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The term '''psychic''' comes from the Greek ''psychikos'', meaning "of the soul, mental," which is in turn derived from the Greek word ''psyche'' (soul/mind).<ref> ''The Greeks and the Irrational'' by E.R. Dodds, University of California Press, 1951</ref> It was first used by French astronomer ], who was also a noted ] and psychical researcher.<ref name="EncyOccult">Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X</ref> As an adjective, the term psychic describes the arguably ] aspect of certain mental phenomena. As a noun, the word psychic describes a person with the professed abillity to produce psychic phenomena. The term is often used interchangeably with ], although many psychics attribute abilities they may have to ] or ] rather than to contact with spirits.<ref name="EncyOccult">Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X</ref> The term '''psychic''' comes from the Greek ''psychikos'', meaning "of the soul, mental," which is in turn derived from the Greek word ''psyche'' (soul/mind).<ref> ''The Greeks and the Irrational'' by E.R. Dodds, University of California Press, 1951</ref> It was first used by French astronomer ], who was also a noted ] and psychical researcher.<ref name="EncyOccult">Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X</ref> As an adjective, the term psychic describes the arguably ] aspect of certain mental phenomena. As a noun, the word psychic means a person with the ability to produce psychic phenomena. The term is often used interchangeably with ], although many psychics attribute abilities they may have to ] or ] rather than to contact with spirits.<ref name="EncyOccult">Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X</ref>


== Psychical research == == Psychical research ==

Revision as of 21:36, 3 March 2007

The term psychic comes from the Greek psychikos, meaning "of the soul, mental," which is in turn derived from the Greek word psyche (soul/mind). It was first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion, who was also a noted spiritualist and psychical researcher. As an adjective, the term psychic describes the arguably paranormal aspect of certain mental phenomena. As a noun, the word psychic means a person with the ability to produce psychic phenomena. The term is often used interchangeably with medium, although many psychics attribute abilities they may have to ESP or clairvoyance rather than to contact with spirits.

Psychical research

Main article: Parapsychology

The rise of modern inquiry into reports of psychical phenomena coincided with the introduction of modern Spiritualism in 1848 and the movement's claims of paranormal abilities. Shortly thereafter, the Society for Psychical Research was founded in Britain (1882) and the American Society for Psychical Research was founded in the United States (1885). Spiritualism was so widespread and the reports of its effects so numerous and impressive that it was inevitable that scientists would be attracted to the alleged phenomena. Early psychical researchers concerned themselves with studying mediums and spiritualist claims. In the early 1900s, a dissatisfaction with the results of the research and political disagreements within psychic research organizations led to a new approach and a new term for the study of psychic phenomena: parapsychology.

Parapsychology began using the experimental approach to psychic phenomena in the 1930s under the direction of J. B. Rhine (1895 – 1980). Rhine popularized the now famous methodology of using card-guessing and dice-rolling experiments in a laboratory in an attempt to find a statistical validation of extra-sensory perception.

In 1957, the Parapsychological Association was formed as the preeminent society for parapsychologists. In 1969, they became affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. That affiliation, along with a general openness to psychic and occult phenomena in the 1970s, led to a decade of increased parapsychological research. During this time, other notable organizations were also formed, including the Academy of Parapsychology and Medicine (1970), the Institute of Parascience (1971), the Academy of Religion and Psychical Research, the Institute of Noetic Sciences (1973), and the International Kirlian Research Association (1975). Each of these groups performed experiments on paranormal subjects to varying degrees. Parapsychological work was also conducted at the Stanford Research Institute during this time.

The methodology and results of parapsychological work are often disputed. However, a consensus within the field of parapsychology is that certain types of psychic phenomena such as psychokinesis, telepathy, and precognition are well established experimentally. Critics such as Ray Hyman argue that the evidence for psi (psychic phenomena) needs further replication and theoretical work before it is accepted. However, the existence of psychics and the validity of parapsychological experiments is heavilly disputed by skeptics throughout the scientific community.

Skepticism

The possibility that psychic phenomena are real is often met with skepticism, both in science and the general public, because it challenges accepted models of how the physical world works. Parapsychologists who study psychic phenomena and skeptics agree that many of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena such as mediumism, can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as cold reading. Magicians such as Ian Rowland and Derren Brown have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, but they proffer psychological explanations instead of paranormal ones. They have identified, described and developed complex psychological techniques of cold reading and hot reading.

Noted debunker of psychic fraud James Randi has offered a $1 million prize to anyone who can demonstrate their psychic powers under controlled circumstances agreed upon by both parties. So far, no one has passed even the preliminary testing procedures, let alone been awarded the prize money.

Popular culture

Belief in psychic abilities is very common. For example, one 2006 poll by researchers Bryan Farha of Oklahoma City University and Gary Steward of University of Central Oklahoma, showed that college seniors and graduate students have more paranormal beliefs than college freshmen.

Some people also believe that psychic abilities can be activated or enhanced through the study and practice of various disciplines and techniques such as meditation, with a number of books and websites being dedicated to instruction in these methods (see Psionics article for details).

Fiction

Psychic characters are common in fiction as well. For example, The Dead Zone by Stephen King (and the film and TV series based on it) are about a psychic named Johnny Smith whose abilities are awakened after a car accident.

See also

External links

References

  1. The Greeks and the Irrational by E.R. Dodds, University of California Press, 1951
  2. ^ Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X
  3. http://www.metapsychique.org/Does-Psi-Exist-Replicable-Evidence.html Bem, D.J., and C. Honorton. 1994. Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin 115:4-18
  4. http://www.boundaryinstitute.org/articles/tri2.pdf Evidence for a retrocausal effect in the human nervous system Dean Radin & Edwin May Boundary Institute, Retrieved Dec 15, 2006
  5. http://www.scientificexploration.org/jse/articles/pdf/17.2_mousseau.pdf Parapsychology: Science or Pseudo-Science? By MARIE-CATHERINE MOUSSEAU in the Journal of Scienti. c Exploration, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 271-282, 2003, Retrieved February 19, 2005
  6. http://www.psy.gu.se/EJP/EJP1984Bauer.pdf Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology - An Overview By Eberhard Bauer, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, in the European Journal of Parapsychology, 1984, 5, 141-166, Retrieved February 09, 2007
  7. Radin, Dean I. (1997). The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-251502-0.
  8. http://www.mceagle.com/remote-viewing/refs/science/air/hyman.html The Journal of Parapsychology, December, 1995, Evaluation of Program on Anomalous Mental Phenomena By Ray Hyman Retrieved January 5, 2007
  9. JEFFERS, STANLEY. "The PEAR Proposition: Fact or Fallacy?". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. Radford, Benjamin. "CSI: Turning from Science to Psychics". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. SHERMER, MICHAEL. "Why most scientists do not believe in ESP and psi phenomena". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. Nickell, Joe. "Psychic Sleuthing: The Myth-making Process". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 19 (help)
  13. http://www.psy.gu.se/EJP/EJP1984Bauer.pdf Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology - An Overview By Eberhard Bauer, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, in the European Journal of Parapsychology, 1984, 5, 141-166, Retrieved February 09, 2007
  14. O',Keeffe, Ciarán and Wiseman Richard: Testing alleged mediumship: Methods and results. British Journal of Psychology (2005), 96, 165–17. http://www.psy.herts.ac.uk/wiseman/papers/MediumBJP.pdf
  15. Rowland, Ian: The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading. http://ianrowland.com/ItemsToBuy/ColdReading/ColdReadingMain1.html
  16. http://www.randi.org/research/faq.html#1.4
  17. Steiger, B: "Smart People See Ghosts. Higher education supports belief in the paranormal" Fate Magazine, April 2006 Volume 59, Number 4, Issue 672
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