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{{Short description|Sites of great importance in Islam}} {{Short description|Sites of great importance in Islam}}
] within ] (the holiest Islamic site) during ] in the city of ].<ref name="Trofimov2008"/>]] ] within ] (the holiest Islamic site) during ] in the city of ].<ref name="Trofimov2008"/>]]
== Where Is Madinah located? ==
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The city of Madinah is located in western Saudi Arabia within the boundaries of the Hejaz region of the Arabian Peninsula. The city of Prophet (PBUH) is situated at a distance of 340 km (210 miles) north from Makkah by road and 160 km (100 miles) inland from the Red Sea.


The '''holiest sites in ]''' are predominantly located in the ] and the ].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/899502|title=اهمية المقدسات الاسلامية|website=almrsal.com}}</ref> While the significance of most places typically varies depending on the ], there is a consensus across all mainstream branches of the religion that affirms three cities as having the highest degree of holiness, in descending order: ], ], and ]. Mecca's ] (including the ]), Medina's ], and Jerusalem's ] are all revered by ] as sites of great importance.<ref name="Trofimov2008">{{Citation|last=Trofimov|first=Yaroslav|title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine|year=2008|page=79|place=New York|language=en|isbn=978-0-307-47290-8}} </ref><ref name="Cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns">{{cite quran|48|22|e=29|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Dads: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|9|25|e=129|s=ns">{{cite quran|9|25|e=129|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns">{{cite quran|33|09|e=73|s=ns}}</ref>


== What is the Population of Madinah ==
Both the ] in the city of ] and the ] in the city of ] have held interchangeable significance as the fourth-holiest Islamic sites.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dumper |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |language=en}}</ref>
Medina's current population (as of 2023) is 1,545,000, an increase of 1.78% from 2022.


== What is Madinah? ==
After the consensus on the first four sites as well as further sites associated with the ], there is a divergence between ] and ] on the designation of additional holy sites. For Sunnis, sites associated with the ], the ], and ] hold a high level of significance (see ]). For Shias, sites associated with the ] hold a high level of significance (see ]).<ref name="Sardeg2" /> As part of ], the majority of Muslims also visit the sites of ], ], and ] in addition to the Kaaba.<ref>Geomatika Advanced Solutions (6 June 2016). ''Atlas of MAKKAH, Dr. Osama bin Fadl Al-Bahar: Makkah City''. Bukupedia. pp. 104–. GGKEY:YLPLD6B31C2.</ref>
The full name of Medina is known as Madina Rasul Allah (City of the Prophet of Allah SWT (PBUH)). However, for better understanding and pronunciation, the name is abbreviated to Madinah, meaning 'city' or Madina Al Mnawwala, meaning 'illuminated city'.


Medina is considered his second holiest city in Islam. It is the city where the Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) and the early Muslims took refuge when they emigrated from Mecca.
==Hejaz==
{{Main|Hejaz}}


Madinah Al-Nabi was formerly known as Yathrib, the agricultural center of Saudi Arabia. Located roughly in the center of the Arabian Peninsula, Medina was blessed with abundant water supplies and was a popular stopover for caravans and merchants.
Hejaz is the region in the ] where Mecca and Medina are located. It is thus where ] was born and raised.<ref name="MWGD2001">{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |page=479 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA479 |year=2001 |isbn=0-87779-546-0 |access-date=2013-03-17 |last=Hopkins |first=Daniel J. |author2=편집부}}</ref>

The two holy cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina, are traditionally known as the '''Haramayn''', also spelled '''Haramain''', which is the dual form of '']'', thus meaning "The Two Sancuaries".<ref name=MP> at MadainProject.com. Accessed 19 Nov. 2022.</ref> They shouldn't be confused with Jerusalem and Hebron, two holy cities also called Haramayn during the ].<ref name=MP/> Another appellation of the Two Noble Sanctuaries is '''Haramayn Tayyibayn'''.

===Mecca===
{{Main|Mecca|Kaaba}}
]]]


Medina is the city that laid the foundations of Islamic society and gave early converts a place to practice their religion peacefully. It is in Medina that there are Masjid al-Quba, Masjid al-Kiblatin (the mosque whose prayer direction has been changed to the Kaaba) and Masjid-e-Nabawi (the mosque of the Prophet (peace be upon him)).
== What is Mecca? ==
Mecca is considered the holiest city in Islam, as it is home to Islam's holiest site ] ('Cube') in the '']'' (The Sacred ]).<ref name="Trofimov2008" /><ref name="Michigan C 1986"/> Only Muslims are allowed to enter this place.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2008|p=673}} Mecca is considered the holiest city in Islam, as it is home to Islam's holiest site ] ('Cube') in the '']'' (The Sacred ]).<ref name="Trofimov2008" /><ref name="Michigan C 1986"/> Only Muslims are allowed to enter this place.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2008|p=673}}


The area of Mecca, which includes ],<ref name="Cite quran|2|124|e=217|s=ns">{{cite quran|2|124|e=217|s=ns}}</ref> ] and ], is important for the '']'' (']'). As one of the ],{{sfn|Musharraf|2012|p=195}} every adult ] who is capable must perform the Hajj at least once in their lifetime.{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=22}} Hajj is one of the largest annual Muslim gatherings in the world, second only to pilgrimages to the mosques of ] and ] in ], ], with attendance reaching three million in 2012.{{sfn|Blatt|2015|p=27}} The area of Mecca, which includes ],<ref name="Cite quran|2|124|e=217|s=ns">{{cite quran|2|124|e=217|s=ns}}</ref> ] and ], is important for the '']'' (']'). As one of the ],{{sfn|Musharraf|2012|p=195}} every adult ] who is capable must perform the Hajj at least once in their lifetime.{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=22}} Hajj is one of the largest annual Muslim gatherings in the world, second only to pilgrimages to the mosques of ] and ] in ], ], with attendance reaching three million in 2012.{{sfn|Blatt|2015|p=27}}


== Importance of Madinah: ==
===Medina===
Medina, known as the second holiest city in Islam, is the site of Masjid Al-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)), where the Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) fled to find refuge It was the place. Protection and peace from the endless persecution of the brutal Quraysh.
{{Main|Medina}}
]]]


Shortly after the hijra (remigration), the city of Medina became the power base of the early Muslim community (Ummah). Here are some interesting facts about Medina.
] is located in Medina, making the city the second-holiest site in Islam, after Mecca. Medina is the final place-of-residence of Muhammad, and where his ''qabr'' (]) is located.<ref name="Trofimov2008"/> In addition to the Prophet's Mosque, the city has the mosques of ]<ref name="Archnet2009"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234435/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=731 |date=January 8, 2009}}</ref> and '']'' ("The Two ]hs").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/060.sbt.html#006.060.018 |title=CRCC: Center For Muslim-Jewish Engagement: Resources: Religious Texts |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2011-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107134650/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/060.sbt.html |archive-date=2011-01-07 }}</ref>


Medina has his three most important and oldest mosques: Masjidenabawi, Masjidekivlatin and Masjidekba.
== Shaam ==
Before the spread of Islam, the city was called Yathrib and renamed Medina in honor of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
{{Main|Shaam}}
After the completion of the Ottoman Hijaz Railway in 1908, the city became the southern terminus.
Since 1920, more than 139 varieties of date palms have been grown in Medina.
Medina is located in the most fertile area of ​​the Hijaz Territory.


== '''Why is Medina important in Islam?'''''Italic text'' ==
] ({{lang-ar|شَّـام}}) <ref name="Abu Sway">{{cite news |author=Mustafa Abu Sway |title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source |publisher=] |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> or the ]<ref>{{citation|url=https://terminologyenc.com/en/browse/term/75918|title=Shaam}}</ref> is a historical region that includes the cities of Jerusalem and Damascus.<ref name="Abu Sway"/><ref name="Bosworth1997">{{cite encyclopedia|year=1997|title=AL-SHĀM|encyclopedia=]|last=Bosworth|first=C. E.|author-link=C.E. Bosworth|volume=9|page=261}}</ref><ref name="Salibi2003">{{cite book|author=Salibi, K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_amYLJq4SQC|title=A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2003|isbn=978-1-86064-912-7|pages=61–62|quote=To the ], this same territory, which the Romans considered Arabian, formed part of what they called ], which was their own name for ]. From the classical perspective however Syria, including Palestine, formed no more than the western fringes of what was reckoned to be Arabia between the first line of cities and the coast. Since there is no clear dividing line between what are called today the ] and ]s, which actually form one stretch of arid tableland, the classical concept of what actually constituted Syria had more to its credit geographically than the vaguer Arab concept of Syria as ]. Under the Romans, there was actually a province of Syria, with its capital at ], which carried the name of the territory. Otherwise, down the centuries, Syria like Arabia and ] was no more than a geographic expression. In Islamic times, the Arab geographers used the name arabicized as ], to denote one special region of Bilad al-Sham, which was the middle section of the valley of the ], in the vicinity of the towns of ] and ]. They also noted that it was an old name for the whole of Bilad al-Sham which had gone out of use. As a geographic expression, however, the name Syria survived in its original classical sense in ] and Western European usage, and also in the ] literature of some of the ] churches, from which it occasionally found its way into ] Arabic usage. It was only in the nineteenth century that the use of the name was revived in its modern Arabic form, frequently as Suriyya rather than the older Suriyah, to denote the whole of Bilad al-Sham: first of all in the Christian Arabic literature of the period, and under the influence of ]. By the end of that century it had already replaced the name of Bilad al-Sham even in Muslim Arabic usage.|author-link=Kamal Salibi}}</ref>
Medina is one of Islam's holiest cities and an important destination for millions of Muslims traveling to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca (Umrah). Medina focuses on Masjid Al-Nabawi, a mosque built by the Messenger of Allah SWT (Peace be upon him) and where he (Peace be upon him) is buried.


The Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) lived here after emigrating from Mecca and he (Peace be upon him) laid the foundations of Islam. Medina played an important role in the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the spread of Islam.
=== Jerusalem ===
{{See also|Islamization of Jerusalem}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Jerusalem-2013(2)-Temple Mount-Dome of the Rock (SE exposure).jpg
| image2 = Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa Mosque 04 (cropped).jpg
| footer = The Masjid Al-Aqsa (also known as the Haram Al-Sharif or Temple Mount) includes the Dome of the Rock (left) and Al-Aqsa Mosque/Jami'a Al-Aqsa (right)
}}


Anas (RA) said that the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said: If only they could fully comprehend its virtues, they would never leave it, and whoever leaves Medina after being disappointed in it, Allah will send someone in his place. Whoever patiently endures the trials of Medina, I will become an intercessor (or witness) on the day of Kiyama. (Muslim) Anas (RA) also said: Returning and observing the walls of Medina, he let the horse go swiftly, and if he sat on an animal (that is, a horse), he made it gallop because of his love for Medina.
The ] (''Masjid Al-Aqsa'') in Jerusalem is the third holiest site in Islam. The compound is held in esteem by the entire Muslim community, due to its history as a place of worship by many Islamic prophets such as ],<ref name="Michigan C 1986"/> ], ], Ilyas and ]. The mosque has the capacity to accommodate in the region of 400,000 worshippers.<ref name=NG>{{cite book | author=National Geographic Society (U.S.) | last2=de Blij | first2=H.J. | last3=Downs | first3=R. | author4=John Wiley & Sons | title=Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-471-74117-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPQ5AQAAIAAJ | access-date=2022-06-15 | page=49|quote=Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.}}</ref> According to Islamic tradition, the Temple Mount served as the first ] (qibla) for Muslims, before the Kaaba in Mecca. Muslims believe that Muhammad was taken from ] in Mecca, to visit Masjid al-Aqsa, where he led the prayer among prophets, and was then taken to the heavens from the ]{{Citation needed|date=July 2022|reason=Needs a link explicitly mentioning the Foundation Stone as part of this tradition}} (today part of the ]) in a ] in the year 620.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=2006 |edition=New ed. 2006 |volume=7 |pages=97–105}}</ref> References to the Al-Aqsa Mosque exist in the following verses of the Qur'an:
:# Verse 12 of Chapter no. 5<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah Al-Ma'idah - 12 |url=https://quran.com/5/12 |website=quran.com |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> (Surah ]h),<ref name="Cite quran|5|12|e=86|s=ns">{{cite quran|5|12|e=86|s=ns}}</ref>
:# Verse 1 of Chapter no. 17<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah Al-Isra - 1 |url=https://quran.com/17/1 |website=quran.com |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> (Surah ]'),<ref name="Cite quran|17|1|e=7|s=ns">{{cite quran|17|1|e=7|s=ns}}</ref>
:# Verse 51 of Chapter no. 21<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah Al-Anbya - 51 |url=https://quran.com/21/51 |website=quran.com |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> (Surah ]),<ref name="Cite quran|21|51|e=82|s=ns">{{cite quran|21|51|e=82|s=ns}}</ref> and
:# Verse 10 of Chapter no. 34<ref>{{cite web |title=Surah Saba - 10 |url=https://quran.com/34/10 |website=quran.com |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> (Surah ]).<ref name="Cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns">{{cite quran|34|10|e=18|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Abu Sway"/>


=== Damascus ===
{{Main|Damascus|Umayyad Mosque}}
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| footer = Umayyad Mosque (left) and its Minaret of Isa (right)
}}


== History of Madinah ==
The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus is often considered the fourth holiest site in Islam.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Birke |first=Sarah |title=Damascus: What's Left {{!}} Sarah Birke |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=The New York Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> The head of ], revered in Islam as prophet ], is believed to be in a shrine inside the mosque, which also houses one of only four authorized original copies of the Quran. The Umayyad Mosque is also the place where Muslims believe ] (''Isa'', in Arabic) will return at the end of times, atop the "Minaret of Isa" of the mosque, during the time of a Fajr prayer. It is believed that prayers in the Umayyad mosque are considered to be equal to those offered in Jerusalem.<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Damascus">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=] |editor-last1=Dumper |editor-first1=Michael R. T. |pages=119–126 |isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |author=Janet L. Abu-Lughod (contributor) |chapter=Damascus |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121}}</ref>
:Medina, formerly known as Yathrib, is an oasis city dating back to the 6th century BC. go back. After the Roman-Jewish War, many Jews fled Jerusalem and took refuge in Medina.


Nero sent a large Roman army under Petra Leonidas to slaughter the Jews at Yathrib, but they managed to survive, and when the Prophet (peace be upon him) migrated to Medina, the city was It was surrounded by Jews who eagerly awaited the messenger (PBUH) of Allah SWT.
The mosque also holds special importance to Shia Muslims since it contains shrines commemorating Husayn ibn Ali and the ], made to walk there from ], after the Battle of Karbala.<ref>{{cite book |last=Qummi |first=Shaykh Abbas |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |year=2005 |location=Qum |page=362}}</ref> Furthermore, it was the place where they were imprisoned for 60 days.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |page=368}}</ref>


Medina is a place of great importance in Islam. Known as the city of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), this city settled after he (PBUH) emigrated to Medina in 622 AD and remained there until his death.
=== Hebron ===
]]]
In Islamic beliefs, ] was where Prophet Abraham ({{lang|ar-latn|Ibrāhīm}}) settled. Within the city lies the ], the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs, and the Ibrahimi Mosque, built on top of the tomb to honor the prophet, is also often considered to be the fourth holiest in Islam.<ref name="vitullo2003">{{cite journal|last=Vitullo|first=Anita|year=2003|title=People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=33|pages=68–83|doi=10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68}} quote: From earliest Islam, the sanctuaries of Hebron and Jerusalem were holy places outranked only by Mecca and Medina; the Ibrahimi Mosque was originally regarded by some Muslims as Islam’s fourth holiest site. Muslims believe that the Hebron sanctuary was visited by the Prophet Muhammad on his mystical nocturnal journey from Mecca to Jerusalem.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aksan|Goffman|2007|p=97}}: 'Suleyman considered himself the ruler of the four holy cities of Islam, and, along with Mecca and Medina, included Hebron and Jerusalem in his rather lengthy list of official titles.'</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Honigmann|1993|p=886}}</ref> Muslims believe that Muhammad visited Hebron on his ] from ] to Jerusalem to stop by the tomb and pay his respects.<ref name="vitullo2003" /> In the mosque in a small niche there is a left footprint, believed to be from Muhammad.<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Hebron">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Hebron+holy+for+Muslims |editor-last1=Dumper |editor-first1=Michael R. T. |pages=166–167 |isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |author=Janet L. Abu-Lughod (contributor) |chapter=Damascus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/hebron-the-city-of-abraham-the-beloved/|title=Hebron: The city of Abraham, the Beloved|date=2005-04-26}}</ref>


Formerly called Yathrib, it was Medina where the Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) established the first mosque, Masjid Nabawi, in the heart of the city after his emigration. Moreover, Medina was the city where he (PBUH) laid the foundation of the brotherhood between the Muhajirin (people who migrated from Mecca) and the Ansar (people of Medina).
== Sinai Peninsula ==
{{See also|Sinai Peninsula}}
] on top of ], in the ]n part of present-day ]]]
The ] is associated with the Islamic prophets Haroon and Musa.<ref name=JE>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> In particular, numerous references to ] exist in the Quran,<ref name="SharifHerklots1832">{{cite book |author1=Sharīf, J. |author2=Herklots, G. A. |title=Qanoon-e-Islam: Or, The Customs of the Moosulmans of India; Comprising a Full and Exact Account of Their Various Rites and Ceremonies, from the Moment of Birth Till the Hour of Death |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/b29338050 |quote=koh-e-toor. |year=1832}}</ref><ref name="Abbas1984">{{cite book |author=Abbas, K. A. |title=The World is My Village: A Novel with an Index |publisher=Ajanta Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejkFAAAAMAAJ&q=koh-e-toor |year=1984}}</ref> where it is called ''Ṭūr Sīnāʾ'',<ref name="Cite quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|23|20|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> ''Ṭūr Sīnīn'',<ref name="Cite quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|95|2|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> and ''aṭ-Ṭūr''<ref name="Cite quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns">{{cite quran|2|63|e=93|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns">{{cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns}}</ref> and ''al-Jabal'' (both meaning "the Mount").<ref name="Cite quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns">{{cite quran|7|103|e=156|s=ns}}</ref> As for the adjacent ''] Ṭuwā'' (] of Tuwa), it is considered as being ''muqaddas''<ref name="Cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns">{{cite quran|20|9|e=99|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="Cite quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns">{{cite quran|79|15|e=25|s=ns}}</ref> (]),<ref name="IbnKathir Al-Ahmad">{{cite book |last=Ibn Kathir |author-link=Ibn Kathir |editor=Dr Mohammad Hilmi Al-Ahmad |title=Stories of the Prophets: [قصص الأنبياء [انكليزي |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah ({{lang-ar|دَار الْـكُـتُـب الْـعِـلْـمِـيَّـة}}) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx9LDwAAQBAJ |date=2013-01-01 |isbn=978-2745151360}}</ref><ref name="Elhadary2016">{{cite book |last=Elhadary |first=Osman |title=Moses in the Holy Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam: A Call for Peace |publisher=BookBaby |chapter=11, 15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-ReDQAAQBAJ |date=2016-02-08 |isbn=978-1483563039}}</ref> and a part of it is called ''Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah'' ("The Blessed Place").<ref name="Cite quran|28|3|e=86|s=ns"/>


== What Is the Significance of Mecca? ==
== Uzbekistan ==
Mecca is considered the holiest city in Islam. Mecca is home to the Holy Kaaba and is the destination for all Muslims who perform Hajj and Umrah duties. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born in Mecca, where he (peace be upon him) was ordained as a prophet in the cave of Hira.
The city ] in ] (which is associated with Imam ]) is considered as a holy city in Islam.<ref>Jones, Kevin. "Slavs and Tatars: Language arts." ArtAsiaPacific 91 (2014): 141.</ref><ref>Sultanova, Razia. From Shamanism to Sufism: Women, Islam and Culture in Central Asia. Vol. 3. IB Tauris, 2011.</ref>


The city of Makkah is home to some of the most important monuments of Islam, such as Masjid Al Haram, Holy Kaaba, Muzdalifah, Safa and Marwa, Zamzam Well, Hajleh Aswad (Black Stone), Makamui-Ibrahim. I have.
== Sunni Islam ==
{{Main|Holiest sites in Sunni Islam}}
In ], all sites which have been mentioned in the Hadith are holy to Sunni Muslims. The ] is the holiest site, followed by the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (''The Prophet's Mosque''), Al-Aqsa Mosque, and other sites mentioned in the Hadith, as well Umayyad Mosque, Ibrahimi Mosque.


Allah SWT says in the Holy Quran: The signs are there. (Example) Abraham's station. Anyone who enters there gains security. Pilgrimage is a duty owed to Allah by those who can afford to travel. But if someone does not believe, Allah has no need of His creation. (Quran 3:96-97)
=== Kaaba ===
The ] or ] in ], is the most sacred holy place of Islam and a ] of the Muslims, contains al-Bayt ul-Ma'mur spiritually above the Kaaba, contains the ], ], and the ] which belonged in ] to ] (Adam and Hawa), According to the Islamic tradition it was first built by the first ] ], after ] (Flood of the Islamic prophet Nūḥ), it was rebuilt by Islamic prophet ] (ʾIbrāhīm) and his son the Islamic prophet ] (Ismā‘īl), it has been rebuilt several times.


Remember what Abraham said. Make this city a peaceful and safe one, and prevent me and my sons from worshiping idols. (Quran 14:35)
=== al-Masjid an-Nabawi ===
The ] or the ''Prophet's Mosque'' in ], contains the grave of the Islamic prophet ].


The two companions ] and ] are also buried with Muhammad, the grave of ] in located in the ] cemetery located to the southeast of the Prophet's Mosque, while the grave of ] and is in ]. The grave of ] is also in al-Baqi' while ] is buried in Kufa.


=== al-Aqsa Mosque ===
The ] in ], was the first qibla of the Muslims, According to the tradition, prophet Muhammad was ] of all the prophets in the mosque, the mosque was ordered to built by the Islamic prophet ] (Sulaymān), son of the Islamic prophet David (Dāwūd), who was sent to the ], prophet Solomon ordered the ]s to build the mosque.


=== Others ===
* The ], is also considered the sacred mosque for the Muslims, and it is believed that the Islamic prophet ] (ʿĪsā ibn Maryam) will return in this mosque.
* The ] in ], contains the burial of the prophet Ibrahim and few of his family members.


== Shia Islam == == Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |title = The early modern Ottomans: remapping the Empire |last1=Aksan |first1=Virginia H. |last2=Goffman |first2=Daniel |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-81764-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eUW8DyaHuQC |access-date=13 October 2010 }}
{{Main|Holiest sites in Shia Islam}}
* {{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Francis|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691026190}}
], ]]]
* {{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Hussain|title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity|date=2012|publisher=Kube Publishing|location=Leicestershire, UK|isbn=9781847740236}}
], ]]]
* {{cite book|last1=Blatt|first1=Amy|title=Health, Science, and Place: A New Model|date=2015|publisher=Springer|location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=978-3319120027|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4|s2cid=183074116}}
After the four mosques accepted by all ] as holy sites, the ] consider Imam Ali Masjid in Najaf as the holiest site of only Shia Muslims, followed by Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala and then the ] in Qom, Iran.
* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla|title=The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict : a political, social, and military history|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1851098415}}
* {{Cite book |chapter = Hebron |title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |last=Honigmann |first=Ernst |editor-last=Houtsma |editor-first=M. T. |editor-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |publisher=] |year=1993 |orig-year=1927 |pages=886–888 |volume=IV |isbn=978-90-04-09790-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA886 }}


== What’s the Difference between Mecca and Medina? ==
=== Imam Ali Mosque ===
Both Mecca and Medina witnessed precious early moments in Islamic history, such as the birth of the Last Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) and the revelation of the Holy Quran.
] in Najaf, Iraq is the holiest site for Shia Muslims as the first Shia Imam Ali was buried here. The site is visited annually by at least 8 million pilgrims on average, which is estimated to increase to 20 million in years to come.


Mecca, the center of Abraham's three faiths, contains some of the most important Islamic sites, such as the Holy Kaaba, the Masjid Haram (Great Mosque), the Well of Zamzam, Mount Safa and Mount Marwa. I have. and Makham-e-Ibrahim.
=== Imam Husayn Shrine ===
] in Karbala, Iraq is the second most holiest site for Shia Muslims. It contains the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali. The mosque stands on the site of the grave of Hussein ibn Ali, where he was martyred during the ] in 680.<ref>Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160.</ref><ref>Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10-11.</ref> Up to a million pilgrims visit the city for the anniversary of Hussein ibn Ali's death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map2.html|access-date=June 9, 2007|work=PBS}}</ref> There are many Shia traditions which narrate the status of Karbala.


Medina, on the other hand, is home to the tombs of Masjid Al-Quba, Masjid-e-Kiblayton, Masjid-e-Nabawi and our beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Apart from these, the only major difference between the cities is that Mecca was the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who (SAW) lived in Medina from his emigration until his last breath.
=== Fatima Masumeh Shrine ===
] in ], ] contains the tomb of Fātimah bint Mūsā, sister of the eighth Shia Imam, Ali al-Rida. Located in Qom, Iran, it has been considered the Fatima Masumeh Shrine to be the third holiest shrine in Shia Islam.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web|last=Escobar|first=Pepe|date=May 24, 2002|title=Knocking on heaven's door|url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html|archive-date=June 3, 2002|access-date=2006-11-12|work=Central Asia/Russia|publisher=]|quote=To give a measure of its importance, according to a famous hadith (saying) - enunciated with pleasure by the guardians of the shrine - we learn that ‘our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places that we respect very much. The first is Mecca, which belongs to God. The second is Medina, which belongs to the Holy Prophet Muhammad, the messenger of God. The third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. Pilgrims and those who visit her holy shrine, I promise to these men and women that God will open all the doors of Heaven to them.’}}</ref> The shrine has attracted to itself dozens of seminaries and religious schools.


In Islam, both Mecca and Medina are considered safe havens for all living beings, humans, animals and even plants. Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Asim said the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: And I prayed to Allah SWT (that is, for the people of Medina) as Abraham did for the people of Mecca. (Al Bukhari)
== Sufi Islam ==
=== Mazar Ghous ===
] in ], ]]]
Mazar Ghous in Baghdad, Iraq is the holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is dedicated to the founder of Qadiryya Sufi order, Abdul Qadir Gilani. The complex was built near the Bab al-Sheikh (ash-Sheikh Gate) in ].<ref>''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'' (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion''), parts one and two in Arabic, Al-Qadir, Abd and Al-Gilani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1987).</ref><ref>''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'' (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion'') with introduction by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Al-Kilani, Majid, al-Tariqat, 'Ursan, and al-Qadiriyah, Nash'at</ref><ref name="Qa">{{Cite web|title=The Qadirya Mausoleum|url=http://islamictourism.com/PDFs/Issue%2017/English/66-74%20al%20jilany.pdf}}</ref>


Almighty Allah says in the Holy Quran: He said "Lord, make this a city of peace and give fruit to those who believe in Allah and the Last Day," he said. "(Yes) And those who do not believe, for a little while I will. Give them joy, but soon I will drive them into the throes of fire. (Quran 2:126)
=== Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam ===
] in ], ]]]
The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam in Multan is considered the third most holiest site in Sufi Islam. It is the ] of Multan's ] saint ]. It is one of the most impressive shrines in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asghar|first1=Muhammad|title=The Sacred and the Secular: Aesthetics in Domestic Spaces of Pakistan/Punjab|date=2016|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783643908360}}</ref> The shrine attracts over 100,000 pilgrims to the annual Urs festival that commemorates his death.


The Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said: Ad-Dajjal (Antichrist) shall enter no place but Mecca and Medina, no entrance but the angels. There is no (way), but stands in line and confronts him, and then Madinah and its inhabitants tremble three times, and Allah drives out from there all the unbelievers and hypocrites (Bukhari)
== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Geography}}
* '']''
** ]
* ]
** ]
** ]
* ]
* ]


==
== References ==
Related
{{Reflist}}
Why are only Muslims allowed into Mecca and Medina?
Why non-Muslims were not allowed to enter Medina and Mecca for many years? ==


Apart from other restrictions recently imposed by Saudi Arabia, the ban on travel to Medina and later to Mecca was introduced during the reign of King Nur-ud-din Zangi of Siam (now Syria).
== Bibliography ==

*{{Cite book |title = The early modern Ottomans: remapping the Empire |last1=Aksan |first1=Virginia H. |last2=Goffman |first2=Daniel |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-81764-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eUW8DyaHuQC |access-date=13 October 2010 }}
It's a long story, but I'll keep it short for the reader.
* {{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Francis|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691026190}}

* {{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Hussain|title=The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity|date=2012|publisher=Kube Publishing|location=Leicestershire, UK|isbn=9781847740236}}
In 474 Pope Sixtus 1V planned to take the remains of the Prophet Muhammad from the tomb, bring them to Rome and display them in St. I was.
* {{cite book|last1=Blatt|first1=Amy|title=Health, Science, and Place: A New Model|date=2015|publisher=Springer|location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=978-3319120027|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4|s2cid=183074116}}

* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla|title=The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict : a political, social, and military history|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1851098415}}
He sent two of his monks from Rome disguised as Arabs to live in Medina and dig a tunnel out of a house near the Mosque of the Prophet where he is buried.
* {{Cite book |chapter = Hebron |title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |last=Honigmann |first=Ernst |editor-last=Houtsma |editor-first=M. T. |editor-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |publisher=] |year=1993 |orig-year=1927 |pages=886–888 |volume=IV |isbn=978-90-04-09790-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA886 }}

One night, King Zangi had a dream. The Prophet told them that they were going to move their bodies. The king was very worried and asked his advisers what to do. They asked him for additional alms and prayers. Second night it happened again. This time the Prophet showed the King his two faces and told him to stop it.

The king immediately prepared his guards and marched from the capital Halab to Medina. When he reached Medina, he ordered the governor to lead all the citizens of the city before him. bottom. He asked if there was anyone else in town. He was told that there were two old men who roamed the streets handing out water during the day and retired to pray near the mosque at night.

The king ordered the two to be brought out at once.

He immediately recognized them when they were brought before the king. When they searched their whereabouts, a tunnel hidden under the carpet was discovered, leading to the tomb of the Prophet.

The men admitted to being spies sent by the Pope. They were executed on the spot. The king then ordered a ditch to be dug around the tomb to water level and filled it with zinc ore to prevent another attempt to be repeated.

King Noor-ud-Din Zangi decreed that non-Muslims should not be allowed to enter Medina and Mecca.

Many Americans and other foreigners today work in Saudi Arabia and even Mecca and Medina, but are not allowed to enter the Prophet's Mosque in Medina or the Kaba in Mecca. These two places are sacred places for Muslims to perform Hajj and pray at the tomb of the Prophet.

Personally, I have no problem with non-Muslims visiting the city as tourists. It will generate goodwill.


== External links ==
*
*
*


{{Islam topics}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}


] ]

Revision as of 20:29, 21 February 2023

Sites of great importance in Islam
Pilgrims circulating the Kaaba within al-Masjid al-Haram (the holiest Islamic site) during Hajj in the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Where Is Madinah located?

  • Caption1 Caption1
  • Caption2 Caption2

The city of Madinah is located in western Saudi Arabia within the boundaries of the Hejaz region of the Arabian Peninsula. The city of Prophet (PBUH) is situated at a distance of 340 km (210 miles) north from Makkah by road and 160 km (100 miles) inland from the Red Sea.


What is the Population of Madinah

Medina's current population (as of 2023) is 1,545,000, an increase of 1.78% from 2022.

What is Madinah?

The full name of Medina is known as Madina Rasul Allah (City of the Prophet of Allah SWT (PBUH)). However, for better understanding and pronunciation, the name is abbreviated to Madinah, meaning 'city' or Madina Al Mnawwala, meaning 'illuminated city'.

Medina is considered his second holiest city in Islam. It is the city where the Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) and the early Muslims took refuge when they emigrated from Mecca.

Madinah Al-Nabi was formerly known as Yathrib, the agricultural center of Saudi Arabia. Located roughly in the center of the Arabian Peninsula, Medina was blessed with abundant water supplies and was a popular stopover for caravans and merchants.

Medina is the city that laid the foundations of Islamic society and gave early converts a place to practice their religion peacefully. It is in Medina that there are Masjid al-Quba, Masjid al-Kiblatin (the mosque whose prayer direction has been changed to the Kaaba) and Masjid-e-Nabawi (the mosque of the Prophet (peace be upon him)).

What is Mecca?

Mecca is considered the holiest city in Islam, as it is home to Islam's holiest site Kaaba ('Cube') in the Masjid Al-Ḥaram (The Sacred Mosque). Only Muslims are allowed to enter this place.

The area of Mecca, which includes Mount Arafah, Mina and Muzdalifah, is important for the Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'). As one of the Five Pillars of Islam, every adult Muslim who is capable must perform the Hajj at least once in their lifetime. Hajj is one of the largest annual Muslim gatherings in the world, second only to pilgrimages to the mosques of Husayn ibn Ali and his half-brother Abbas in Karbala, Iraq, with attendance reaching three million in 2012.

Importance of Madinah:

Medina, known as the second holiest city in Islam, is the site of Masjid Al-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)), where the Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) fled to find refuge It was the place. Protection and peace from the endless persecution of the brutal Quraysh.

Shortly after the hijra (remigration), the city of Medina became the power base of the early Muslim community (Ummah). Here are some interesting facts about Medina.

Medina has his three most important and oldest mosques: Masjidenabawi, Masjidekivlatin and Masjidekba. Before the spread of Islam, the city was called Yathrib and renamed Medina in honor of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). After the completion of the Ottoman Hijaz Railway in 1908, the city became the southern terminus. Since 1920, more than 139 varieties of date palms have been grown in Medina. Medina is located in the most fertile area of ​​the Hijaz Territory.

Why is Medina important in Islam?Italic text

Medina is one of Islam's holiest cities and an important destination for millions of Muslims traveling to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca (Umrah). Medina focuses on Masjid Al-Nabawi, a mosque built by the Messenger of Allah SWT (Peace be upon him) and where he (Peace be upon him) is buried.

The Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) lived here after emigrating from Mecca and he (Peace be upon him) laid the foundations of Islam. Medina played an important role in the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the spread of Islam.

Anas (RA) said that the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said: If only they could fully comprehend its virtues, they would never leave it, and whoever leaves Medina after being disappointed in it, Allah will send someone in his place. Whoever patiently endures the trials of Medina, I will become an intercessor (or witness) on the day of Kiyama. (Muslim) Anas (RA) also said: Returning and observing the walls of Medina, he let the horse go swiftly, and if he sat on an animal (that is, a horse), he made it gallop because of his love for Medina.


History of Madinah

Medina, formerly known as Yathrib, is an oasis city dating back to the 6th century BC. go back. After the Roman-Jewish War, many Jews fled Jerusalem and took refuge in Medina.

Nero sent a large Roman army under Petra Leonidas to slaughter the Jews at Yathrib, but they managed to survive, and when the Prophet (peace be upon him) migrated to Medina, the city was It was surrounded by Jews who eagerly awaited the messenger (PBUH) of Allah SWT.

Medina is a place of great importance in Islam. Known as the city of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), this city settled after he (PBUH) emigrated to Medina in 622 AD and remained there until his death.

Formerly called Yathrib, it was Medina where the Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) established the first mosque, Masjid Nabawi, in the heart of the city after his emigration. Moreover, Medina was the city where he (PBUH) laid the foundation of the brotherhood between the Muhajirin (people who migrated from Mecca) and the Ansar (people of Medina).

What Is the Significance of Mecca?

Mecca is considered the holiest city in Islam. Mecca is home to the Holy Kaaba and is the destination for all Muslims who perform Hajj and Umrah duties. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born in Mecca, where he (peace be upon him) was ordained as a prophet in the cave of Hira.

The city of Makkah is home to some of the most important monuments of Islam, such as Masjid Al Haram, Holy Kaaba, Muzdalifah, Safa and Marwa, Zamzam Well, Hajleh Aswad (Black Stone), Makamui-Ibrahim. I have.

Allah SWT says in the Holy Quran: The signs are there. (Example) Abraham's station. Anyone who enters there gains security. Pilgrimage is a duty owed to Allah by those who can afford to travel. But if someone does not believe, Allah has no need of His creation. (Quran 3:96-97)

Remember what Abraham said. Make this city a peaceful and safe one, and prevent me and my sons from worshiping idols. (Quran 14:35)



Bibliography

What’s the Difference between Mecca and Medina?

Both Mecca and Medina witnessed precious early moments in Islamic history, such as the birth of the Last Messenger of Allah SWT (PBUH) and the revelation of the Holy Quran.

Mecca, the center of Abraham's three faiths, contains some of the most important Islamic sites, such as the Holy Kaaba, the Masjid Haram (Great Mosque), the Well of Zamzam, Mount Safa and Mount Marwa. I have. and Makham-e-Ibrahim.

Medina, on the other hand, is home to the tombs of Masjid Al-Quba, Masjid-e-Kiblayton, Masjid-e-Nabawi and our beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Apart from these, the only major difference between the cities is that Mecca was the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who (SAW) lived in Medina from his emigration until his last breath.

In Islam, both Mecca and Medina are considered safe havens for all living beings, humans, animals and even plants. Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Asim said the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: And I prayed to Allah SWT (that is, for the people of Medina) as Abraham did for the people of Mecca. (Al Bukhari)

Almighty Allah says in the Holy Quran: He said "Lord, make this a city of peace and give fruit to those who believe in Allah and the Last Day," he said. "(Yes) And those who do not believe, for a little while I will. Give them joy, but soon I will drive them into the throes of fire. (Quran 2:126)

The Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) said: Ad-Dajjal (Antichrist) shall enter no place but Mecca and Medina, no entrance but the angels. There is no (way), but stands in line and confronts him, and then Madinah and its inhabitants tremble three times, and Allah drives out from there all the unbelievers and hypocrites (Bukhari)

== Related Why are only Muslims allowed into Mecca and Medina? Why non-Muslims were not allowed to enter Medina and Mecca for many years? ==

Apart from other restrictions recently imposed by Saudi Arabia, the ban on travel to Medina and later to Mecca was introduced during the reign of King Nur-ud-din Zangi of Siam (now Syria).

It's a long story, but I'll keep it short for the reader.

In 474 Pope Sixtus 1V planned to take the remains of the Prophet Muhammad from the tomb, bring them to Rome and display them in St. I was.

He sent two of his monks from Rome disguised as Arabs to live in Medina and dig a tunnel out of a house near the Mosque of the Prophet where he is buried.

One night, King Zangi had a dream. The Prophet told them that they were going to move their bodies. The king was very worried and asked his advisers what to do. They asked him for additional alms and prayers. Second night it happened again. This time the Prophet showed the King his two faces and told him to stop it.

The king immediately prepared his guards and marched from the capital Halab to Medina. When he reached Medina, he ordered the governor to lead all the citizens of the city before him. bottom. He asked if there was anyone else in town. He was told that there were two old men who roamed the streets handing out water during the day and retired to pray near the mosque at night.

The king ordered the two to be brought out at once.

He immediately recognized them when they were brought before the king. When they searched their whereabouts, a tunnel hidden under the carpet was discovered, leading to the tomb of the Prophet.

The men admitted to being spies sent by the Pope. They were executed on the spot. The king then ordered a ditch to be dug around the tomb to water level and filled it with zinc ore to prevent another attempt to be repeated.

King Noor-ud-Din Zangi decreed that non-Muslims should not be allowed to enter Medina and Mecca.

Many Americans and other foreigners today work in Saudi Arabia and even Mecca and Medina, but are not allowed to enter the Prophet's Mosque in Medina or the Kaba in Mecca. These two places are sacred places for Muslims to perform Hajj and pray at the tomb of the Prophet.

Personally, I have no problem with non-Muslims visiting the city as tourists. It will generate goodwill.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Trofimov2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. Cite error: The named reference Michigan C 1986 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. Tucker & Roberts 2008, p. 673.
  4. Quran 2:124–217
  5. Musharraf 2012, p. 195.
  6. Peters 1994, p. 22.
  7. Blatt 2015, p. 27.
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