Revision as of 01:23, 12 January 2023 editBob K (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users6,614 edits comparing 2nd row to 3rd row, the 2 factor need not be unitless, and the unit has to be half-cycles per cycleTag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 01:32, 12 January 2023 edit undoQuondum (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users36,927 edits →Alternative normalizations: replacing inappropriately re-used symbol f′; minor ceNext edit → | ||
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== Alternative normalizations == | == Alternative normalizations == | ||
Some programs (such as ] toolboxes) that design filters with real-valued coefficients prefer a characteristic frequency of {{math|''f''<sub>s</sub> |
Some programs (such as ] toolboxes) that design filters with real-valued coefficients prefer a characteristic frequency of {{math|''f''<sub>s</sub>/2}} (the ]), which expands the upper limit of useful frequencies from {{math|1/2}} to {{math|1.}} | ||
], denoted by {{math|''ω''}} and with the unit ], can be similarly normalized. When {{math|''ω''}} is normalized with reference to the sampling rate, the resulting unit is radian per sample. The normalized Nyquist angular frequency is ''π'' radians/sample. | ], denoted by {{math|''ω''}} and with the unit ], can be similarly normalized. When {{math|''ω''}} is normalized with reference to the sampling rate, the resulting unit is radian per sample. The normalized Nyquist angular frequency is ''π'' radians/sample. | ||
The following table shows examples of normalized frequencies for a 1 kHz signal, a sampling rate {{math|''f''<sub>s</sub>}} = 44,100 samples/second (often denoted by ]), and 3 |
The following table shows examples of normalized frequencies for a 1 kHz signal, a sampling rate {{math|''f''<sub>s</sub>}} = 44,100 samples/second (often denoted by ]), and 3 normalization options. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|0.02268 cycle/sample | |0.02268 cycle/sample | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{math|1='' |
|{{math|1=''ν''′ = ''f'' / (''f''<sub>s</sub>/2) = 2''f'' / ''f''<sub>s</sub>}} | ||
| | | | ||
|(1000 cycles×2 half-cycles/cycle) / second / 44100 samples/second | |(1000 cycles×2 half-cycles/cycle) / second / 44100 samples/second | ||
|0.04535 half-cycle/sample | |0.04535 half-cycle/sample | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{math|''ω'' |
|{{math|''ω''′}} = {{math|''ω'' / ''f''<sub>s</sub>}} | ||
| | | | ||
|(1000 cycles×2π radians/cycle) / second / 44100 samples/second | |(1000 cycles×2π radians/cycle) / second / 44100 samples/second |
Revision as of 01:32, 12 January 2023
Frequency divided by a characteristic frequencyIn digital signal processing (DSP), a normalized frequency (f′) is a quantity that is equal to the ratio of a frequency and a characteristic frequency of a system.
A typical choice of characteristic frequency is the sampling rate (fs) that is used to create the digital signal from a continuous one. The normalized quantity, f′ = f / fs, typically has the unit cycle per sample regardless of whether the original signal is a function of time, space, or something else. For example, when f is expressed in Hz (cycles per second), fs is expressed in samples per second.
This allows us to present concepts that are universal to all sample rates in a way that is independent of the sample rate. Such a concept is a digital filter design whose bandwidth is specified not in hertz, but as a percentage of the sample rate of the data passing through it. Formulas expressed in terms of fs (or Ts ≡ 1 / fs) are readily converted to normalized frequency by setting those parameters to 1. The inverse operation is usually accomplished by replacing instances of the frequency parameter, f, with f / fs or f Ts.
Alternative normalizations
Some programs (such as MATLAB toolboxes) that design filters with real-valued coefficients prefer a characteristic frequency of fs/2 (the Nyquist frequency), which expands the upper limit of useful frequencies from 1/2 to 1.
Angular frequency, denoted by ω and with the unit radian per second, can be similarly normalized. When ω is normalized with reference to the sampling rate, the resulting unit is radian per sample. The normalized Nyquist angular frequency is π radians/sample.
The following table shows examples of normalized frequencies for a 1 kHz signal, a sampling rate fs = 44,100 samples/second (often denoted by 44.1 kHz), and 3 normalization options.
Quantity | Numeric range | Computation | Value |
---|---|---|---|
f′ = f / fs | 1000 cycles/second / 44100 samples/second | 0.02268 cycle/sample | |
ν′ = f / (fs/2) = 2f / fs | (1000 cycles×2 half-cycles/cycle) / second / 44100 samples/second | 0.04535 half-cycle/sample | |
ω′ = ω / fs | (1000 cycles×2π radians/cycle) / second / 44100 samples/second | 0.14250 radian/sample |
See also
Notes and citations
- Carlson, Gordon E. (1992). Signal and Linear System Analysis. Boston, MA: ©Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 469, 490. ISBN 8170232384.