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| Aquygen is an allegedly unique molecular arrangement of gas; the byproduct of a form of electrolysis a businessman named Denny Klein in ] claims to have developed. Skeptics, such as ], have refuted this technology to be little more than a combination of ] and conventional electrolysis, which has been known about for well over a century.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-05/052606action.html#i3 | title = Fire water | work = Swift: Online Newsletter of the ] | date = May 26, 2006 | accessdate = 2007-03-01 }}</ref> Denny Klein runs a company called Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc., The technology he espouses is claimed to electrolyze water for use as an "alternative to and enhancer of fossil fuels." This alleged technology was featured on several news programs, including ] and ]<ref>http://hytechapps.com/company/press </ref>, but has not undergone the scrutiny of peer reviewed scientific literature. Though hypothetical arrangements of such gases have been speculated upon by real physicists in peer-reviewed journals, Klein's claim that he created a hitherto unknown molecular arrangement with his technology remains unsubstantiated beyond the use of processes already known. The claims made by Klein closely resemble those of ] who was convicted of ] in Ohio for an alleged fuel cell design which would have theoretically violated the ]. | |||
| HHO Gas contains the following molecular arrangements according to gas chromatography published in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. <ref name="Santilli 2006">{{cite journal | last = Santilli | first = Ruggero Maria | year = 2006 | month = August | title = A new gaseous and combustible form of water | journal = ] | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = pp. 1113-1128 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.11.006 | accessdate = 2007-02-20 }} ()</ref> H2,H5,H4O,H6O,H7O,O2,HO2,H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide),O3,H1O3,H2O3,H3O3,H1O4,H2O4,O5. | |||
| Due to the resemblance of these claims to previous hoaxes and Denny Klein's failure to publish anything about his technology in recognized scientific peer-reviewed journals, or to submit his technologies to professional scrutiny, this phenomena has very little credibility in the realm of actual physics, but is notable none-the-less due to the attention it garnered in the media. | |||
| HHO Gas has been trademarked and branded as Aquygen.{{fact}} HHO Gas is claimed for use as an "alternative to and enhancer of fossil fuels." HHO Gas was featured on several news programs, including ] and ]<ref>http://hytechapps.com/company/press </ref>. | |||
| HHO Gas is practically indistinguishable from precedent common ducted electrolyzer designs, including but not limited to, the William Rhodes and Yull Brown designs.{{fact}} Since common ducting is the primary reason for distinction from Oxyhydrogen electrolyzers, and the Klein electrolyzer is common ducted, this alleged novel design falls within the scope of prior art.{{fact}} | |||
| ==Alleged variation of electrolysis== | ==Alleged variation of electrolysis== | ||
| Line 11: | Line 9: | ||
| According to Klein, the electrolyzer is "common ducted", which he claims produces a hydrogen and oxygen mixture that is molecularly different from the oxyhydrogen mixture produced in typical independently ducted electrolyzers; oxyhydrogen contains a 2:1 ratio of diatomic hydrogen and oxygen, whereas the result of common ducting produces additional molecular configurations other than purely H2 and O2. <ref>Aquygen website</ref> | According to Klein, the electrolyzer is "common ducted", which he claims produces a hydrogen and oxygen mixture that is molecularly different from the oxyhydrogen mixture produced in typical independently ducted electrolyzers; oxyhydrogen contains a 2:1 ratio of diatomic hydrogen and oxygen, whereas the result of common ducting produces additional molecular configurations other than purely H2 and O2. <ref>Aquygen website</ref> | ||
| This gas is given a variety of names, such as ] (Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen), ] (for Yull Brown), Rhodes Gas, or Green Gas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-06/060906just.html#i3 | title = That HHO iddea isn't new | date = June 9, 2006 | work = Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF | accessdate = 2007-03-01}}</ref> It is claimed to contain a variety of hydrogen and oxygen allotropes by controversial physicist Ruggero Santilli; for example, according to chromatography there are small quantities of 5 atom hydrogen allotropes, and large quantities of 5 atom oxygen allotropes.{{ |
This gas is given a variety of names, such as ] (Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen), ] (for Yull Brown), Rhodes Gas, or Green Gas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-06/060906just.html#i3 | title = That HHO iddea isn't new | date = June 9, 2006 | work = Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF | accessdate = 2007-03-01}}</ref> It is claimed to contain a variety of hydrogen and oxygen allotropes in accordance with the "magnecule" theory proposed by controversial physicist Ruggero Santilli; for example, according to chromatography there are small quantities of 5 atom hydrogen allotropes, and large quantities of 5 atom oxygen allotropes. The ] theory also makes claims about monatomic hydrogen and oxygen existing at relatively low pressures and temperatures. Klein holds several patents and patents pending on products for high-tech industries, such as {{US patent application|20060075683}}. | ||
| ===Claimed practical applications=== | ===Claimed practical applications=== | ||
| ====Welding==== | ====Welding==== | ||
| The allegedly unique variant of the electrolysis process was originally claimed to be useful for welding/soldering torches, able to weld glass, copper, aluminum, and carbon steel. |
The allegedly unique variant of the electrolysis process was originally claimed to be useful for welding/soldering torches, able to weld glass, copper, aluminum, and carbon steel. During the demonstration on ] this was the only process seen. Though, a welding torch utilizing electrolysis is certainly a valid idea, what was seen on air did not necessarily match the claims of the broadcast. For instance, a ball made of steel which was heated and seen to turn bright red was ''not'' seen to melt, yet the journalist stated it had turned to liquid steel when it was still clearly solid and structurally resilient. The type of torch used would not have a hot tip under ordinary circumstances of use even though the flame a short distance from the tip would be extremely hot, yet Klein states only a torch using his unique form of gas would behave this way, which is not an accurate statement to say the least. The fact that the gas is ignited a distance away from the tip is why many forms of blow torches do not melt themselves. | ||
| ====As a fuel or fuel additive==== | ====As a fuel or fuel additive==== | ||
| Klein's website claimed that the gas was useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive" for water-fueled cars, and proclaims, "Imagine cutting steel or running a car with ordinary water." |
Klein's website claimed that the gas was useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive" for water-fueled cars, and proclaims, "Imagine cutting steel or running a car with ordinary water." Klein has been featured in local news programs, videos of which are shown on the company website and have been passed around the Internet. The videos claim that the gas can be used by itself to fuel cars and electrical generators. They are far from explicit. <ref>YouTube search for "Denny Klein" </ref> | ||
| The only demonstration of the technology in a car, however, is a hybrid vehicle that allegedly uses the electrolyzed gas as a fuel additive in combination with gasoline. News reports claim that this improves engine efficiency by 50%, but no substantiation has been offered by Klein beyond that. Klein says, "On a hundred mile trip, we use about 4 ounces of water". These designs and claims were not subjected to any sort of rigorous scientific scrutiny.<ref>A more recent news broadcast aired in Channel 2 News in California</ref> Aside from the outrageous fuel efficiency Klein claims, the performance and design of his vehicle could be explained by battery powered design that utilizes, possibly ostensibly, some conventional form of electrolysis. | |||
| == |
===Criticism=== | ||
| ⚫ | The radical claims of Klein's alleged technology remain unscrutinized by any sort of peer reviewed scientific literature. Many skeptics, such as James Randi, have censured this alleged technology as fraud. Though such novel molecular arrangements have been hypothesized by physicists in peer reviewed literature dating back to the seventies, and electrolysis is certainly a valid process, neither Klein's claim to produce a novel molecular arrangement nor the outrageous claims of his alleged invention's applications have been subject to such scrutiny. | ||
| ]{{fact}} | |||
| == Consolidating Analysis == | |||
| HHO Gas, and Oxy-Hydrogen both consist 2:1 proportions of ] and ],{{fact}} and while these gases are practically indistinguishable upon gas chromatography analysis, cited in reference #1 of this article, molecular distinction exists. Oxyhydrogen, being produced from bottled torch gases, consists of diatomic (H2, O2) hydrogen and oxygen,{{fact}} while the peer reviewed publication of Santilli shows that HHO Gas contains ], ], and other molecular configurations of hydrogen and oxygen in addition to standard H2, and O2.{{fact}} | |||
| == Prior Art == | |||
| Brown's Gas has been around for decades and upon visual inspection distinction between HHO Gas and Brown's Gas appears impossible. <ref>A more recent news broadcast aired in Channel 2 News in California</ref> | |||
| == Criticism == | |||
| ⚫ | The claims of Klein's alleged technology remain unscrutinized by any sort of peer reviewed scientific literature. |
||
| Third party analysis of Denny Klein's company reveals Hydrogen Technology Applications (HTA) may have aspects of defraudment.{{cn}} HTA Inc. leads investors to believe that HHO has no history to support their patent claim that HHO is not ]. Third party testing shows HHO to be indistinguishable from Brown's Gas. Therefore HTA may be misinforming investors. | Third party analysis of Denny Klein's company reveals Hydrogen Technology Applications (HTA) may have aspects of defraudment.{{cn}} HTA Inc. leads investors to believe that HHO has no history to support their patent claim that HHO is not ]. Third party testing shows HHO to be indistinguishable from Brown's Gas. Therefore HTA may be misinforming investors. | ||
| There are questions as to whether the claims made in HTA's patents are legitimate or false. |
There are questions as to whether the claims made in HTA's patents are legitimate or false. The general consensus is that patents were made on 'public domain' technology to convince uninformed investors that HTA has a unique gas (which has not been proven). | ||
| Skeptics, such as ], have refuted this technology to be little more than a combination of ] and conventional electrolysis, which has been known about for well over a century.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-05/052606action.html#i3 | title = Fire water | work = Swift: Online Newsletter of the ] | date = May 26, 2006 | accessdate = 2007-03-01 }}</ref> | |||
| These designs and claims were not subjected to any sort of rigorous scientific scrutiny. {{fact}} | |||
| Circulating videos are far from explicit. {{fact}} | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 52: | Line 35: | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| <references /> | <references /> | ||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
Revision as of 01:50, 2 March 2007
 | This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Aquygen is an allegedly unique molecular arrangement of gas; the byproduct of a form of electrolysis a businessman named Denny Klein in Clearwater, Florida claims to have developed. Skeptics, such as James Randi, have refuted this technology to be little more than a combination of pseudoscience and conventional electrolysis, which has been known about for well over a century. Denny Klein runs a company called Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc., The technology he espouses is claimed to electrolyze water for use as an "alternative to and enhancer of fossil fuels." This alleged technology was featured on several news programs, including CNN and Fox news, but has not undergone the scrutiny of peer reviewed scientific literature. Though hypothetical arrangements of such gases have been speculated upon by real physicists in peer-reviewed journals, Klein's claim that he created a hitherto unknown molecular arrangement with his technology remains unsubstantiated beyond the use of processes already known. The claims made by Klein closely resemble those of Stanley Meyer who was convicted of fraud in Ohio for an alleged fuel cell design which would have theoretically violated the Law of Conservation of Energy.
Due to the resemblance of these claims to previous hoaxes and Denny Klein's failure to publish anything about his technology in recognized scientific peer-reviewed journals, or to submit his technologies to professional scrutiny, this phenomena has very little credibility in the realm of actual physics, but is notable none-the-less due to the attention it garnered in the media.
Alleged variation of electrolysis
According to Klein, the electrolyzer is "common ducted", which he claims produces a hydrogen and oxygen mixture that is molecularly different from the oxyhydrogen mixture produced in typical independently ducted electrolyzers; oxyhydrogen contains a 2:1 ratio of diatomic hydrogen and oxygen, whereas the result of common ducting produces additional molecular configurations other than purely H2 and O2.
This gas is given a variety of names, such as HHO gas (Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen), Brown's Gas (for Yull Brown), Rhodes Gas, or Green Gas. It is claimed to contain a variety of hydrogen and oxygen allotropes in accordance with the "magnecule" theory proposed by controversial physicist Ruggero Santilli; for example, according to chromatography there are small quantities of 5 atom hydrogen allotropes, and large quantities of 5 atom oxygen allotropes. The magnecule theory also makes claims about monatomic hydrogen and oxygen existing at relatively low pressures and temperatures. Klein holds several patents and patents pending on products for high-tech industries, such as US application 20,060,075,683 .
Claimed practical applications
Welding
The allegedly unique variant of the electrolysis process was originally claimed to be useful for welding/soldering torches, able to weld glass, copper, aluminum, and carbon steel. During the demonstration on CNN this was the only process seen. Though, a welding torch utilizing electrolysis is certainly a valid idea, what was seen on air did not necessarily match the claims of the broadcast. For instance, a ball made of steel which was heated and seen to turn bright red was not seen to melt, yet the journalist stated it had turned to liquid steel when it was still clearly solid and structurally resilient. The type of torch used would not have a hot tip under ordinary circumstances of use even though the flame a short distance from the tip would be extremely hot, yet Klein states only a torch using his unique form of gas would behave this way, which is not an accurate statement to say the least. The fact that the gas is ignited a distance away from the tip is why many forms of blow torches do not melt themselves.
As a fuel or fuel additive
Klein's website claimed that the gas was useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive" for water-fueled cars, and proclaims, "Imagine cutting steel or running a car with ordinary water." Klein has been featured in local news programs, videos of which are shown on the company website and have been passed around the Internet. The videos claim that the gas can be used by itself to fuel cars and electrical generators. They are far from explicit.
The only demonstration of the technology in a car, however, is a hybrid vehicle that allegedly uses the electrolyzed gas as a fuel additive in combination with gasoline. News reports claim that this improves engine efficiency by 50%, but no substantiation has been offered by Klein beyond that. Klein says, "On a hundred mile trip, we use about 4 ounces of water". These designs and claims were not subjected to any sort of rigorous scientific scrutiny. Aside from the outrageous fuel efficiency Klein claims, the performance and design of his vehicle could be explained by battery powered design that utilizes, possibly ostensibly, some conventional form of electrolysis.
Criticism
The radical claims of Klein's alleged technology remain unscrutinized by any sort of peer reviewed scientific literature. Many skeptics, such as James Randi, have censured this alleged technology as fraud. Though such novel molecular arrangements have been hypothesized by physicists in peer reviewed literature dating back to the seventies, and electrolysis is certainly a valid process, neither Klein's claim to produce a novel molecular arrangement nor the outrageous claims of his alleged invention's applications have been subject to such scrutiny.
Third party analysis of Denny Klein's company reveals Hydrogen Technology Applications (HTA) may have aspects of defraudment. HTA Inc. leads investors to believe that HHO has no history to support their patent claim that HHO is not Brown's Gas. Third party testing shows HHO to be indistinguishable from Brown's Gas. Therefore HTA may be misinforming investors.
There are questions as to whether the claims made in HTA's patents are legitimate or false. The general consensus is that patents were made on 'public domain' technology to convince uninformed investors that HTA has a unique gas (which has not been proven).
See also
References
- "Fire water". Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF. May 26, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
- http://hytechapps.com/company/press
- Aquygen website
- "That HHO iddea isn't new". Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF. June 9, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
- YouTube search for "Denny Klein"
- A more recent news broadcast aired in Channel 2 News in California