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#REDIRECT ]
{{Short description|Political idea}}

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

{{Politics of the European Union}}

'''Multi-speed Europe''' or '''two-speed Europe''' (called also "variable geometry Europe" or "]" depending on the form it would take in practice) is the idea that different parts of the ] should ] at different levels and pace depending on the political situation in each individual country. Indeed, multi-speed Europe is currently a reality, with only a subset of EU countries being members of the ] and of the ]. Like other forms of '''differentiated''' '''integration''' such as '''à la carte''' and '''variable geometry''', "multi-speed Europe" arguably aims to salvage the "widening and deepening of the European Union" in the face of ].

==Reasons and actuality of the concept ==
The concept entered political discourse when, after the end of the Cold War, an eastward enlargement of the European Union began to materialise and the question arose how "widening" could be made compatible with "deepening",<ref>Marcin Zaborowski: Germany and EU Enlargement: From Rapprochement to "Reaproachment"? In: Helene Sjursen (Ed.), , ARENA Report February 2005, p. 46.</ref> i.e., how the imminent enlargement process could be prevented from diluting the idea of an "ever closer union among the peoples of Europe", as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community of 1957 had put it. In 1994 – still at a time of the ] – the German ] ] and ] published a document<ref>Karl Lamers / Wolfgang Schäuble: (Reflections on European Policy). See also Gilles Andréani: , Centre for European Reform Essays, September 2002, {{ISBN|1-901229-33-5}}, p. 7-8.</ref> in which they called for a '']'' (= core Europe). This idea envisaged that "core Europe" would have a "centripetal effect", a magnetic attraction for the rest of Europe. A precursor to that concept had been a proposal by two advisors to German Chancellor ], ] and Norbert J. Prill, published as early as July 1989. Mertes and Prill called for a '''concentric circles Europe''', built around a federal core consisting of the ] (EU6) and like-minded EU member states.<ref>Michael Mertes / Norbert J. Prill: Der verhängnisvolle Irrtum eines Entweder-Oder. Eine Vision für Europa, ] 19 July 1989.</ref> In 1994 they partly revoked their original idea, arguing that the post-Cold War EU would rather look like a "Europe of Olympic rings" than a "Europe of concentric circles".<ref>Michael Mertes / Norbert J. Prill: Es wächst zusammen, was zusammengehören will. "Maastricht Zwei" muss die Europäische Union flexibel machen, ] 9 December 1994, p. 11.</ref>

The '''multi-speed Europe''' concept has been debated for years in European political circles, as a way to solve some institutional issues. The concept is that the more members there are in the Union, the more difficult it becomes to reach consensus on various topics, and the less likely it is that all would advance at the same pace in various fields.
] alongside the Outer Seven from 1960 to 1972{{legend|#039|Inner Six (])}}{{legend|#393|Outer Seven (])}}]]
Intermediate forms could be limited to some areas of close cooperation, as some historical examples are given below. It is also possible now for a minimum of nine EU member states to use ], but this new framework has been used only once. A second proposal, a unified European patent, is nearing completion with only two countries (Italy and Spain) not participating.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230090500/http://www.out-law.com/page-11672 |date=30 December 2010 }}, ''out-law.com'', 17 December 2010.</ref>

The idea of a multi-speed Europe has been revived because of the following initiatives:
* the Euro with 19 EU member-states and one more in ]. All but two states (], ]) have agreed by treaty to join but at least one of those treaty signatories (]) has made no further steps to do so.
* the ] Treaty leading to a common border for many EU states ({{as of|April 2020|lc=on}}, it excludes five ]s: ], ], ], ], and ], but includes four non-EU members - ], ], ] and ]). ], in a ] debate, asserted that Ireland only reluctantly agreed to stay out of the treaty to avoid creating a physical border between the Republic and Northern Ireland because the UK had chosen not to participate in the scheme.<ref name="UK">{{cite web | author=] | title=Volume: 587, Part: 120 (12 Mar 1998: Column 391, Baroness Williams of Crosby) | date=12 March 1998 | work=] ] | url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980312/text/80312-21.htm | access-date=2007-10-13 | archive-date=26 June 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626090730/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980312/text/80312-21.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
* other initiatives limited to some states, such as the ] and ].
Furthermore, important events were
* the enlargement of the ] to 28 member-states and in the forthcoming years other candidates (], ], ], ] and ]) where new members initially don't join the Schengen area and the Eurozone for some time.
* the ] that led to the ] that was signed in 2004 by the 25 Heads of State, but was not ratified by all national parliaments or assemblies and so failed. Later most of its provisions were adopted through the ] that included additional ] for some states.
* differences of view between EU members on some foreign diplomatic and military issues. In a 2004 article '']'' compared the variances of Europe to a lake that has many deep parts (areas in which countries are similar) and many shallow parts (areas in which countries have major differences).<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206162947/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8629365 |date=6 February 2007 }}, ''The Economist'', 1 February 2007.</ref>
{{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}}

Currently in the EU there are the following cases of non-uniform application of the ]:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| permanent deviations<ref>In addition to the permanent deviations there are temporary transition periods for the application of certain EU law provisions in some member states, but these have an already set dates for lapsing.</ref>
| request by states to cooperate more than EU<br><small>(post-]: request to participate at EU level instead of less)</small>
| request by states to cooperate less than general EU level
|-
| allowed by the EU
| ''']'''
| ''']'''<br>Minor ] derogations or exemptions<br>]
|-
| not allowed by the EU
| ''']'''<br>''']/] suspensions'''<br><small>(post accession: benchmarks for adoption of EU level)</small>
|
|-
|}
<!--{{clear|right}}-->

== Overview of non-uniformity inside the EU ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
|-
! Participant
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ]
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Croatia}} ]
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Cyprus}} ]
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Denmark}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Estonia}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Finland}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Greece}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Hungary}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Ireland}} ]
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Italy}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Latvia}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Malta}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Poland}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Portugal}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Romania}} ]
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Slovakia}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Spain}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Sweden}} ]
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#ffb" | c
| style="background:#bfb" | x
| style="background:#fbb" | o
| style="background:#fbb" | o
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="14" class="plainlist" |
*{{Color box|#bfb|x|border=darkgray}} – Member
*{{Color box|#ffb|c|border=darkgray}} – Candidate (or conditions to be fulfilled before joining)
*{{Color box|#fbb|o|border=darkgray}} – Non-member
|}

Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and Slovenia participate in all EU provisions.

== Participation of European countries in non EU-only integration initiatives ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2008}}
{{For|integration activities not initiated by the EU|European integration}}
A number of countries have special relations to the European Union implementing many of its regulations. Prominently there are Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Liechtenstein which are the only remaining EFTA members while all other former EFTA members have converted into EU members. Through agreements Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein (not including Switzerland) are members of the ] since 1994. As a consequence of taking part in the EU single market they need to adopt part of the ]. Formally they would not need to fund the EU government{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} but in practice they have opted to take on their part of financing EU institutions as required by EU law (see ]) with the financial footprint of Norway being equal to that of an EU member since 2009.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Especially Norway and Iceland are known to forfeit EU membership on the basis of ] that they want to opt out on. Both Norway and Iceland have signed and implemented the Schengen zone agreements from the start. During the turmoils of the financial crisis, Iceland was looking into membership of the Eurozone and it did apply for EU membership in 2009. Norway has joined all EU political treaties{{vague|date=August 2019}} and it has applied to EU membership multiple times but while fulfilling the requirements the membership was rejected by referendums in 1972 and 1994. This leaves Norway to be integrated into Inner Europe's institutions while not being part their governing body.

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Schengen area single entity.PNG
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ]
| image2 = Eurozone single entity.PNG
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ]
| footer =
}}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = EEA single entity.PNG
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ]
| image2 = EU single entity.PNG
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ]
| footer =
}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Participant
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
!]
! ]
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Albania}} ] || || || || ||x||x||x|| || || || || ||
|
|
|x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Andorra}} ] || ||s||x|| || || || || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Armenia}} ] || || || || || o|| x|| x|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Austria}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} ] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Belarus}} ] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Belgium}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="bisque"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ]
|
| || || ||x||x||x|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ]||c||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Croatia}} ]||c||c||x||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|o
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Cyprus}} ]||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|o
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} ]||x||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|o
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Denmark}} ]||x|| ||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||
|x
|o
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Estonia}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Finland}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|France}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Georgia}} ] || || || || ||x|| ||s|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Germany}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Greece}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|c
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Hungary}} ]||x||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Iceland}} ]
|
||| ||x|| ||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Ireland}} ]|| ||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|o
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Italy}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|c
|x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} ] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="bisque"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Kosovo}} ]
|
|x<ref name=":0" />|| || ||x||x||x|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Latvia}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|o
|x
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} ] ||x|| || ||x|| || ||x||x||x|| ||x|| ||
|
|x
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Lithuania}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|o
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Malta}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|o
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Moldova}} ] || || || || ||x||x||s|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Monaco}} ] ||s||s||x|| || ||s|| || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Montenegro}} ]
|
|x<ref name=":0">De facto uses the euro.</ref>|| || ||x||x||x|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Netherlands}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|North Macedonia}} ]
|
||| || ||x||x||x|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Norway}} ]||x|| || ||x||o
|x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Poland}} ]||x||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|o
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Portugal}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|c
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Romania}} ]||c||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Russia}} ] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|San Marino}} ] || ||s||x|| || ||s|| || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Serbia}} ]
|
||| || ||x||x||x|| || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Slovakia}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Slovenia}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Spain}} ]||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|x
|x
|- bgcolor="lightgreen"
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Sweden}} ]||x||c||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x||x
|x
|c
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} ] ||x|| || || ||x||x|| ||x||x|| ||x
| ||x
|x
|x
|
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Turkey}} ]
|
|||x|| ||x||x|| ||x|| || || || ||
|
|
|x
|- bgcolor="bisque"
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} ] || || || || ||x||x|| || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} ]|| || || || || ||x|| || || || || || || ||x|| ||x
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|Vatican City}} ] || ||s|| || || || || || || || || || ||
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Participant
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
!]
! ]
|}
[[File:Multispeed European Union 2011.png|thumb|Multispeed European Union 2013:
{{legend|SteelBlue|EU countries integrated in all areas}}
{{legend|DarkGreen|EU countries with exceptions}}
{{legend|GreenYellow|Non-EU countries integrated into the Single Market and Schengen}}
]]
<small>{{Color box|lightgreen|border=darkgray}} – member of the E.U.</small><br>
<small>{{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} – official candidate to join the E.U.</small><br>
<small>{{Color box|bisque|border=darkgray}} – recognised potential candidate to join the E.U.</small><br>
<small>x – member</small><br>
<small>c – conditions to be fulfilled before joining</small><br>
<small>s – unilateral adoption/participation through another state who is a member/some instruments signed, but not yet ratified</small><br>
<small>o – observer</small>

==Post-Brexit-vote revival of "multispeed Europe" ideas==
{{Update section|date=June 2022}}
In March 2017, ] ] ] released a five-point view of possible courses for the EC and its to-be-27 post-] members, looking forward to the year 2025. The points, among which Juncker expressed no preference, "range from standing down from policing of government financing of companies, for example, to a broader pullback that would essentially strip the EU back to being merely a single market", per one report.
The updated possibilities would entail member countries or groups of countries adopting different levels of participation with the union. The EC was approaching a March meeting of the 27 members in Rome and Juncker's paper addressed the options that "once invited scorn from convinced ]s" and seemed maybe even to have some backing "of lifelong ]" like the president.<ref>Valentine Pop, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302040209/https://www.wsj.com/articles/once-scorned-multispeed-europe-is-back-1488388260 |date=2 March 2017 }}, '']'', 1 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-01.</ref>

== See also ==
* ] – different examples of non-EU states participation and non-participation of some EU members
* ]
* ] (EFTA)
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*

{{European Union topics|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Multi-Speed Europe}}
]
]

Revision as of 00:04, 3 November 2022

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