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| {{Coord|33.246111|N|35.693333|E|display=title}} | |||
| {{Short description|Ancient Roman city}} | |||
| {{Infobox ancient site | |||
| |name = Caesarea Philippi | |||
| |alternate_name = Neronias, Caesarea Paneas | |||
| |image = File:Banyas BW 11.JPG | |||
| |alt = | |||
| |caption = Pan sanctuary | |||
| |map_type = Golan Heights | |||
| |map_alt = ] | |||
| |coordinates = {{coord|33.246111|35.693333|display=inline}} | |||
| |map_size = | |||
| |location = Foot of ], where it meets the ] | |||
| |region = Pan sanctuary | |||
| |type = settlement | |||
| |part_of = ], ], ] within the ] and ], Eastern Roman (later ]), Early Muslim caliphates and kingdoms (], ], ], ], ]) | |||
| |length=|width=|area=|height= | |||
| |builder= | |||
| |material= | |||
| |built= | |||
| |abandoned= | |||
| |epochs = | |||
| |cultures = Hellenistic, Roman, ancient Jewish, Early Muslim | |||
| |dependency_of = | |||
| |occupants= | |||
| |event= | |||
| |excavations= | |||
| |archaeologists = Zvi Maoz (temples, ]), ] (]), and John F. Wilson, 1988-1990s. Adi Erlich and Ron Lavi, 4th-century church, 2020. | |||
| |condition = Ruins, tourist attraction | |||
| |ownership= | |||
| |public_access = Yes, national park | |||
| |website= | |||
| |notes= | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Caesarea Philippi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛ|s|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə|_|f|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɪ|p|aɪ}}; {{lang-lat|Caesarea Philippi}}, literally "]'s Caesarea"; {{lang-grc|Καισαρεία Φιλίππεια}} ''Kaisareía Philíppeia''), is one of several names under which an ancient city located at the southwestern base of ] was known during the ], after being previously known during the ] period as '''Paneas''' (Πανειάς, {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|n|iː|ə|s}} ''Pāneiás''). This article deals with the history of the city between the Hellenistic and the Early Islamic period, all up to the arrival of the Crusaders. Now nearly uninhabited, Caesarea Philippi is an archaeological site in the ] and is administered by ] as a ]. | |||
| The city was adjacent to a spring, grotto, and related shrines dedicated to the Greek god ], which is the origin of its Greek name, Paneas. Later on the city's name became '''Caesarea Paneas''', which mutated in ] to ] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|n|j|ə|s}}, the name by which the site is known today. For a short period, the city was also known as '''Neronias''' {{IPAc-en|n|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|i|ə|s}} (Νερωνιάς ''Nerōniás''); the surrounding region was known as the '''Panion''' {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|n}} (Πάνειον ''Pā́neion''). | |||
| Caesarea Philippi is mentioned by name in the Gospels of ] ({{Bibleverse||Matthew|16:13–20|1000|16:13–20}}) and ] ({{Bibleverse||Mk|8:27–30|1000|8:27–30}}). The city may appear in the ]/] under the name ] (literally "]", the name of a god of fortune who may later have been identified with Pan); Baal Gad is described as being "in the Valley of Lebanon below Mount Hermon" (] {{Bibleverse||Josh|11:17, 12:7, and 13:5|1000|11:17, 12:7, and 13:5}}). ], ], ], and ] all incorrectly identified Caesarea Philippi with ] (i.e. ]).<ref>{{harvnb|Provan|Long|Longman|2003|pp=181–183}}; {{harvp|Wilson|2004|p=150}}; {{harvp|de Saulcy|de Warren|1854|pp=417–418}}</ref> ], however, accurately placed Laish in the vicinity of Paneas, but at the fourth mile on the route to ].<ref>{{harvp|de Saulcy|de Warren|1854|p=418}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Hellenistic Paneas=== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] conquests started a process of Hellenisation in Egypt and Syria that continued for 1,000 years. '''Paneas''' was first settled in the ] period. The ] kings, in the 3rd century BC, built a cult centre. | |||
| Panias is a spring, today known as Banias, named for ], the ] of desolate places. It lies close to the ] mentioned by Isaiah,<ref>Isaiah 9:1</ref> along which many armies of Antiquity marched. In the distant past a giant spring gushed from a cave in the ] bedrock, tumbling down the valley to flow into the Hula marshes. Currently it is the source of the stream Nahal Snir. The Jordan River previously rose from the malaria-infested ], but it now rises from this spring and two others at the base of Mount Hermon. The flow of the spring has decreased greatly in modern times.<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|p=2}}</ref> The water no longer gushes from the cave, but only seeps from the bedrock below it. | |||
| Paneas was an ancient place of great sanctity and, when ] influences were overlaid on the region, the cult of its local ] gave place to the worship of ], to whom the cave was dedicated and from which the copious spring rose, feeding the Hula marshes and ultimately supplying the ].<ref>{{harvp|Kent|2007|pp=47–48}}</ref> The pre-Hellenic deities that have been associated with the site are ] or Ba'al-hermon.<ref>{{harvp|Bromiley|1995|p=569}}</ref> | |||
| The ] is mentioned in extant sections of Greek historian ]'s history of "The Rise of the Roman Empire". The battle of Panium occurred in 198 BC between the ] armies of ] Egypt and the ] Greeks of ], led by ].<ref> Digital Library. TUFTS University Polybius Book 16 para 18</ref><ref> Digital Library. TUFTS University Polybius Book 16 para 19</ref><ref> Digital Library. TUFTS University Polybius Book 16 para 20</ref> Antiochus's victory cemented Seleucid control over ], ], ], and ] until the ]. The Hellenised Sellucids built a pagan temple dedicated to Pan, creator of panic in the enemy, at Paneas.<ref>Chambers Dictionary of Etymology: The Origins and Development of Over 25,000 English Words Edited By Robert K. Barnhart, ] (1999) Chambers Harrap Publishers L, {{ISBN|0-550-14230-4}}, p 752</ref> | |||
| ===Roman period=== | |||
| ] Kingdom: <br>{{legend|lime|Territory under ], from 6 ]}}{{legend|Fuchsia|Territory under ]}}{{legend|orange|Territory under Herod Philip II}}{{legend|silver|] (cities of ], Azotas, Phaesalis)}}{{legend|green|]}}{{legend|yellow|Autonomous cities (])}}]] | |||
| During the ] period, the city was first part of local ]s including the ], then after the death of ] it was administered directly by Rome as part of ] and ], and finally, after ] 218, the ] (Golan), whose capital it was, was included together with ] in ]. The ancient kingdom of Bashan was incorporated into the province of ].<ref name=Batanea>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WE4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA182 |title=The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal|work=google.com|year=1860 }}</ref> | |||
| ====Herod and Philip (20 BC – AD 34)==== | |||
| On the death of ] in 20 BC, the Panion, which included '''Paneas''', was annexed to the Kingdom of ].<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|p=9}}</ref> He erected here a temple of "white marble" in honour of his patron. In the year 3 BC, ] (also known as Philip the Tetrarch) founded a city at Paneas. It became the administrative capital of Philip's large ] of ] which encompassed the Golan and the ]. ] refers to the city as '''Caesarea Paneas''' in ]; the New Testament as '''Caesarea Philippi''' (to distinguish it from ] on the ] coast).<ref>Matthew. 16:13</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Flavius|loc=''Antiquities of the Jews'' Book XVIII chapter II para 1 (p. 402)}}</ref> In 14 AD, Philip II named it Caesarea in honour of ] Emperor ], and "made improvements" to the city. His image was placed on a coin issued in 29/30 AD (to commemorate the founding of the city), this was considered idolatrous by Jews but was following in the ] tradition of Zenodorus.<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|pp=20–22}}</ref> According to Josephus (War 3: 512-13), Philip tried to determine the source of the Jordan by throwing chaff in the nearby volcanic ], which then appeared in Banyas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishmag.co.il/34mag/banyas/banyas.htm|title=Banyas - Archaeology in Israel|website=www.jewishmag.co.il}}</ref> | |||
| ====Province of Syria (AD 34–61)==== | |||
| On the death of Philip II in AD 34, the ] was incorporated into the province of ] with the city given the autonomy to administer its own revenues.<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|p=23}}</ref> | |||
| ====Neronias (AD 61–68)==== | |||
| In c. 61, King ] renamed the administrative capital '''Neronias''' in honour of Roman Emperor ] (r. 54–68),<ref name=Chancey>{{cite journal |last= Chancey |first= Mark |title= The Cultural Milieu of Ancient Sepphoris |journal=] |publisher=] |volume= 47 |issue= 2 |date= April 2001 |page= 127-145 |doi= 10.1017/S0028688501000108 |s2cid= 170993934 |url= https://www.academia.edu/29719024 |access-date= 7 January 2022}}</ref> a name included on the coins he minted while being Nero's client.<ref name=Madden>{{cite book |last= Madden |first= Frederic William |author-link= Frederic William Madden |title= History of Jewish Coinage and of Money in the Old and New Testament |pages= 114, 116–18 |publisher=] |location= London |year= 1864 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jYoaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA114 |access-date= 8 January 2022}}</ref> Agrippa also carried out urban improvements<ref>"As for Panium itself, its natural beauty had been improved by the royal liberality of Agrippa, and adorned at his expenses" {{harv|Flavius|loc= ''War of the Jews'', Book III, chapter X, para 7 (p. 584)}}.</ref> It is possible that Neronias received "colonial status" by ], who created some colonies.{{cn|date=January 2022}} | |||
| During the ], ] rested his troops at Caesarea Philippi in July 67, holding games over a period of 20 days before advancing on ] to crush the Jewish resistance in Galilee.<ref>], ], ] (1973). ''The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 BC-AD 135)''. p. 494. ], {{ISBN|0-567-02242-0}}.</ref> | |||
| ====Gospel association==== | |||
| In the ], ] is recorded as visiting the area without entering the city itself and asking his closest disciples who they thought he was. Accounts of their answers, including the ], are found in the Synoptic Gospels of ], ], and ]. Here Peter made his confession of Jesus as the Messiah and the "Son of the living God", and Christ in turn gave a charge to Peter. The apostles Peter, James and John were eyewitnesses to the ], which happened "in a high place nearby" and is recorded in {{bibleref2|Matthew 17:1-7}}, {{bibleref2|Mark 9:2-8}} and {{bibleref2|Luke 9:28-36}}. | |||
| According to the Christian ecclesiastical tradition, a woman from Paneas, who had been bleeding for 12 years, was ] ({{bibleref2|Luke; 8:43; Mark 5:23; Matthew 9:20}}). | |||
| ===Byzantine period=== | |||
| On attaining the position of Emperor of the Roman Empire in 361 AD ] instigated a religious reformation of the Roman state, as part of a programme intended to restore the lost grandeur and strength of the Roman state.<ref>{{harvp|Norwich|1988|pp=88–92}}</ref> He supported the restoration of Hellenic paganism as the state religion.<ref>{{harvp|Brown|1971|p=93}}</ref> In Paneas this was achieved by replacing the Christian symbols. | |||
| ] describes the events surrounding the replacement of a statue of Christ (which was also seen and reported by ]):- | |||
| <blockquote>Having heard that at Caesarea Philippi, otherwise called Panease Paneades,{{dubious|Paneas yes, Paneades also, but Panease? Or even "Panease Paneades"?! Source is not online, Google finds no other independent source, so please check.|date=October 2021}} a city of Phoenicia, there was a celebrated statue of Christ, which had been erected by a woman whom the Lord had cured of a flow of blood. Julian commanded it to be taken down, and a statue of himself erected in its place; but a violent fire from the heaven fell upon it, and broke off the parts contiguous to the breast; the head and neck were thrown prostrate, and it was transfixed to the ground with the face downwards at the point where the fracture of the bust was; and it has stood in that fashion from that day until now, full of the rust of the lightning."<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|p=99}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| ===Early Islamic period=== | |||
| In 635, Paneas gained favourable terms of surrender from the Muslim army of ], after the defeat of ]'s army. In 636 AD, a newly formed Byzantine army advanced on Palestine, using Paneas as a staging post, on the way to confront the Muslim army at ].<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|p=114}}</ref> | |||
| The depopulation of Paneas after the Muslim conquest was rapid, as the traditional markets of Paneas disappeared (only 14 of the 173 Byzantine sites in the area show signs of habitation from this period). The Hellenised city fell into decline. The council of al-Jabiyah established the administration of the new territory of the ], and Paneas remained the principal city of the district of ''al-Djawlan'' (the ]) within ], ] meaning "military province" and Dimashq being the Arabic name of ], due to its strategic military importance on the border with ''Filistin'' (]).<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|pp=115–116}}</ref> | |||
| Around 780, the nun ] visited Caesarea and reported that the town had a church and a "great many Christians".<ref>{{harvp|Wilson|2004|pp=118–119}}</ref> | |||
| ==Bishopric (Byzantine period until present)== | |||
| Caesarea Philippi became the seat of a bishop at an early date: local tradition has it that the first bishop was the ] mentioned in Saint Paul's ] ({{bibleverse||Romans|16:23|ESV}}). What is historically verifiable is that the see's bishop Philocalus was at the ] (325), that Martyrius was burned to death under ], that Baratus was at the ] in 381. Flavian, (420) Bishop of Caesarea Philippi<ref>Richard Price, Michael Gaddis, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1 (Liverpool University press, 2005).</ref><ref>Karl Joseph von Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church: To the close of the Council of Nicea, A.D. 325 (T. & T. Clark, 1871).</ref><ref>Letters 1–50 (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 76) (CUA Press, 1 Apr. 2007).</ref><ref>Karl Joseph von Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church: To the close of the Council of Nicea, A.D. 325 (T. & T. Clark, 1871) p35.</ref> and Olympius at the ] in 451 AD. In addition there is mention of a Bishop Anastasius of the same see, who became ] in the 7th century. | |||
| In the time of the ], Caesarea Philippi became a ] ], under the ], and the names of two of its bishops, Adam and John, are known.<ref>Pius Bonifacius Gams, , Leipzig 1931, p. 434</ref><ref>Michel Lequien, , Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 831-832</ref><ref>Konrad Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', , p. 387; , p. 305; , p. 326</ref><ref>Raymond Janin, ''v. Césarée de Philippe'', in , vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 209-211</ref> No longer a residential bishopric, Caesarea Philippi is today listed by the ] as a ].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 867</ref> It is also one of the sees to which the ] patriarchate of the ] has appointed a ]. | |||
| ==Archaeology== | |||
| Today Caesarea Philippi is a site of archeological importance, and lies within the ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018123009/http://old.parks.org.il/BuildaGate5/general2/data_card.php?Cat=~25~~837878172~Card12~&ru=&SiteName=parks&Clt=&Bur=193972732 |date=2014-10-18 }} at ] website</ref> | |||
| The ruins are extensive and have been thoroughly excavated. Within the city area the remains of Agrippa's palace, the ], a bath-house and a Byzantine-period synagogue.<ref> at biblewalks.com</ref> | |||
| A Byzantine church dated circa 400 CE was discovered on top of a Roman-era temple to Pan, adapted to fit the needs of Christian worshippers. It is thought to have been built to commemorate Jesus's interactions with Peter (the "]").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/rare-early-christian-church-built-atop-temple-to-pan-found-in-northern-israel/|title=Ancient church found where Jesus said to tell Peter to establish Christianity|website=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|24em}} | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| *{{cite book |last=Bromiley |first=Geoffrey W. |year=1995 |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A–D |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=0-8028-3781-6 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Peter |year=1971 |title=The World of Late Antiquity |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-95803-5 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |last1=de Saulcy |first1=Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart |author-link1=Louis Félicien de Saulcy |first2=Édouard |last2=de Warren |year=1854 |title=Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible Lands; in 1850 and 1851. Including an Account of the Discovery of the Sites of Sodom and Gomorrah |publisher=Parry and M'Millan |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofjourn02saul }} | |||
| *{{cite book |last=Flavius |first=Josephus |translator-last=Whiston |translator-first=William |title=The works of Flavius Josephus: in three volumes; with illustrations by Josephus Flavius |volume=1 |publisher=London & New York: George Routledge & Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/worksofflaviusjo1873jose |pages= }} | |||
| *{{cite book |last=Kent |first=Charles Foster |year=2007 |orig-year=1912 |title=Biblical Geography and History |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1-4067-5473-5 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |year=1988 |title=Byzantium; the Early Centuries |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-011447-5 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |last1=Provan |first1=Iain William |author-link=Iain William Provan |first2=V. Philips |last2=Long |author-link2=V. Philips Long|last3=Longman |first3=Tremper |author-link3=Tremper Longman |year=2003 |title=A Biblical History of Israel |location=London |publisher= Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=0-664-22090-8 |pages=181–183 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=John Francis |year=2004 |title=Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=1-85043-440-9 }} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * al-Athīr, ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn (translated 2006). ''The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from Al-Kāmil Fīʼl-taʼrīkh: The Years AH 491-541/1097-1146, the Coming of the Franks And the Muslim Response'' Translated by Donald Sidney Richards, Ashgate Publishing, {{ISBN|0-7546-4078-7}} | |||
| * Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1991). ''A Christological Catechism: New Testament Answers''. Paulist Press, {{ISBN|0-8091-3253-2}} | |||
| * Gregorian, Vartan (2003). ''Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith''. Brookings Institution Press, {{ISBN|0-8157-3283-X}} | |||
| * Hindley, Geoffrey (2004). ''The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy''. Carroll & Graf Publishers, {{ISBN|0-7867-1344-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book |author=Josephus Flavius |author-link=Josephus Flavius |year=1984 |title=The Jewish War |edition=Revised |editor=Betty Radice |editor2=E. Mary Smallwood |others=Translated by G. A. Williamson |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=0-14-044420-3 }} | |||
| * ] (2008). ''The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700''. Oxford University Press US, {{ISBN|0-19-923666-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book |author=Polybius |year=1979 |title=The Rise of the Roman Empire |others=Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert; Introduction by ] |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=0-14-044362-2}} | |||
| * Richard, Jean (1999). ''The Crusades, c. 1071—-c. 1291''. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-62566-1}} | |||
| * Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1977). ''Syria Under Islam: Empire on Trial, 634-1097''. Caravan Books, {{ISBN|0-88206-013-9}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category|Banias}} | |||
| *, aka Banias National Park, at the ] homepage. Accessed Oct 2021. | |||
| * at jewishmagazine.co.il. Accessed 14 Oct 2014. | |||
| {{New Testament places associated with Jesus}} | |||
| {{Roman colonies in ancient Levant}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
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