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Petrus Plancius
Petrus Plancius by J. Buys/Rein. Vinkoeles (1791)
Born	Pieter Platevoet 1552 Dranouter
Died	15 May 1622(1622-05-15) (aged 69–70)
Nationality	Dutch
Known for	One of the notable figures in the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography
Scientific career
Fields	Astronomy, cartography, theology
Institutions	Dutch Reformed Church

Petrus Plancius (Dutch: [ˈpeːtrʏs ˈplɑŋkiʏs]; 1552 – 15 May 1622) was a Dutch-Flemish astronomer, cartographer and clergyman. He was born as Pieter Platevoet in Dranouter, now in Heuvelland, West Flanders. He studied theology in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church.

Plancius fled from Brussels to Amsterdam to avoid religious prosecution by the Inquisition after the city fell into Spanish hands in 1585. In Amsterdam he became interested in navigation and cartography and, having access to nautical charts recently brought from Portugal, he was soon recognized as an expert on safe maritime routes to India and the nearby "spice islands". This enabled colonies and port trade in both, including what would become the Dutch East Indies, named after the Dutch East India Company set up in 1602. He saw strong potential in the little-mapped Arctic Sea and strongly believed in the idea of a Northeast Passage until the failure of Willem Barentsz's third voyage in 1597 seemed to preclude its viability.

For his pioneering contributions in the history of celestial cartography, Plancius is considered to be one of the notable figures in the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s).

Cartography

In 1592 Plancius published his best known world map titled "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica". He also published journals and navigational guides and developed a new method for determining longitude. He also promoted the Mercator projection for navigational maps.

Plancius was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company, for which he drew over 100 maps.

Plancius was closely acquainted with Henry Hudson, an explorer of the New World.

Plancius prepared the map, Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu, published in Jan Huygen van Linschoten's popular book, Itinerario (1596).

Uranography

In 1589 Plancius collaborated with the Amsterdam cartographer Jacob Floris van Langren on a 32.5-cm celestial globe, which, using the sparse information available about southern celestial features, depicted Crux (the southern cross), Triangulum Australe (the southern triangle), and the Magellanic Clouds (Nubecula Major and Minor).

In 1595 Plancius trained Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser, the chief pilot on the Hollandia, to make astronomical observations to fill in the blank area around the south celestial pole on European maps of the southern sky. Keyser died in Java the following year – the expedition had many casualties – but his catalogue of 135 stars, probably developed with the help of Keyser's colleague Frederick de Houtman, was delivered to Plancius when the remaining ships returned. These stars appear as 12 new southern constellations, on a 35-cm celestial globe designed by Plancius in late 1597 (or early 1598) and produced in collaboration with the Amsterdam cartographer Jodocus Hondius the Elder. The 12 new constellations (mostly referring to animals and subjects described in natural history books and travellers' journals of his day) are Apis the Bee (later changed to Musca by Lacaille), Apus the Bird of Paradise, Chamaeleon, Dorado the Goldfish (or Swordfish), Grus the Crane, Hydrus the Small Water Snake, Indus the Indian, Pavo the Peacock, Phoenix, Triangulum Australe the Southern Triangle, Tucana the Toucan, and Volans the Flying Fish. (The Southern Triangle and Southern Cross were reported as asterisms by earlier navigators and appear on earlier charts, but the globe of 1598 is the first surviving source that plots their locations reasonably accurately.) Also notable is the inclusion of Achernar as Alpha Eridani.

These constellations, together with the constellation Columba illustrated by Plancius on his large wall map of the world of 1592, were then incorporated in 1603 by Johann Bayer in his sky atlas, the Uranometria.

In 1612 (or 1613) Plancius introduced the following eight constellations on a 26.5-cm celestial globe published in Amsterdam by Pieter van der Keere: Apes the Bee, Camelopardalis the Giraffe (often interpreted as a Camel), Cancer Minor the Small Crab, Euphrates Fluvius et Tigris Fluvius the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, Gallus the Cock, Jordanis Fluvius the River Jordan, Monoceros the Unicorn and Sagitta Australis the Southern Arrow. Of the latter constellations, only Camelopardalis and Monoceros are still found on modern star charts, and recognized by the IAU.

The minor planet 10648 Plancius commemorates his contributions in celestial and terrestrial cartography.

Maps

• Orbis Terrarum 1590
• Orbis Terrarum 1594
• Ceilan, 1595
• Nova Francia .. Terra Nova 1592
• Insulae Moluccae 1592

See also

• Constellations created and listed by Dutch celestial cartographers
• Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius
• Modern constellations
• First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
• Golden Age of Dutch cartography (also known as the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography)
• Cartography in the Dutch Republic
• Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Exploration (Early systematic mapping of the far southern sky, c. 1595–1599)

References

1. "New and exact geographic and hydrographic map of the world".
2. Leo Bagrow, History of Cartography, revised and enlarged by R. A. Skelton, London, Watts, 1964, p.265. Exacta & accurata delinatio cum orarum maritimarum tum etiam locorum terrestrium quæ in regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu ; Cornelis Koeman, Jan Huygen Van Linschoten, Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral 1, 1984, Centro de Estudos de Historia e Cartografia, Vol.153, pp.39-41. Also in Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, vol.32, 1985, pp.27-47.
3. "On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations", by E. B. Knobel, 1917, the catalogue starting at page 421
4. ^ "Star Tales ― ‍Scouting ‍the ‍southern ‍sky" by Ian Ridpath
5. Dekker, Elly (1987). "Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky". Annals of Science. 44 (5): 439–470. Bibcode:1987AnSci..44..439D. doi:10.1080/00033798700200301.
6. ^ Le costellazioni di Petrus Plancius, on Atlas Coelestis by Felice Stoppa
7. Astronomical naming conventions#Names and boundaries of constellations

External links

• Works about Petrus Plancius at Open Library
• Works by or about Petrus Plancius at the Internet Archive

• 16th-century Flemish cartographers
• 16th-century Dutch cartographers
• 17th-century Dutch cartographers
• 16th-century Dutch businesspeople
• 17th-century Dutch astronomers
• 17th-century Dutch businesspeople
• 17th-century Dutch Calvinist and Reformed ministers
• 1552 births
• 1622 deaths
• Astronomy in the Dutch Republic
• Cartography in the Dutch Republic
• 16th-century Dutch astronomers
• Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Discovery
• Dutch company founders
• Dutch West India Company people
• Founders of the Dutch East India Company
• People from West Flanders