Memorials Project – Every Name A Story Content|url=http://www.newmp.org.uk/article.php?categoryid=99&articleid=1174&displayorder=1|access-date=28 April 2021|website=www.newmp.org.uk}}</ref> | |||
| Major (Maj) Wilfred "Billy" Sugarman MC (1918–76, son of Israel Sugarman, a tailor),<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 50th (Northumbrian) Division, 1944: 5th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment : Captain W J Sugarman ; Lieutenant T F Lowe MC; Lieutenant-Colonel G W White ; Lieutenant E J Crews|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/11625|access-date=1 April 2021|website=Imperial War Museums}}</ref> was part of the first wave of troops ashore on D-Day at ], and he sustained multiple grenade wounds but led men onward.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 September 1944|title=Cpt. W. Sugarman Awarded M.C|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 1944|title=CAPTAIN W. SUGARMAN, M.C. Again Wounded in France|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to see more action in ] and ],<ref name=":129" /> and after the war ended, he was a Hull headmaster.<ref name=":74" /> His younger brother Harold was, by a family account,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Winetroube|first=Natalie|date=June 2019|title=The family at war.|journal=Ne've-Shalom Hull Reform Synagogue Newsletter|volume=8}}</ref> a cyanide pill-carrying decoder and operative in Italy/Austria, who was pressed to stay on past 1946 as a ski-instructor. | |||
| Of the six Rossy Brothers (''see '''Businesses'''''), anti-aircraft Gunner Cyril Rosenthall and mechanic Aircraftsman Ronnie were both killed in 1941,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenthall|first=Ronald|date=21 October 1941|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2402637/RONALD%20ROSENTHALL/|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenthall|first=Cyril|date=9 February 1941|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2402636/CYRIL%20ROSENTHALL/|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> whilst Ernie returned from Dunkirk and Burma.<ref name=":2" /> Morris Miller had died fighting in the ] in 1938,<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 June 2017|title=Play remembers eight Hull men who fought in Spanish Civil War|work=BBC NEWS|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-40248546|url-status=live}}</ref> before his brother Lance-Corporal (LCpl) Alfred Miller, who fell with the ] in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Howard|first=Ashley|date=5 May 2015|title=Hull Reform Synagogue. Comments|url=https://jscn.org.uk/small-communities/hull-reform-synagogue/|url-status=live|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> | |||
| Others who died were Flying Officers Harold Rathbone,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2402635/HAROLD%20RATHBONE/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> and Bernard Tallerman;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2088032/BERNARD%20EDWARD%20TALLERMAN/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Lt David Queskey;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2109954/DAVID%20DENIS%20QUESKEY/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Flight Sergeants Calman Bentley,<ref name=":102" /> and Gerald Cobden;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/1084640/GERALD%20COBDEN/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Sgt William Hare;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2402634/WILLIAM%20GEORGE%20NELSON%20HARE/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Co. Quarterm'r Sgt David Juggler;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2326979/DAVID%20JUGGLER/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Lance Sjt. Cyril Bass;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2224748/CYRIL%20EMANUEL%20BASS/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Cpl Mark Moses;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2408411/MARK%20MOSES/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Ptes Harry Garfunkle,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2930367/HARRY%20GARFUNKLE/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> and Harold Harris – "table tennis champion of Hull";<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2280846/HAROLD%20HARRIS/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> Signalman Benedict Korklin;<ref name=Korklin/> and Bdr Fred Rapstone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casualty Details|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2151267/FRED%20RAPSTONE/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=CWGC}}</ref> | |||
| Czech-born doctor Friedrick Schulz escaped a concentration camp, and joined the ], but in 1949, at the age of 29, committed suicide, which was the same day his father was murdered in ]. Friedrick is buried in Hull Northern Cemetery.<ref>Cuckle, H (2022). Lieutenant F Schulz MD. The Hull Jewish Watchman. 29 April. Issue 1315. p8.</ref> | |||
| Leslie Kersh spent three-and-a-half years in a Japanese POW camp.<ref name=":129">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=8|oclc=45305328}}</ref> | |||
| Hull's Cpl Bernard Levy was amongst the first to see ]. He did not speak of his experiences for 70 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Holocaust Educational Trust – Bergen-Belsen: Survivors & Liberators|url=https://www.het.org.uk/news-and-events/458-bergen-belsen-survivors-liberators|access-date=3 April 2021|website=www.het.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prater|first=Carla|date=27 January 2017|title=Holocaust Memorial Day: "We Found Ourselves In Belsen Concentration Camp"|url=https://www.forces.net/news/tri-service/holocaust-memorial-day-we-found-ourselves-belsen-concentration-camp|url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2021|website=Forces Network}}</ref> From the Hull Northern clothing family, he founded and ran the ] outside menswear UK and international retail chain; he died in 2022 age 96.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Sarah |title=Bernard Levy: The last Jewish liberator of Bergen Belsen |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/bernard-levy-the-last-jewish-liberator-of-bergen-belsen/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.jewishnews.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| The Hull Association of Jewish Ex-Serviceman and Women continued to march annually in Whitehall into the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lipman|first=Jennifer|date=2014|title=After 84 years, time to retire UK Jewry's annual veterans parade?|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/after-84-years-time-to-retire-uk-jewrys-annual-veterans-parade/|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2021|website=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> | |||
| After 1945 Jews played their part in the rejuvenation of the city.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Colin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995382563|title=Divided we stand: a journey with Judge Israel Finestein QC|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|year=2017|isbn=978-1-910383-50-6|edition=English|location=London|pages=219–20|oclc=995382563}}</ref> (''see '''Businesses;''''' '''see''' ]). | |||
| == Businesses == | |||
| === Jewellers, merchants, and shipbuilders === | |||
| Leading Jewish families in Hull at one time were mostly retailers, and some craftsmen, of precious wares and branded timepieces.<ref name=":140" /> Still-noted Victorian clockmakers are ] and Isaac Lavine,<ref name=":22" /> also Bush, Carlin, Friedman, Lewis, Maizels, Marks, Shibko, Solomon, Symons and Wacholder.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clock and Watch Research – Online Library – Search for clock and watch makers listed on the website|url=https://www.clockswatches.co.uk/search.php|access-date=23 March 2021|website=www.clockswatches.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> There were once many other jewelers (''see '''Early history'''''),<ref name=":140" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|pages=47, 49|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> later only a few like watchmaker PS Phillips,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bonhams : A second quarter of the 20th century oak timepiece P.S. Phillips & Co. Ltd. 1–4 Anne St. Hull|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/15840/lot/432/|access-date=19 May 2021|website=www.bonhams.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Results – Hull Museums Collections|url=http://museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk/collections/search-results/list.php?newsearch=new&person=P.S.+Phillips+and+Co.+Ltd.&keywords=&title=&place=&date=&material=&accessionnumber=|access-date=19 May 2021|website=museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk}}</ref> Chappells (became Conleys / Paragon),<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Stuart|date=29 April 2018|title=49 Hull city centre shops you may (or may not) have forgotten|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/49-hull-city-centre-shops-1505790|access-date=27 March 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> and Segals, which survives (est. 1919).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kemp|first=Dan|date=19 May 2019|title=The Hull family-run shop marking 100 years in city centre|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/hull-shop-celebrating-100-years-2881009|access-date=11 April 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Hannah|date=10 December 2019|title=Inside the sparkling new jewellery store open in Hull city centre|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/segals-jeweller-hull-city-centre-3628539|access-date=27 March 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> Synagogue president Louis Rapstone sold antiques in the town,<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Louis Rapstone » Antique Dealers » Antiques Dealers|url=https://antiquetrade.leeds.ac.uk/dealerships/38423|access-date=27 March 2021|website=antiquetrade.leeds.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=18|oclc=45305328}}</ref> as did TV personality David Hakeney.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.davidhakeney.com/about_us|access-date=28 March 2021|website=david-h}}</ref> | |||
| Mid-century trading businesses, like Lewis & Godfrey's fancy bazaar of the 1850s, Magner Bros' fancy goods dealers & importers, and Haberland & Glassman's 1867 grocers, became major merchant firms toward 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=46|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Miscellanies|first=Jewish|date=19 January 2021|title=The Ninth Annual Report of the Anglo-Jewish Association, London, 1879–1880|url=https://jewishmiscellanies.com/2021/01/18/the-ninth-annual-report-of-the-anglo-jewish-association-london-1879-1880/|access-date=3 April 2021|website=Jewish Miscellanies}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Dumoulin & Gosschalk of Finkle Street were classic "]s," who were hide, wool and produce importers. Victor Dumoulin (Flemish b.Lille 1836) became Hull's ],<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 January 1870|title=Vice-consulship of Turkey|work=Jewish Record}}</ref> later consul for the Austrian Empire, and chairman of the Chamber of Commerce (''see ]'').<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hull and Humber Chamber of Commerce|url=https://www.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk/pages/history|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=50|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 December 1896|title=HULL. Mr. Victor Dumoulin, Ottoman Consul, was on Monday elected President of the Hull Chamber of Commerce|work=Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> Major Jewish egg importers included Max Minden & Co, and Fischoff;<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 1934|title=HULL EGG IMPORTERS' ACTION .. judgement for Messrs Fischoff ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1917|title=Eggs in chicago|journal=The Egg Reporter|volume=23,4|pages=1, 18}}</ref><ref name=":156">Department of Agriculture (1905). Some British importers of farm products. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa.</ref> as well as Saville Goldrein (father of Neville, ''see ]''),<ref>{{cite web|last=Echo|first=Liverpool|date=18 August 2010|title=Neville Goldrein – a true Blue through and through|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/neville-goldrein---true-blue-3399110|access-date=17 August 2021|website=Liverpool Echo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 October 1931|title=Re-admission to British Nationality|work=London Gazette|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33759/page/6388/data.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":157">{{Cite book|last=Goldrein|first=Neville|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/614314048|title=Life is too serious to be taken seriously|date=2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4389-9498-7|location=Milton Keynes|oclc=614314048}}</ref><ref name=":158">{{Cite web|title=Neville Clive Goldrein|url=https://www.thejc.com/neville-clive-goldrein-1.508472|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2021|website=www.thejc.com}}</ref> Annis & Gordon,<ref>{{cite web|title=Beyond a Jewish yoke: the egg importers of Hull. A family story|url=https://jhse.org/event/beyond-a-jewish-yoke-the-egg-importers-of-hull-a-family-story/|access-date=17 August 2021|website=Jewish Historical Society of England}}</ref> and Cecil Krotowski.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR-UK births database|url=https://www.jewishgen.org|url-status=live|website=Jewishgen}}</ref> Among grain importers was the Hull warehouse of the international Louis Dreyfus & Co.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Department of Agriculture|url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/aac-aafc/agrhist/A12-3-1-1910-eng.pdf|title=Some British importers of farm products.|publisher=Government Printing Bureau|year=1905|location=Ottawa|pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 January 1941|title=Louis Dreyfus and Co .. the well-known grain merchants, has been converted into a private company with a capital of £500,000. In Hull, where the firm has large interests, it is understood no change ..|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> | |||
| Martin Samuelson was born in Hamburg to a Jewish merchant family, which converted to Christianity, probably in Hull.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin Samuelson – Graces Guide|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Martin_Samuelson|access-date=25 March 2021|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finestein|first=Israel|date=1996|title=The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779979|journal=Jewish Historical Studies|volume=35|page=76|issn=0962-9696|jstor=29779979}}</ref> An iron-shipbuilding engineer,<ref name=":116">{{Cite web|title=Hull ship and boat builders. Martin Samuelson and Co.|url=http://www.humberpacketboats.co.uk/hull.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.humberpacketboats.co.uk}}</ref> he was Sheriff and Mayor of Hull (''see ]'').<ref name=":159">{{Cite book|last=Sheahan|first=James Joseph|url=https://archive.org/details/generalconcisehi00shea|title=General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston-upon-Hull|date=1864|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & co.|others=University of California Libraries|location=London|pages=197, 238, 558}}</ref><ref name=":160">{{cite journal|last=|title=Obituary. Martin Samuelson, 1825–1903|date=1903|url=http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/imotp.1903.18129|journal=Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers|volume=152|issue=1903|pages=331–332|doi=10.1680/imotp.1903.18129|issn=1753-7843}}</ref> The spit of land which his major shipyard occupied is still called Sammy's Point, where Hull's ] aquarium now stands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin Samuelson and Co – Graces Guide|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Martin_Samuelson_and_Co|access-date=22 September 2021|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Site for information on Keels and Sloops in the Humber Area|url=http://www.humberpacketboats.co.uk/hull.html|access-date=22 September 2021|website=www.humberpacketboats.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Coulson|first=Dr Chris|date=7 February 2019|title=Sammy's Point, Kingston upon Hull. More on Martin Samuelson.|url=https://candp9.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2019/02/01/sammys-point-kingston-upon-hull-more-on-martin-samuelson|url-status=live|access-date=25 March 2021|website=website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A print of Hull's Old Harbour, labelled "Entrance to the Old Harbour, Hull, showing Samuelson & Co shipbuilding yard at Sammy's Point. Painting by J.Wheldon c.1860|url=https://www.eastriding.gov.uk/culture/museums/collections/detail.php?module=objects&type=browse&id=19&term=Hull&kv=26105&record=55&page=1|url-status=live|access-date=22 September 2021|website=www.eastriding.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Martin Samuelson's Shipyard, Hull {{!}} Art UK|url=https://artuk.org/shop/image-library/gallery-product/poster/martin-samuelsons-shipyard-hull-79133/posterid/79133.html|access-date=22 September 2021|website=artuk.org}}</ref> His brother, engineer Alexander, worked with Martin in Hull,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Samuelson – Graces Guide|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Alexander_Samuelson|access-date=22 September 2021|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk}}</ref> and another brother, schooled in Hull, was industrialist ] (''see ]'' '''''Science and technology'''''). | |||
| === Tailors and other trades === | |||
| Solomon Cohen (see Early history) was a successful pioneer of ready-made clothing in Hull.<ref name=":140" /> Tailors, mostly from Eastern Europe, were the leading trade by 1900:<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 1898|title=TAILORING IN HULL .. Society of Hull Jewish Qualified Tailors|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref> Rosenston, Sadolfsky, Shalgoskie, Goldbard, Leshinsky, Kaplan, Rosenthal, Weinstein etc.;<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":22" /> later (AK) Jacobs,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jacobs|first=A.K.|date=12 September 1927|title=Hull's Leading Tailor|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> and Lipman & Silver.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 March 1924|title=HULL POLICE CLOTHING .. The tender for 500 great coats .. for the Hull City Police .. given to Messrs. Lipman and Silver, Charterhouse-lane. Hull|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> Many young women worked as seamstresses or tailor's finishers.<ref name=":140" /> After the depressions of ], ], and the Second World War,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Halpern|first=D. B.|date=1 January 1957|title=Jews in Britain's Economy—4|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0449010X.1957.10704103|journal=Jewish Quarterly|volume=5|issue=2|pages=36–40|doi=10.1080/0449010X.1957.10704103|doi-broken-date=28 February 2022|issn=0449-010X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=The London Gazette |page=5866|work=10 October 1941|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35304/page/5866|url-status=live}}</ref> some clothiers survived – Levy's Northern,<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 December 1907|title=LONDON AND NORTHERN CLOTHING CO., 38. MARKET-PLACE, HULL .. GENTS' RAINCOATS and OVERCOATS ..|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 April 1928|title=MEN'S SUITS – FOR – SERVICE YOUTHS' SUITS Double Breasted BOYS' SUITS from 6 NORTHERN CLOTHING Co. Ltd. 67, King Edward St|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 1950|title=NORTHERN CLOTHING CO. (HULL), LTD. 5 ANLABY ROAD, 90/92 FERENSWAY, 271 HOLDERNESS RD|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> Gersteins,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 September 1950|title=BRING us your Agents Club Checks for Men's Wear – H. Gerstein. Gent's Outfitters, 1. Anlaby-rd|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> Premier Menswear,<ref name=":59">{{Cite web|last=Kemp|first=Dan|date=20 July 2018|title=Heartbreaking reason this 130-year-old Hessle Road shop is closing|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/130-year-old-hessle-road-1809664|access-date=3 April 2021|website=HullLive}}</ref> Regal Tailors (Schultz),<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 May 1947|title=Machinist reqd. Apply Regal Tailoring Co. 463, Anlaby Road|work=Hull Daily Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Click here to view the tribute page for SCHULTZ|url=https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/schultz/3001308|access-date=6 October 2021|website=funeral-notices.co.uk}}</ref> and more. | |||
| Linked to Hull's prominence in importing and processing Baltic timber,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The timber industry in Hull|url=https://www.paul-gibson.com/trade-and-industry/the-timber-industry.php|access-date=24 October 2021|website=www.paul-gibson.com}}</ref> second to tailors in number were many small wood-workers and cabinet-makers, like Abraham Gutenberg of Osborne Street.<ref name=":22" /> Similar work-shops spawned ],<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|title=A pictorial timeline of the Harris Lebus furniture factory {{!}} Harris Lebus|url=https://www.harrislebus.com/timeline/|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> Paradies & Co sawmill,<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 December 1926|title=SAWDUST IGNITED .. on the premises occupied by H. Paradies and Co., sawmillers|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> Marks & Sugarman steam cabinet works (furniture, First War 'planes),<ref name=":95" /><ref name=":96" /> Zimmerman furniture stores,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 October 1926|title=STILL LEADING! SIDNEY ZIMMERMAN HULL'S LEADING FURNISHER, THE RENOWNED FURNISHING HOUSE OF HULL|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> East Riding Furniture Co,<ref name=":119">{{Cite news|date=14 December 1899|title=HULL AND EAST RIDING FURNISHING Co., 63, 65, & 67, ANLABY ROAD, HULL. OUR EXTENSIVE NEW PREMISES, ERECTED ESPECIALLY FOR THE FURNITURE TRADE|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> and Arlington (Abrahams) bar/kitchen fitters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philosophy|url=https://arlingtondesign.uk/philosophy/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=Arlington Design}}</ref> Another major trade (using imported leather and wood) was clog- , slipper- and boot-making:<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2011|title=The rise and fall of the humble clog|url=https://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/13802/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-humble-clog/|access-date=24 October 2021|website=Historical articles and illustrations}}</ref> Rosen's slipper- and shoe-factory was a big employer;<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 April 1912|title=MARRIAGE AT LINNÆUS-STREET SYNAGOGUE .. Miss Kay Goldman .. with Joseph Rosen, son of Mr C. Rosen, slipper manufacturer, of Roper-street|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 January 1949|title=MEN wanted with experience in shoe factory – Apply C. Rosen Sons, Ltd. 283-5 Hessle-Rd|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> John Harris and Furmans shoe-shops were well-known.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 January 1932|title=all leather soles, superior .. JOHN HARRIS Ltd. 298, HESSLE BD., 96–97, PORTER ST., 95, HOLDERNESS RD., and 323, HEDON RD.|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 1935|title=Look! 50,000 pairs of ladies shoes at Barnett Furman Church Side Market and 172 Holderness Rd. Come early to avoid the crush|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 February 1931|title=BORIS FURMAN'S NEW SHOE SHOP TOMORROW .. 23, HOLDERNESS ROAD .. 19, ANLABY ROAD. 42 & 44, PORTER STREET. 76, CHARLES STREET|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| Visible across the town in the post-war years were chains like Zerny's dry-cleaners, est.1892,<ref name=":78" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 August 1937|title=TRIBUTE TO MR FRED ZERNY Funeral of Hull Firm's Founder|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zernys – Pocklington History|url=https://pocklingtonhistory.com/archives/shopspubs/shops/oldshops/Zerny/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UK: Johnson's passion for dirty work|url=https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/uk-johnsons-passion-dirty-work-1-2/article/409784|url-status=live|website=Management Today}}</ref> and Goodfellows supermarkets (Oppel).<ref name=":78" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 1939|title=CANADIAN GOODS CAN BE OBTAINED AT THE FOLLOWING SHOPS: .. GOODFELLOWS STORES, 90, The Quadrant, Cottingham Road (Tel. 8759)|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bottle and jug — the off licence in Hull|url=https://www.paul-gibson.com/pubs-and-breweries/bottle-and-jug.php|access-date=29 March 2021|website=www.paul-gibson.com}}</ref> Jewish tobacconists included several Vinegrads sweet shops, the family also ran pre-war wholesalers, and later radio shops.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 January 1909|title=MR L. VINEGRAD, 557, Hessle-rd.—Wanted, Lady Assistant for Tobacco and Confectionery Business|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 1916|title=Young Iady with experience in Wholesale Business .. Vinegrad and Co., Wholesale Tobacconists, Confectioners, and General Merchants, 47, Porter St|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 October 1948|title=RADIO Service at Its best. Dally van collection and delivery Moderate charges – Vinegrad's Modern Radio, 566. Hessle Rd. .. 27 Holderness Rd|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> Now-lost ] bakers and butchers, delicatessens and fish-shops of old Osborne Street are often fondly remembered,<ref name=":131">{{Cite book|last=Oppel|first=Elliot|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45305328|title=The history of Hull's orthodox synagogues and the people connected with them|date=2000|publisher=Highgate|isbn=0-948929-16-2|location=Beverley|page=17|oclc=45305328}}</ref> especially Freedman the baker,<ref name=":131" /><ref name=":114" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sugarman|first=Audrey|title=The Hull Reform Synagogue – Ne've Shalom.|url=http://hull-reform.co.uk/Pages/Articles/KOSHER%20FIELD%20TRIP%20TO%20MANCHESTER.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=hull-reform.co.uk}}</ref> and fryers Levine's,<ref name=":101" /><ref name=":115" /> and Barnett's.<ref name=":114" /><ref name=":115" /> Similarly recalled are many city names: Reuben barbers,<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 1947|title=REUBEN'S Hairdressing Salons (Ladies' and Gent's.) 18, Cholmley St; Perms, machine and machineless|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> and Rossy Bros bookmakers (see WW2 war service);<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 August 1995|title=NEVER ON SUNDAY! .. But Ken Walsh, who runs Hull-based independent bookmakers Rossy Brothers, wants to stay open on Sundays|work=Daily Mirror|url-status=live}}</ref> Segal's,<ref name=":78" /> Shenker's,<ref name=":18" /> and Sultan's curtains,<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 1950|title=OPEN shop at SULTANS .. For WOOLLENS \ Established 1880|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> furriers Blooms, Blank, and Silver,<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 April 1932|title=BLOOMS BROOK STREET HULL Famous for Fabrics and Furs|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 November 1947|title=FOR FINER FURS CONSULT S. BLANK THE ACTUAL FURRIER. 239, ANLABY RD|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> Goldstones wallpaper and paint,<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 September 1926|title=GOLDSTONE'S FOR ARTISTIC WALLPAPERS. H.GOLDSTONE & SONS, SHOWROOMS, 16, ANLABY ROAD|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> Bennetts glass,<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 March 1938|title=GREENHOUSE GLASS & DUTCH LIGHTS BENNETT'S GLASS WAREHOUSES 50, SPRING BANK 116, HOLDERNESS ROAD|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bennett Mark in Hull – Mirrors; Picture Framers; Glass Merchants; Electrical; Home; Others|url=https://www.colourpages.com/c1673/bennett-mark-hull?fbclid=IwAR3vIho0nQvtsi_jJRfPqLCh7ayfletoPYKDWrgt-cjnwh0EPiSdhwvlLEc|access-date=8 October 2021|website=www.colourpages.com}}</ref> Couplands carpets,<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 March 1949|title=Maurice Coupland. 88, Ferensway. CARPETS, repaired, made up, rebound, and all alterations|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> and Myers wholesalers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 December 1926|title=MYERS and CO. WHOLESALE invite all the trade to their New Modern Warehouse|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> AK Jacobs had garages pre-war,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jacobs|first=A.K.|date=9 July 1935|title=Hull's Super Service Station|work=Hull Daily Mail|url-status=live}}</ref> whilst Car Marks number-plates came later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cherished and Private Car Number Plate Specialists – Car Marks|url=https://www.carmarks.net/|access-date=28 March 2021|website=www.carmarks.net}}</ref> Actress Mira Johnson's gown shop is still celebrated.<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|date=20 August 1926|title=MIRA JOHNSON and FERGUSON RAWLINS|pages=23|work=The Radio Times|issue=151|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/1f7ed30be872431a941710a8a6f9c03b|access-date=29 March 2021|issn=0033-8060}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Henderson|first=Carrie|title=Miriam Bibbero Johnson: Family, Philanthropy, Fashion: A Biography of Hull's Actress-Entertainer (House of Mirelle)|publisher=House of Mirelle UK|year=2018|isbn=978-1-9993090-0-8|location=Hull}}</ref> | |||
| == Notable persons == | |||
| {{main|List of Jews from Kingston upon Hull}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
Revision as of 16:59, 24 June 2022
| Sir Jim Knox | |
|---|---|
| Born | Walter Knox Jr (1919-03-16)March 16, 1919 Auckland, New Zealand |
| Died | December 1, 1991(1991-12-01) (aged 72) Wellington, New Zealand |
| Organization(s) | FOL, New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, Auckland Watersiders’ Action Committee, Norther Drivers Union |
| Office |
|
| Term | 1979-1987 |
| Predecessor | Tom Skinner |
| Successor | Ken Douglas |
| Spouse(s) | Margret Knox and Elizabeth Knox |
| Parents |
|
Walter James Knox ONZ JP (6 March 1919 – 1 December 1991) was a leading New Zealand trade union leader. He was born in Auckland on 6 March 1919.
Knox worked as a truck driver and watersider, becoming involved in the 1951 waterside strike, and rose through the union ranks to become secretary of the Auckland District Woollen Mills Employees’ Union and vice president of the Auckland Trades Council in 1961. In 1969, Knox became secretary of the New Zealand Federation of Labour, working alongside the organisation's president, Sir Tom Skinner.
Skinner, Knox and other trade union leaders Ken Douglas, Bill Andersen, Pat Kelly, Blue Kennedy and Con Devitt were all well known in New Zealand 1980s due to ongoing industrial action.
On 6 February 1988, Knox was the seventh appointee to the Order of New Zealand.
Personal life
Knox played rugby union for the Suburbs club in Auckland before switching codes and playing rugby league for the City Rovers in the Auckland Rugby League competition. His sports injuries made him unfit for war service during World War II.
Knox was married twice, first to Margaret Joyce Svendsen in 1943, they had two children and a long marriage, then to Elizabeth Watson Bell Curtis (née Norrie) in 1983.
References
- ^ Franks, Peter. "Walter James Knox". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- Who’s Who in New Zealand, 12th edition, edited by Max Lambert p350 (1981, Reed, Wellington)
- "Still no justice for Trades Hall bomb death". Stuff. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
- "The Order of New Zealand" (12 February 1988) 23 New Zealand Gazette 447 at 448.