Misplaced Pages

Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 22:11, 31 December 2022 edit188.76.0.106 (talk) →Mitochondrial DNATag: Reverted← Previous edit Revision as of 17:55, 8 January 2023 edit undo2a01:5ec0:d005:9789:1:0:2d1b:f316 (talk) LoL,R1b in Spain has nothing to do with steppe!!!!!R1b in Spain is with Basques because of Anatolian farmers who carried R1b,tarim basin mummies were R1a so ancient north eurasians(ancestors yamnaya of were R1a ) R1b in yamnaya is because of migration from caucasusTags: Reverted references removed Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web editNext edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
] plot of 17 contemporary Iberian populations.<ref name="pmid31127131">{{cite journal|vauthors=Pimenta J, Lopes AM, Carracedo A, Arenas M, Amorim A, Comas D| title=Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula. | journal=Sci Rep | year= 2019 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 7825 | pmid=31127131 | doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44121-6 | pmc=6534591 | bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7825P }}</ref>]] ] plot of 17 contemporary Iberian populations.<ref name="pmid31127131">{{cite journal|vauthors=Pimenta J, Lopes AM, Carracedo A, Arenas M, Amorim A, Comas D| title=Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula. | journal=Sci Rep | year= 2019 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 7825 | pmid=31127131 | doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44121-6 | pmc=6534591 | bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7825P }}</ref>]]
The ancestry of modern Iberians (comprising the ] and ]) is consistent with the geographical situation of the ] in the south-west corner of Europe. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are ] who arrived during the Neolithic.
The ancestry of modern Iberians (comprising the ] and ]) is consistent with the geographical situation of the ] in the south-west corner of Europe. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are ] who arrived during the Neolithic. The large predominance of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b, common throughout ], is testimony to a considerable input from various waves of (predominantly male) ] from the ] during the ]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelis |first1=Mari |last2=Esko |first2=Tõnu |last3=Mägi |first3=Reedik |last4=Zimprich |first4=Fritz |last5=Zimprich |first5=Alexander |last6=Toncheva |first6=Draga |last7=Karachanak |first7=Sena |last8=Piskáčková |first8=Tereza |last9=Balaščák |first9=Ivan |last10=Peltonen |first10=Leena |last11=Jakkula |first11=Eveliina |last12=Rehnström |first12=Karola |last13=Lathrop |first13=Mark |last14=Heath |first14=Simon |last15=Galan |first15=Pilar |last16=Schreiber |first16=Stefan |last17=Meitinger |first17=Thomas |last18=Pfeufer |first18=Arne |last19=Wichmann |first19=H-Erich |last20=Melegh |first20=Béla |last21=Polgár |first21=Noémi |last22=Toniolo |first22=Daniela |last23=Gasparini |first23=Paolo |last24=D'Adamo |first24=Pio |last25=Klovins |first25=Janis |last26=Nikitina-Zake |first26=Liene |last27=Kučinskas |first27=Vaidutis |last28=Kasnauskienė |first28=Jūratė |last29=Lubinski |first29=Jan |last30=Debniak |first30=Tadeusz |last31=Limborska |first31=Svetlana |last32=Khrunin |first32=Andrey |last33=Estivill |first33=Xavier |last34=Rabionet |first34=Raquel |last35=Marsal |first35=Sara |last36=Julià |first36=Antonio |last37=Antonarakis |first37=Stylianos E. |last38=Deutsch |first38=Samuel |last39=Borel |first39=Christelle |last40=Attar |first40=Homa |last41=Gagnebin |first41=Maryline |last42=Macek |first42=Milan |last43=Krawczak |first43=Michael |last44=Remm |first44=Maido |last45=Metspalu |first45=Andres |last46=Fleischer |first46=Robert C. |title=Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 May 2009 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5472 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 |pmid=19424496 |pmc=2675054 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5472N |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Novembre |first1=John |last2=Johnson |first2=Toby |last3=Bryc |first3=Katarzyna |last4=Kutalik |first4=Zoltán |last5=Boyko |first5=Adam R. |last6=Auton |first6=Adam |last7=Indap |first7=Amit |last8=King |first8=Karen S. |last9=Bergmann |first9=Sven |last10=Nelson |first10=Matthew R. |last11=Stephens |first11=Matthew |last12=Bustamante |first12=Carlos D. |title=Genes mirror geography within Europe |journal=Nature |date=31 August 2008 |volume=456 |issue=7218 |pages=98–101 |doi=10.1038/nature07331 |pmid=18758442 |pmc=2735096 |bibcode=2008Natur.456...98N }}</ref>


The Iberian people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula: The Iberian people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula:

Revision as of 17:55, 8 January 2023

PCA plot of 17 contemporary Iberian populations.

The ancestry of modern Iberians (comprising the Spanish and Portuguese) is consistent with the geographical situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the south-west corner of Europe. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic.

The Iberian people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula:

There are also some genetic influences from Germanic tribes who arrived after the Roman period, including the Suebi, Hasdingi Vandals, Alans and Visigoths. Due to its position on the Mediterranean Sea, like other Southern European countries, there were also contact with other Mediterranean peoples such as the ancient Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians who briefly settled along the Iberian Mediterranean coast, the Sephardi Jewish community, and Berbers and Arabs arrived during Al-Andalus, all of them leaving some North African and Middle Eastern genetic contributions, particularly in the Southern and Western Iberian Peninsula. Similar to Sardinia, Iberia was shielded from settlement from the Bosporus and Caucasus region by its western geographic location, and thus has lower levels of Western Asian and Middle Eastern admixture than Italy and the southern Balkan Peninsula, most of which probably arrived during historic rather than prehistoric times, especially in the Roman period.

Significant genetic differences are found among, and even within, Spain's different regions, which can be explained by the wide divergence in their historical trajectories and Spain's internal geographic boundaries.

Overview

DNA analysis shows that Spanish and Portuguese populations are most closely related to other populations of western Europe. There is an axis of significant genetic differentiation along the east–west direction, in contrast to remarkable genetic similarity in the north–south direction.

Y-DNA haplogroup frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula.

One of the first scholars to perform genetic studies, although now questioned in its conclusions, was Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. He used classical genetic markers to analyse DNA by proxy. This method studies differences in the frequencies of particular allelic traits, namely polymorphisms from proteins found within human blood (such as the ABO blood groups, Rhesus blood antigens, HLA loci, immunoglobulins, G-6-P-D isoenzymes, among others). Subsequently, his team calculated genetic distance between populations, based on the principle that two populations that share similar frequencies of a trait are more closely related than populations that have more divergent frequencies of the trait.

Since then, population genetics has progressed significantly and studies using direct DNA analysis are now abundant and may use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) or autosomal DNA. MtDNA and NRY DNA share some similar features which have made them particularly useful in genetic anthropology. These properties include the direct, unaltered inheritance of mtDNA and NRY DNA from mother to offspring and father to son, respectively, without the 'scrambling' effects of genetic recombination. We also presume that these genetic loci are not affected by natural selection and that the major process responsible for changes in base pairs has been mutation (which can be calculated).

Whereas Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups represent but a small component of a person's DNA pool, autosomal DNA has the advantage of containing hundreds and thousands of examinable genetic loci, thus giving a more complete picture of genetic composition. Descent relationships can only to be determined on a statistical basis, because autosomal DNA undergoes recombination. A single chromosome can record a history for each gene. Autosomal studies are much more reliable for showing the relationships between existing populations but do not offer the possibilities for unraveling their histories in the same way as mtDNA and NRY DNA studies promise, despite their many complications.

Five component admixture plots for various contemporary Iberian populations against other European, West Asian, North African and West African populations.

Y-Chromosome haplogroups

Main article: Haplogroup R-DF27

Like other Western Europeans, among Spaniards and Portuguese the Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent, occurring at over 70% throughout most of Spain. R1b is particularly dominant in the Basque Country and Catalonia, occurring at rate of over 80%. In Iberia, most men with R1b belong to the subclade R-P312 (R1b1a1a2a1a2; as of 2017). The distribution of haplogroups other than R1b varies widely from one region to another.

In Portugal as a whole the R1b haplogroups rate 70%, with some areas in the Northwest regions reaching over 90%.

Although R1b prevails in much of Western Europe, a key difference is found in the prevalence in Iberia of R-DF27 (R1b1a1a2a1a2a). This subclade is found in over 60% of the male population in the Basque Country and 40-48% in Madrid, Alicante, Barcelona, Cantabria, Andalucia, Asturias and Galicia. R-DF27 constitutes much more than the half of the total R1b in the Iberian Peninsula. Subsequent in-migration by members of other haplogroups and subclades of R1b did not affect its overall prevalence, although this falls to only two thirds of the total R1b in Valencia and the coast more generally. R-DF27 is also a significant subclade of R1b in parts of France and Britain. R-S28/R-U152 (R1b1a1a2a1a2b) is the prevailing subclade of R1b in Northern Italy, Switzerland and parts of France, but it represents less than 5.0% of the male population in Iberia. Ancient samples from the central European Bell Beaker culture, Hallstatt culture and Tumulus culture belonged to this subclade. R-S28/R-U152 is slightly significant in Seville, Barcelona, Portugal and Basque Country at 10-20% of the total population, but it is represented at frequencies of only 3.0% in Cantabria and Santander, 2.0% in Castille and Leon, 6% in Valencia, and under 1% in Andalusia. Sephardic Jews I1 0% I2*/I2a 1% I2 0% Haplogroup R1a 5% R1b 13% G 15% Haplogroup J2 2 25% J*/J1 22% E-M2151b1b 9% T 6% Q 2%

Haplogroup J, mostly subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 (J2), is found at levels of over 20% in some regions, while Haplogroup E has a general frequency of about 10%. Overall, E-M78 (E1b1b1a1 in 2017) and E-M81 (E1b1b1b1a in 2017) both constitute about 4.0% each, with a further 1.0% from Haplogroup E-M123 (E1b1b1b2a1) and 1.0% from unknown subclades of E-M96. (E-M81 is widely considered to represent relatively historical migrations from North Africa).

Mitochondrial DNA

MtDNA haplogroup frequencies in the main Iberian regions.
Main articles: Haplogroup H (mtDNA) and Haplogroup U (mtDNA)

There have been a number of studies about the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (mtDNA) in Europe. In contrast to Y DNA haplogroups, mtDNA haplogroups did not show as much geographical patterning, but were more evenly ubiquitous. Apart from the outlying Sami, all Europeans are characterized by the predominance of haplogroups H, U and T. The lack of observable geographic structuring of mtDNA may be due to socio-cultural factors, namely patrilocality and a lack of polyandry.

The subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the Magdalenian expansion from Iberia c. 13,000 years ago:

  • H1 encompasses an important fraction of Western European mtDNA, reaching its local peak among contemporary Basques (27.8%) and appearing at a high frequency among other Iberians and North Africans. Its frequency is above 10% in many other parts of Europe (France, Sardinia, British Isles, Alps, large portions of Eastern Europe), and above 5% in nearly all the continent. Its subclade H1b is most common in eastern Europe and NW Siberia. So far, the highest frequency of H1 - 61%- has been found among the Tuareg of the Fezzan region in Libya.
  • H3 represents a smaller fraction of European genome than H1 but has a somewhat similar distribution with peak among Basques (13.9%), Galicians (8.3%) and Sardinians (8.5%). Its frequency decreases towards the northeast of the continent, though. Studies have suggested haplogroup H3 is highly protective against AIDS progression.
  • Autosomal DNA

A 2007 European-wide study including Spanish Basques and Valencian Spaniards found Iberian populations to cluster the furthest from other continental groups, implying that Iberia holds the most ancient European ancestry. In this study, the most prominent genetic stratification in Europe was found to run from the north to the south-east, while another important axis of differentiation runs east–west across the continent. It also found, despite the differences, that all Europeans are closely related.

Distribution of North African Admixture in the Iberian Peninsula

The most recent and comprehensive genomic studies establish that North African genetic ancestry can be identified throughout most of the Iberian Peninsula, ranging from 0% to 11%, but is highest in the south and west, while being absent or almost absent in the Basque Country and northeast.

U6 presence is due to Islamic expansion into the Iberian peninsula or prior population movements, and whether Haplogroup L is linked to the slave trade or prior population movements linked to Islamic expansion. A majority of Haplogroup L lineages in Iberia being North African in origin points to the latter. In 2015, Hernández et al. concluded that "the estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that some U6 and L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early Holocene while a majority were introduced during historic times." The Basque region holds the least Eastern Mediterranean and North African ancestry in Iberia. African influence peaks in the Southern and Western regions of the peninsula, dropping considerably in the northeast (Catalonia and Aragon) and the Basque region.

Excerpts from the Abstract of a study published in 2015:

" In the case of Portugal, previous population genetics studies have already revealed the general portrait of HVS-I and HVS-II mitochondrial diversity, becoming now important to update and expand the mitochondrial region analysed. Accordingly, a total of 292 complete control region sequences from continental Portugal were obtained, under a stringent experimental design to ensure the quality of data through double sequencing of each target region.* Furthermore, H-specific coding region SNPs were examined to detail haplogroup classification and complete mitogenomes were obtained for all sequences belonging to haplogroups U4 and U5. In general, a typical Western European haplogroup or Atlantic modal haplotype (AMH) composition was found in mainland Portugal, associated to high level of mitochondrial genetic diversity. Within the country, no signs of substructure were detected. The typing of extra coding region SNPs has provided the refinement or confirmation of the previous classification obtained with EMMA tool in 96% of the cases. Finally, it was also possible to enlarge haplogroup U phylogeny with 28 new U4 and U5 mitogenomes."

The AMH reaches the highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula, in Great Britain and Ireland. In the Iberian Peninsula it reaches 70% in Portugal as a whole, with more than 90% in NW Portugal and nearly 90% in Galicia (NW Spain), while the highest value is to be found among the Basques (NE Spain).

The Atlantic modal haplotype (AMH) or haplotype 15 is a Y chromosome haplotype of Y-STR microsatellite variations, associated with the Haplogroup R1b. It was discovered prior to many of the SNPs now used to identify subclades of R1b and references to it can be found in some of the older literature. It corresponds most closely with subclade R1b1a2a1a(1) .

The AMH is the most frequently occurring haplotype amongst human males in Atlantic Europe. It is characterized by the following marker alleles:

  • DYS388 12
  • DYS390 24
  • DYS391 11
  • DYS392 13
  • DYS393 13
  • DYS394 14 (also known as DYS19)

See also

Portals:

References

  1. Pimenta J, Lopes AM, Carracedo A, Arenas M, Amorim A, Comas D (2019). "Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula". Sci Rep. 9 (1): 7825. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.7825P. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44121-6. PMC 6534591. PMID 31127131.
  2. "Iberians - MSN Encarta". Encarta.msn.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  3. Álvarez-Sanchís, Jesús (28 February 2005). "Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6 (1).
  4. ^ "Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (Circa 200 B". Arqueotavira.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  5. "Spain - History". Britannica.com.
  6. ^ Bycroft, Clare; Fernandez-Rozadilla, Ceres; Ruiz-Ponte, Clara; Quintela, Inés; Carracedo, Ángel; Donnelly, Peter; Myers, Simon (1 February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
  7. ^ Olalde, Iñigo; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Silva, Marina; Dulias, Katharina; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Gandini, Francesca; Pala, Maria; Soares, Pedro; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cheronet, Olivia; Culleton, Brendan J.; Fernandes, Daniel; Lawson, Ann Marie; Mah, Matthew; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Arenas, Juan Manuel Jiménez; Moyano, Isidro Jorge Toro; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Castanyer, Pere; Santos, Marta; Tremoleda, Joaquim; Lozano, Marina; et al. (15 March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
  8. "Les Wisigoths dans le Portugal médiéval : état actuel de la question". L'Europe héritière de l'Espagne wisigothique. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez. Books.openedition.org. 23 January 2014. pp. 326–339. ISBN 9788490960981.
  9. https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=content/o-património-visigodo-da-l%C3%ADngua-portuguesa
  10. Quiroga, Jorge López (January 2017). "(PDF) IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD)". Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense. Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  11. James S. Amelang. "The Expulsion of the Moriscos: Still more Questions than Answers" (PDF). Intransitduke.org. Universidad Autónoma, Madrid. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  12. Jónsson 2007, p. 195. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJónsson2007 (help)
  13. Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon, Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (12 December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
  14. Torres, Gabriela (31 December 2008). "El español "puro" tiene de todo". BBC Mundo.
  15. Cervantes virtual: La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español. Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA (December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
  16. ^ Bycroft, Clare; et al. (2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
  17. ^ Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
  18. Nelis, Mari; Esko, Tõnu; Mägi, Reedik; Zimprich, Fritz; Zimprich, Alexander; Toncheva, Draga; Karachanak, Sena; Piskácková, Tereza; Balascák, Ivan; Peltonen, L; Jakkula, E; Rehnström, K; Lathrop, M; Heath, S; Galan, P; Schreiber, S; Meitinger, T; Pfeufer, A; Wichmann, HE; Melegh, B; Polgár, N; Toniolo, D; Gasparini, P; d'Adamo, P; Klovins, J; Nikitina-Zake, L; Kucinskas, V; Kasnauskiene, J; Lubinski, J; Debniak, T (2009). Fleischer, Robert C. (ed.). "Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472. PMC 2675054. PMID 19424496.
  19. Wade, Nicholas (13 August 2008). "The Genetic Map of Europe". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  20. Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; Boyko, Adam R.; Auton, Adam; Indap, Amit; King, Karen S.; Bergmann, Sven; Nelson, Matthew R.; Stephens, Matthew; Bustamante, Carlos D. (2008). "Genes mirror geography within Europe". Nature. 456 (7218): 98–101. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...98N. doi:10.1038/nature07331. PMC 2735096. PMID 18758442.
  21. Bycroft, Clare; Fernandez-Rozadilla, Ceres; Ruiz-Ponte, Clara; Quintela, Inés; Carracedo, Ángel; Donnelly, Peter; Myers, Simon (1 February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
  22. ^ Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon, Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–36. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
  23. Cavalli-Sforza (1993, p. 51) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFCavalli-Sforza1993 (help)
  24. Milisauskas (2002, p. 58) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMilisauskas2002 (help)
  25. Hernández CL, Pita G, Cavadas B, López S, Sánchez-Martínez LJ, Dugoujon JM, et al. (2020). "Human Genomic Diversity Where the Mediterranean Joins the Atlantic". Mol Biol Evol. 37 (4): 1041–1055. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz288. PMC 7086172. PMID 31816048.
  26. ^ Myres, Natalie M; Rootsi, Siiri; Lin, Alice A; Järve, Mari; King, Roy J; Kutuev, Ildus; Cabrera, Vicente M; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovska, Elena; Rudan, Pavao; Baldovic, Marian; Herrera, Rene J; Chiaroni, Jacques; Di Cristofaro, Julie; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A (25 August 2010). "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146. PMC 3039512. PMID 20736979.
  27. Marques, Sofia L.; Goios, Ana; Rocha, Ana M.; Prata, Maria João; Amorim, António; Gusmão, Leonor; Alves, Cíntia; Alvarez, Luis (March 2015). "Portuguese mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity—An update and a phylogenetic revision". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 15: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.004. PMID 25457629.
  28. Valverde, Laura; Illescas, Maria José; Villaescusa, Patricia; Gotor, Amparo M.; García, Ainara; Cardoso, Sergio; Algorta, Jaime; Catarino, Susana; Rouault, Karen; Férec, Claude; Hardiman, Orla; Zarrabeitia, Maite; Jiménez, Susana; Pinheiro, Maria Fátima; Jarreta, Begoña M.; Olofsson, Jill; Morling, Niels; de Pancorbo, Marian M. (March 2016). "New clues to the evolutionary history of the main European paternal lineage M269: dissection of the Y-SNP S116 in Atlantic Europe and Iberia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (3): 437–441. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.114. PMC 4755366. PMID 26081640.
  29. Olalde, Iñigo; Brace, Selina; Allentoft, Morten E.; Armit, Ian; Kristiansen, Kristian; Booth, Thomas; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mittnik, Alissa; Altena, Eveline; Lipson, Mark; Lazaridis, Iosif; Harper, Thomas K.; Patterson, Nick; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Diekmann, Yoan; Faltyskova, Zuzana; Fernandes, Daniel; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Eadaoin; de Knijff, Peter; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Barclay, Alistair; Alt, Kurt Werner; Liesau, Corina; Ríos, Patricia; et al. (March 2018). "The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 190–196. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..190O. doi:10.1038/nature25738. PMC 5973796. PMID 29466337.
  30. Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław; Khartanovich, Valeri; Khokhlov, Alexandr; Kiss, Viktória; Kolář, Jan; Kriiska, Aivar; Lasak, Irena; Longhi, Cristina; McGlynn, George; Merkevicius, Algimantas; Merkyte, Inga; Metspalu, Mait; Mkrtchyan, Ruzan; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Paja, László; Pálfi, György; Pokutta, Dalia; Pospieszny, Łukasz; Price, T. Douglas; Saag, Lehti; Sablin, Mikhail; Shishlina, Natalia; Smrčka, Václav; Soenov, Vasilii I.; Szeverényi, Vajk; Tóth, Gusztáv; Trifanova, Synaru V.; Varul, Liivi; Vicze, Magdolna; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Zhitenev, Vladislav; Orlando, Ludovic; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Nielsen, Rasmus; Kristiansen, Kristian; Willerslev, Eske (June 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
  31. Peter de Barros, Damgaard (9 May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282.
  32. "Eupedia".
  33. Barral-Arca R, Pischedda S, Gómez-Carballa A, Pastoriza A, Mosquera-Miguel A, López-Soto M, et al. (2016). "Meta-Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Iberian Peninsula". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0159735. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1159735B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159735. PMC 4956223. PMID 27441366.
  34. Rosser et al. (2000) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFRosser_et_al.2000 (help)
  35. ^ Pereira, Luisa; Cunha, Carla; Alves, Cintia; Amorim, Antonio (2005). "African Female Heritage in Iberia: A Reassessment of mtDNA Lineage Distribution in Present Times". Human Biology. 77 (2): 213–29. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0041. hdl:10216/109268. PMID 16201138. S2CID 20901589.
  36. Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, et al. (November 2004). "Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (11): 2012–21. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh209. PMID 15254257.
  37. Ottoni, Claudio; Primativo, Giuseppina; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Achilli, Alessandro; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Biondi, Gianfranco; Torroni, Antonio; Rickards, Olga; Kayser, Manfred (21 October 2010). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13378. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513378O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013378. PMC 2958834. PMID 20975840.
  38. Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, et al. (November 2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups influence AIDS Progression". AIDS. 22 (18): 2429–39. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb. PMC 2699618. PMID 19005266.
  39. Bauchet, M; McEvoy, B; Pearson, LN; Quillen, EE; Sarkisian, T; Hovhannesyan, K; Deka, R; Bradley, DG; Shriver, MD (2007). "Measuring European Population Stratification with Microarray Genotype Data". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 948–56. doi:10.1086/513477. PMC 1852743. PMID 17436249.
  40. https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/2019_Olalde_Science_IberiaTransect_2.pdf
  41. ^ González, Ana M.; Brehm, Antonio; Pérez, José A.; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Flores, Carlos; Cabrera, Vicente M. (April 2003). "Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 120 (4): 391–404. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10168. PMID 12627534. S2CID 6430969.
  42. Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Popa, L. O.; Akar, N.; Anagnou, N.; Banyko, J.; Brdicka, R.; Barbujani, G.; et al. (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–71. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. S2CID 18482536.
  43. Brehm A, Pereira L, Kivisild T, Amorim A (December 2003). "Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers". Human Genetics. 114 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3. hdl:10400.13/3046. PMID 14513360. S2CID 8870699.
  44. Moorjani P, Patterson N, Hirschhorn JN, Keinan A, Hao L, Atzmon G, et al. (2011). "The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews". PLOS Genet. 7 (4): e1001373. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373. PMC 3080861. PMID 21533020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  45. Alvarez, Luis; Santos, Cristina; Ramos, Amanda; Pratdesaba, Roser; Francalacci, Paolo; Aluja, María Pilar (1 February 2010). "Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: Population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (4): 531–539. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21252. PMID 20127843.
  46. Hernández, Candela L.; Soares, Pedro; Dugoujon, Jean M.; Novelletto, Andrea; Rodríguez, Juan N.; Rito, Teresa; Oliveira, Marisa; Melhaoui, Mohammed; Baali, Abdellatif; Pereira, Luisa; Calderón, Rosario; Achilli, Alessandro (28 October 2015). "Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0139784. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039784H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139784. PMC 4624789. PMID 26509580.
  47. Pereira, Luisa; Cunha, Carla; Alves, Cintia; Amorim, Antonio (2005). "African Female Heritage in Iberia: A Reassessment of mtDNA Lineage Distribution in Present Times". Human Biology. 77 (2): 213–229. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0041. hdl:10216/109268. PMID 16201138. S2CID 20901589.
  48. Moorjani, Priya; Patterson, Nick; Hirschhorn, Joel N.; Keinan, Alon; Hao, Li; Atzmon, Gil; Burns, Edward; Ostrer, Harry; Price, Alkes L.; Reich, David; McVean, Gil (21 April 2011). "The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews". PLOS Genetics. 7 (4): e1001373. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373. PMC 3080861. PMID 21533020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  49. Marques, Sofia L; Goios, Ana; Rocha, Ana M; Prata, Maria J; Amorim, António; Gusmão, Leonor; Alves, Cíntia; Alvarez, Luis (March 2015). "Portuguese mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity- an update and a phylogenetic revision". FSI Genetics. 15: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.004. PMID 25457629.
Human genetics
Sub-topics
Genetic history
by region
Population genetics
by group
Categories: