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==History== |
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==History== |
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Joget Gamelan is one of the classical Malay dance that uses ] instruments. This classic dance was first performed at the Palace in the ] (present-day ]) in the 19th century. It was first performed in public in ], Pahang in 1811 in the wedding ceremony of Tengku Hussain, the son of Sultan Abdul Rahman who ruled ], with Wan Esah, the younger sister of Bendahara Ali from Pahang. It was first introduced in Terengganu after Tengku Mariam, a princess in Pahang, married Tengku Sulaiman, the prince to Tengku Zainal Abidin from Terengganu. In 1913, the Malay Gamelan tradition disappeared from the abolition of the ] and later moved to ], and until it spread to ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/20248/1/Joget%20Gamelan%20Terengganu%20dari%20aspek%20penceritaan...(24%20pages).pdf |title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU DARI ASPEK PENCERITAAN DAN CABARAN PEMELIHARAANNYA |trans-title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU FROM THE ASPECT OF STORYTELLING AND THE CHALLENGES OF ITS MAINTENANCE |date=2012 |website=}}</ref> The Malay gamelan was first brought to ] in 1969 in a public performance. Since then, it has become a part of the Malaysian arts and cultural heritage.{{cn|date=March 2021}} Gamelan is commonly played during formal occasions like weddings and traditional ceremonies, such as the {{lang|id|]}}. In the past,{{when|date=March 2021}} about 80 traditional gamelan music were performed but this has now been reduced to 50, with 12 songs being the common ones, some of them include ''Timang Burung'', ''Ayak-Ayak'' and ''Seri Rama Balik''. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Aziz |first1=Ninot |title=Living the Gamelan |publisher=New Straits Times |date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2020/08/25/good-vibrations-how-to-unite-people-through-gamelan-music|title=Good vibrations: how to unite people through gamelan music | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/pulse/2017/08/271189/renewing-love-gamelan|title=Renewing the love for gamelan | New Straits Times|first=Adrian|last=David|date=August 22, 2017|website=NST Online}}</ref> |
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Malay Gamelan developed in conjuction with Malay Joget Gamelan. In the mid-18th century, a team of court dancers and musicians was sent from central Java to the island of Penyengat, the royal island capital of the ] empire (present-day ]). Javanese style court dance and music were, therefore, introduced at the Istana Kuning (the Yellow Palace), the Penyengat palace, the music being that of the gamelan and the dances consisting mainly of the ] and Bedaya, the main classical dances of the central Javanese courts. (D’Cruz, 2011: 2) |
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The 19th-century Riau-Lingga empire was vast. It included the peninsula states of Johor, Pahang and Terengganu, the Riau Archipelago and the Karimon islands and. It was through this association of Pahang with the Riau-Lingga empire that Javanese court dance and music found their way into the Pahang court. |
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The first occasion for such a phenomenon was the 1811 royal wedding in Pekan, Pahang, of Tengku Husain, the eldest son of Sultan Abdul Rahman of Riau-Lingga and Wan Esah, the sister of Bendahara Wan Ali of Pahang when the wedding celebrations were enlivened by elaborate court dances, to the accompaniment of an orchestra of gongs and xylophones, which were found only at the Malay courts of Pahang and Lingga. While it is not known when this particular form of dance and music began in the Pahang court, it is evident, however, that by 1811 the tradition was known and practiced in the Pekan palace. (M. Sheppard, Joget Gamelan of Trengganu', Straits Times Annual, Kuala Lumpur: New Straits Times Press, 1969, p. 81.) |
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Bendahara Wan Ahmad, later Sultan Ahmad (1863-1914), inherited the gamelan set as well as the court troupe of dancers and musicians from his father, Bendahara Wan Ali. The form, now called Joget Pahang, was firmly established at the Pekan palace under the royal patronage of Bendahara Wan Ahmad. His interest in the form was keen. He obtained three separate sets of gamelan instruments and established three groups of four dancers each. Of his five wives, three maintained a group each: one group was under his royal wife, Tengku Ampuan Fatimah, another under Che Besar and the third under Che Zubedah. Sultan Ahmad and his third wife, Che Zubedah, were particularly interested in Joget Pahang. Che Zubedah was a Chinese, and it is believed that she greatly influenced the development of Joget Pahang, spending much time and effort particularly in perfecting the dances. |
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One can clearly identify many 'Chinese' characteristics in Joget Gamelan. For example, elements of the costume like the manner in which the sarong is tied, and the particularities of the unusual headdress are a clear deviation from other Malay classical dance costume styles and from Serimpi and Bedaya. Also, the music of the dance Timang Burung, one of the most popular from the Joget Gamelan repertoire is, in fact, an old and familiar Chinese folk song. |
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During the reign of Sultan Ahmad of Pahang, Joget Pahang was introduced into the state of Terengganu. In 1885, a marriage took place between Sultan Zainal Abidin (1881-1918) of Terengganu and Tengku Long, daughter of Sultan Ahmad of Pahang. At this wedding, Sultan Zainal Abidin witnessed Joget Pahang for the first time and was impressed." Eventually, he borrowed a set of instruments and musicians from Sultan Ahmad and began the playing of gamelan music in his own palace. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/20248/1/Joget%20Gamelan%20Terengganu%20dari%20aspek%20penceritaan...(24%20pages).pdf |title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU DARI ASPEK PENCERITAAN DAN CABARAN PEMELIHARAANNYA |trans-title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU FROM THE ASPECT OF STORYTELLING AND THE CHALLENGES OF ITS MAINTENANCE |date=2012 |website=}}</ref> |
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In 1914, Sultan Ahmad died and there was no heir to the throne who was interested in maintaining the Pahang Joget tradition. Che Zubedah, Sultan Ahmad's wife also left for Terengganu with her gamelan set to live with her son, Tengku Ampuan Mariam. Tengku Ampuan Mariam was highly trained in the art of the Pahang dance. Armed with the support of Tengku Sulaiman who was also interested in gamelan, Tengku Ampuan Mariam continued this art in Terengganu. |
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Malay gamelan was first introduced to the public when Tan Sri Mubin Sheppard, a Malay architectural scholar, found a gamelan set at the Pool Terengganu Palace and then asked Tengku Ampuan Mariam's permission to turn on this gamelan in 1966 (FarizanM. Razuri, 2010). The first appearance of the Gamelan Orchestra in Raja Terengganu was in 1969 at the Asian Music and Drama Festival at Universiti Malaya (UM) Kuala Lumpur followed in 1970 in conjunction with Temasha Seni Melayu which also presented a new generation of dancers. Since then, it has become a part of the Malaysian arts and cultural heritage.Gamelan is commonly played during formal occasions like weddings and traditional ceremonies. |
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In the past,{{when|date=March 2021}} about 80 traditional gamelan music were performed but this has now been reduced to 50, with 12 songs being the common ones, some of them include ''Timang Burung'', ''Ayak-Ayak'' and ''Seri Rama Balik''. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Aziz |first1=Ninot |title=Living the Gamelan |publisher=New Straits Times |date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2020/08/25/good-vibrations-how-to-unite-people-through-gamelan-music|title=Good vibrations: how to unite people through gamelan music | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/pulse/2017/08/271189/renewing-love-gamelan|title=Renewing the love for gamelan | New Straits Times|first=Adrian|last=David|date=August 22, 2017|website=NST Online}}</ref> |
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In 2021, ] was listed as a ] by ], part of the intangible cultural heritage of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gamelan-01607|title=Gamelan|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021 |website= ich.unesco.org|publisher=UNECO}}</ref> |
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In 2021, ] was listed as a ] by ], part of the intangible cultural heritage of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gamelan-01607|title=Gamelan|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021 |website= ich.unesco.org|publisher=UNECO}}</ref> |
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According to Tengku Mariam, this dance repository originally consisted of 77 types of ]. But today there are only 33 types left as a result of the absence of dance instructors. Among the 33 types of dances that remain are such as ''Timang Burung'', ''Ayak-ayak'', ''Lambang Sari'', ''Ketam Renjung'', ''Geliung'', ''Lantai Lima'', ''Kending Gajah'', ''Togok Rompin'', ''Kunang-kunang Mabuk'', ''Galuk Merajuk'', ''Silatin'', ''Lolo'' and ''Monab''. |
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According to Tengku Mariam, this dance repository originally consisted of 77 types of ]. But today there are only 33 types left as a result of the absence of dance instructors. Among the 33 types of dances that remain are such as ''Timang Burung'', ''Ayak-ayak'', ''Lambang Sari'', ''Ketam Renjung'', ''Geliung'', ''Lantai Lima'', ''Kending Gajah'', ''Togok Rompin'', ''Kunang-kunang Mabuk'', ''Galuk Merajuk'', ''Silatin'', ''Lolo'' and ''Monab''. |
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This dance performed exclusively by female dancers can be staged internally or openly. |
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Many of the stories of the Joget Gamelan dances were taken from the Javanese Panji cycle, others were based upon activities in and around the palace. The following are some examples: |
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Ayak-Ayak was the opening dance. |
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It tells of court maidens and servants at work, slaughtering chickens, goats and cows in preparation for the marriage of Raden Galoh Cendra Kirana to Raden Inu Kertapati. The movements in the dance depict the preparations. |
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The dance Togok tells the story of Raden Galoh going in search of her husband who had disappeared. She meets another princess. In the ensuing fight, Raden Galoh is hurt by an arrow. However, all ends well, with both princesses hunting together. Raden Galoh is eventually reunited with her husband. |
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Timang Burung tells of how Raden Galoh, after being locked in her room by her father for some time, is released. Going into the garden with her handmaidens, she sees the Burung Kepudang or golden swallow. Enraptured by the movements of the bird, she requests her handmaidens to imitate them. Timang Burung is the ensuing dance of the maidens imitating the birds with fan movements depicting the fluttering wings and tails. |
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Taman Sari, an exquisite dance, tells of Raden Galoh and her handmaidens making merry in the beautiful garden called Taman Sari. There they play, eat, bathe, fish, beautify themselves, gather flowers, and dance. |
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A dance on the theme of war, called Perang, was also important. It is said that this dance was the last item in every formal performance and the dancers went into a trance. |
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Joget Gamelan performed exclusively by female dancers can be staged internally or openly. |
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== See also == |
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== See also == |
Based on the gamelan set discovered in 1966 at Istana Kolam, Terengganu, a set of Terengganu Malay gamelan consists of seven basic instruments:
According to Tengku Mariam, this dance repository originally consisted of 77 types of gamelan. But today there are only 33 types left as a result of the absence of dance instructors. Among the 33 types of dances that remain are such as Timang Burung, Ayak-ayak, Lambang Sari, Ketam Renjung, Geliung, Lantai Lima, Kending Gajah, Togok Rompin, Kunang-kunang Mabuk, Galuk Merajuk, Silatin, Lolo and Monab.
This dance performed exclusively by female dancers can be staged internally or openly.
A Malay gamelan performance
Various hanging Gongs (gong ageng, gong suwukan, kempul) of Gamelan in Indonesia
Malays playing gongs
Dancers performing a Joget Gamelan dance.svg)
