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The "'''deep state'''" (] ''derin devlet'') is an influential and informal anti-democratic coalition within the ] political system, composed of high-level elements within the Turkish military, security and intelligence services, the judicial branch, and key leaders of organized crime movements.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gareth |last=Jones |title=Bombing throws spotlight on Turkey |url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=28558 |work=Turkish Daily News |date=] |accessdate=2006-12-21 |quote=The "deep state" is made up of elements from the military, security and judicial establishments wedded to a fiercely nationalist, statist ideology who, if need be, are ready to block or even oust a government that does not share their vision. }}</ref> The notion is similar to that of a "state within the state," but additionally the deep state operates in the dark, using extra-judicial means, such as ]s. The "'''deep state'''" (] ''derin devlet'') is an influential and informal anti-democratic coalition within the ] political system, composed of high-level elements within the Turkish military, security and intelligence services, the judicial branch, and key leaders of organized crime movements.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gareth |last=Jones |title=Bombing throws spotlight on Turkey |url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=28558 |work=Turkish Daily News |date=] |accessdate=2006-12-21 |quote=The "deep state" is made up of elements from the military, security and judicial establishments wedded to a fiercely nationalist, statist ideology who, if need be, are ready to block or even oust a government that does not share their vision. }}</ref> This is an attempt of defining a phenomenon observed in Turkey since the early 1970s. At the beginning the discussion on a secret formation within the State focussed on the term ] (in Turkish: ''kontr-gerilla''). Parallel to developments in other member States of the ] the name of ] is sometimes used as well.


Many authors believe in an organized and institutionalized form of the ''deep State'' and have pointed at the ''Özel Harp Dairesi'' (ÖHD - Special Warfare Department). This unit formed in 1952 as ''Seferberlik Taktik Kurulu'' (STK - Tactical Mobilisation Group) operates under the authority of the President of General Staff and is also known by other titles such as ''Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı'' (Special Forces Command) or ''Harekat Dairesi'' (Operations Department)<ref>Kemal Yamak: Gölgede Kalan İzler ve Gölgeleşen Bizler (Traces in the Shadow and We becoming Shadows), Dogan Kitap, January 2006, ISBN: 975-293-415-3</ref> (also see ). The notion of ''deep State'' is similar to that of a "state within the state".
⚫ The political agenda of the deep state involves an allegiance to ], ], and state interests. Violence and other means of pressure have historically been employed in a largely covert manner to manipulate political and economic elites and ensure specific interests are met within the seemingly democratic framework of the political landscape.<ref>{{cite news |first =Jon |last =Gorvett |title =Bombing Campaign a Response to Ankara’s Kurdish Policies, or "Deep State" Plot? |url =http://www.wrmea.com/archives/November_2006/0611044.html |work =Washington Report on Middle East Affairs |publisher =American Educational Trust |pages =44-45 |year =2006 |month=November |accessdate =2006-12-21 |quote =Yet speculation is rife as to who might really be behind the group. There is a lingering suspicion, by the Turkish political left in particular, that TAK is a creation of the “deep state”—the secret authority of generals, politicians, bureaucrats and organized criminals often held responsible for the dark side of Turkish politics. According to this interpretation, TAK’s bombing campaign is an attempt by this deep state to force the government to grant emergency powers to the security authorities—themselves thought to be dominated by the deep state—and thus entrench the power of these dark forces. }}</ref>

⚫ The political agenda of the deep state involves an allegiance to ], ], and state interests. Violence and other means of pressure have historically been employed in a largely covert manner to manipulate political and economic elites and ensure specific interests are met within the seemingly democratic framework of the political landscape.<ref>{{cite news |first =Jon |last =Gorvett |title =Bombing Campaign a Response to Ankara’s Kurdish Policies, or "Deep State" Plot? |url =http://www.wrmea.com/archives/November_2006/0611044.html |work =Washington Report on Middle East Affairs |publisher =American Educational Trust |pages =44-45 |year =2006 |month=November |accessdate =2006-12-21 |quote =Yet speculation is rife as to who might really be behind the group. }}</ref>

==Incidents==
A number of (mostly unclarified) incidents have fueled the discussion on the ''deep State''. Some of them are:

* The ]

On 30 March 1972 special forces raided Kızıldere village in ] district, ] province and killed 10 young men.


==Admissions of its existence== ==Admissions of its existence==

Revision as of 15:40, 2 March 2007

The "deep state" (Turkish derin devlet) is an influential and informal anti-democratic coalition within the Turkish political system, composed of high-level elements within the Turkish military, security and intelligence services, the judicial branch, and key leaders of organized crime movements. This is an attempt of defining a phenomenon observed in Turkey since the early 1970s. At the beginning the discussion on a secret formation within the State focussed on the term Counter-Guerrilla (in Turkish: kontr-gerilla). Parallel to developments in other member States of the NATO the name of Gladio is sometimes used as well.

Many authors believe in an organized and institutionalized form of the deep State and have pointed at the Özel Harp Dairesi (ÖHD - Special Warfare Department). This unit formed in 1952 as Seferberlik Taktik Kurulu (STK - Tactical Mobilisation Group) operates under the authority of the President of General Staff and is also known by other titles such as Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı (Special Forces Command) or Harekat Dairesi (Operations Department) (also see page of Can Dündar |accessdate =2007-03-02). The notion of deep State is similar to that of a "state within the state".

The political agenda of the deep state involves an allegiance to nationalism, corporatism, and state interests. Violence and other means of pressure have historically been employed in a largely covert manner to manipulate political and economic elites and ensure specific interests are met within the seemingly democratic framework of the political landscape.

Incidents

A number of (mostly unclarified) incidents have fueled the discussion on the deep State. Some of them are:

On 30 March 1972 special forces raided Kızıldere village in Niksar district, Tokat province and killed 10 young men.

Admissions of its existence

The first to publicly admit the existence of the "deep state," in 1974, was the then Turkish prime minister, Bülent Ecevit, who called it "Counter-Guerrilla." Former president and strong man General Kenan Evren, who led the 1980 military coup, not only admitted the existence of the "deep state," but also testified to his inability to annihilate it, in spite of strenuous efforts. Former prime minister Tansu Çiller was less concerned, stating that the identity and criminal record of persons "who killed for the state" did not matter, and that "those who died for the state, and those who killed for the state" are both heroes of Turkey. The Susurluk scandal of 1996, during which ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves leader Abdullah Catli was found dead in a car crash, exposed the connections between the military and bureaucratic elements of the "deep state" and organized crime. Former president Süleyman Demirel described the deep state in 2005 as follows: "The deep state is the state itself. It is the military."

The newest admission comes from prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In the television show İskele Sancak on Turkish TV channel Kanal 7 on January 26, 2007, he stated his belief in the existence of the "deep state." "I don't agree with those who say the deep state does not exist, it does exist. It has always been there," he said, "It is not something that started with the period of the Turkish Republic. It even goes back to the Ottoman . But to minimize it, if possible even annihilate it, that is what must be done."

See also

References

  1. Jones, Gareth (2005-11-20). "Bombing throws spotlight on Turkey". Turkish Daily News. Retrieved 2006-12-21. The "deep state" is made up of elements from the military, security and judicial establishments wedded to a fiercely nationalist, statist ideology who, if need be, are ready to block or even oust a government that does not share their vision. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. Kemal Yamak: Gölgede Kalan İzler ve Gölgeleşen Bizler (Traces in the Shadow and We becoming Shadows), Dogan Kitap, January 2006, ISBN: 975-293-415-3
  3. Gorvett, Jon (2006). "Bombing Campaign a Response to Ankara's Kurdish Policies, or "Deep State" Plot?". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. American Educational Trust. pp. 44–45. Retrieved 2006-12-21. Yet speculation is rife as to who might really be behind the group. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Yusuf Kanlı (2007-01-29). "The Turkish deep state". Turkish Daily News. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  5. Mehmet Barlas (2007-01-29). "Osmanlı'da oyun bitmez – Derin Devlet". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  6. "'State within a state' should be demolished". Sabah. 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-01-29.

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