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| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Malay Gamelan developed in conjuction with Malay Joget Gamelan. In the mid-18th century, a team of court dancers and musicians was sent from central Java to the island of Penyengat, the royal island capital of the ] empire (present-day ]). Javanese style court dance and music were, therefore, introduced at the Istana Kuning (the Yellow Palace), the Penyengat palace, the music being that of the gamelan and the dances consisting mainly of the ] and Bedaya, the main classical dances of the central Javanese courts. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=q6MJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&lpg=PT16&dq=joget+gamelan+java&source=bl&ots=GDmY66bla7&sig=ACfU3U3VH8USFNA-2c6CsTKLVeHSSUv1OQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwituKbggpL-AhXX_rsIHYmbCZYQ6AF6BAgZEAI#v=onepage&q=joget%20gamelan%20java&f=false |title=Sharing Identities: Celebrating Dance in Malaysia | author= Mohd Anis Md Nor, Stephanie Burridge | |||
| Joget Gamelan is one of the classical Malay dance that uses ] instruments. This classic dance was first performed at the Palace in the ] (present-day ]) in the 19th century. It was first performed in public in ], Pahang in 1811 in the wedding ceremony of Tengku Hussain, the son of Sultan Abdul Rahman who ruled ], with Wan Esah, the younger sister of Bendahara Ali from Pahang. It was first introduced in Terengganu after Tengku Mariam, a princess in Pahang, married Tengku Sulaiman, the prince to Tengku Zainal Abidin from Terengganu. In 1913, the Malay Gamelan tradition disappeared from the abolition of the ] and later moved to ], and until it spread to ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/20248/1/Joget%20Gamelan%20Terengganu%20dari%20aspek%20penceritaan...(24%20pages).pdf |title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU DARI ASPEK PENCERITAAN DAN CABARAN PEMELIHARAANNYA |trans-title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU FROM THE ASPECT OF STORYTELLING AND THE CHALLENGES OF ITS MAINTENANCE |date=2012 |website=}}</ref> The Malay gamelan was first brought to ] in 1969 in a public performance. Since then, it has become a part of the Malaysian arts and cultural heritage.{{cn|date=March 2021}} Gamelan is commonly played during formal occasions like weddings and traditional ceremonies, such as the {{lang|id|]}}. In the past,{{when|date=March 2021}} about 80 traditional gamelan music were performed but this has now been reduced to 50, with 12 songs being the common ones, some of them include ''Timang Burung'', ''Ayak-Ayak'' and ''Seri Rama Balik''. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Aziz |first1=Ninot |title=Living the Gamelan |publisher=New Straits Times |date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2020/08/25/good-vibrations-how-to-unite-people-through-gamelan-music|title=Good vibrations: how to unite people through gamelan music | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/pulse/2017/08/271189/renewing-love-gamelan|title=Renewing the love for gamelan | New Straits Times|first=Adrian|last=David|date=August 22, 2017|website=NST Online}}</ref> | |||
| Taylor & Francis |date= 29 Nov 2020 |website=books.google.de |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=}}</ref> | |||
| In 2021, ] was listed as a ] by ], part of the intangible cultural heritage of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gamelan-01607|title=Gamelan|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021 |website= ich.unesco.org|publisher=UNECO}}</ref> | |||
| The 19th-century Riau-Lingga empire was vast. It included the peninsula states of Johor, Pahang and Terengganu, the Riau Archipelago and the Karimon islands and. It was through this association of Pahang with the Riau-Lingga empire that Javanese court dance and music found their way into the Pahang court. | |||
| The first occasion for such a phenomenon was the 1811 royal wedding in Pekan, Pahang, of Tengku Husain, the eldest son of Sultan Abdul Rahman of Riau-Lingga and Wan Esah, the sister of Bendahara Wan Ali of Pahang when the wedding celebrations were enlivened by elaborate court dances, to the accompaniment of an orchestra of gongs and xylophones, which were found only at the Malay courts of Pahang and Lingga. While it is not known when this particular form of dance and music began in the Pahang court, it is evident, however, that by 1811 the tradition was known and practiced in the Pekan palace. <ref>(M. Sheppard, Joget Gamelan of Trengganu', Straits Times Annual, Kuala Lumpur: New Straits Times Press, 1969, p. 81.</ref> | |||
| Bendahara Wan Ahmad, later Sultan Ahmad (1863-1914), inherited the gamelan set as well as the court troupe of dancers and musicians from his father, Bendahara Wan Ali. The form, now called Joget Pahang, was firmly established at the Pekan palace under the royal patronage of Bendahara Wan Ahmad. His interest in the form was keen. He obtained three separate sets of gamelan instruments and established three groups of four dancers each. Of his five wives, three maintained a group each: one group was under his royal wife, Tengku Ampuan Fatimah, another under Che Besar and the third under Che Zubedah. Sultan Ahmad and his third wife, Che Zubedah, were particularly interested in Joget Pahang. Che Zubedah was a Chinese, and it is believed that she greatly influenced the development of Joget Pahang, spending much time and effort particularly in perfecting the dances. | |||
| One can clearly identify many 'Chinese' characteristics in Joget Gamelan. For example, elements of the costume like the manner in which the sarong is tied, and the particularities of the unusual headdress are a clear deviation from other Malay classical dance costume styles and from Serimpi and Bedaya. Also, the music of the dance Timang Burung, one of the most popular from the Joget Gamelan repertoire is, in fact, an old and familiar Chinese folk song. | |||
| During the reign of Sultan Ahmad of Pahang, Joget Pahang was introduced into the state of Terengganu. In 1885, a marriage took place between Sultan Zainal Abidin (1881-1918) of Terengganu and Tengku Long, daughter of Sultan Ahmad of Pahang. At this wedding, Sultan Zainal Abidin witnessed Joget Pahang for the first time and was impressed. Eventually, he borrowed a set of instruments and musicians from Sultan Ahmad and began the playing of gamelan music in his own palace. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/20248/1/Joget%20Gamelan%20Terengganu%20dari%20aspek%20penceritaan...(24%20pages).pdf |title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU DARI ASPEK PENCERITAAN DAN CABARAN PEMELIHARAANNYA |trans-title=JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU FROM THE ASPECT OF STORYTELLING AND THE CHALLENGES OF ITS MAINTENANCE |date=2012 |website=}}</ref> | |||
| In 1914, Sultan Ahmad died and there was no heir to the throne who was interested in maintaining the Pahang Joget tradition. Che Zubedah, Sultan Ahmad's wife also left for Terengganu with her gamelan set to live with her son, Tengku Ampuan Mariam. Tengku Ampuan Mariam was highly trained in the art of the Pahang dance. Armed with the support of Tengku Sulaiman who was also interested in gamelan, Tengku Ampuan Mariam continued this art in Terengganu. | |||
| Malay gamelan was first introduced to the public when Tan Sri Mubin Sheppard, a Malay architectural scholar, found a gamelan set at the Pool Terengganu Palace and then asked Tengku Ampuan Mariam's permission to turn on this gamelan in 1966 <ref> FarizanM. Razuri, 2010</ref>. The first appearance of the Gamelan Orchestra in Raja Terengganu was in 1969 at the Asian Music and Drama Festival at Universiti Malaya (UM) Kuala Lumpur followed in 1970 in conjunction with Temasha Seni Melayu which also presented a new generation of dancers. Since then, it has become a part of the Malaysian arts and cultural heritage.Gamelan is commonly played during formal occasions like weddings and traditional ceremonies. | |||
| In the past,{{when|date=March 2021}} about 80 traditional gamelan music were performed but this has now been reduced to 50, with 12 songs being the common ones, some of them include ''Timang Burung'', ''Ayak-Ayak'' and ''Seri Rama Balik''. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Aziz |first1=Ninot |title=Living the Gamelan |publisher=New Straits Times |date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2020/08/25/good-vibrations-how-to-unite-people-through-gamelan-music|title=Good vibrations: how to unite people through gamelan music | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/pulse/2017/08/271189/renewing-love-gamelan|title=Renewing the love for gamelan | New Straits Times|first=Adrian|last=David|date=August 22, 2017|website=NST Online}}</ref> | |||
| In the past,{{when|date=March 2021}} about 80 traditional gamelan music were performed but this has now been reduced to 50, with 12 songs being the common ones, some of them include ''Timang Burung'', ''Ayak-Ayak'' and ''Seri Rama Balik''. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Aziz |first1=Ninot |title=Living the Gamelan |publisher=New Straits Times |date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2020/08/25/good-vibrations-how-to-unite-people-through-gamelan-music|title=Good vibrations: how to unite people through gamelan music | The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/pulse/2017/08/271189/renewing-love-gamelan|title=Renewing the love for gamelan | New Straits Times|first=Adrian|last=David|date=August 22, 2017|website=NST Online}}</ref> | |||
| ==Instruments== | ==Instruments== | ||
Revision as of 08:05, 5 April 2023
Malay musical instrument and dance A Malay gamelan performance | |
| Other names | Gamelan Melayu |
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| Classification | |
| Developed | Riau-Lingga Sultanate (present-day Indonesia) |
| More articles or information | |
 Various hanging Gongs (gong ageng, gong suwukan, kempul) of Gamelan in Indonesia |
| Music of Indonesia |
| Genres |
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| Specific forms |
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| Regional music |
 Malays playing gongs
Traditional
Modern | ||||||
| Music of Malaysia | ||||||
| Media and performance | ||||||
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| Nationalistic and patriotic songs | ||||||
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The Malay Gamelan (Malay/Indonesian: gamelan Melayu; Jawi: ݢاميلن ملايو) is a style of music originated from Indonesia, performed in ethnic Malay-populated regions of Indonesia (particularly in North Sumatra, Riau and Riau Islands) and Malaysia (particularly in Pahang, Terengganu and Johor) as well.
Etymology
The word of Gamelan derived from the term in Template:Lang-jv, which means "hitting" or "striking" refer to playing of percussion instruments or the act of striking with a mallet, + an (noun-forming suffix). While the word of Melayu refer to the Malays which had its correlation to Melayu Kingdom.
History
Malay Gamelan developed in conjuction with Malay Joget Gamelan. In the mid-18th century, a team of court dancers and musicians was sent from central Java to the island of Penyengat, the royal island capital of the Riau-Lingga empire (present-day Indonesia). Javanese style court dance and music were, therefore, introduced at the Istana Kuning (the Yellow Palace), the Penyengat palace, the music being that of the gamelan and the dances consisting mainly of the Serimpi and Bedaya, the main classical dances of the central Javanese courts.
The 19th-century Riau-Lingga empire was vast. It included the peninsula states of Johor, Pahang and Terengganu, the Riau Archipelago and the Karimon islands and. It was through this association of Pahang with the Riau-Lingga empire that Javanese court dance and music found their way into the Pahang court.
The first occasion for such a phenomenon was the 1811 royal wedding in Pekan, Pahang, of Tengku Husain, the eldest son of Sultan Abdul Rahman of Riau-Lingga and Wan Esah, the sister of Bendahara Wan Ali of Pahang when the wedding celebrations were enlivened by elaborate court dances, to the accompaniment of an orchestra of gongs and xylophones, which were found only at the Malay courts of Pahang and Lingga. While it is not known when this particular form of dance and music began in the Pahang court, it is evident, however, that by 1811 the tradition was known and practiced in the Pekan palace.
Bendahara Wan Ahmad, later Sultan Ahmad (1863-1914), inherited the gamelan set as well as the court troupe of dancers and musicians from his father, Bendahara Wan Ali. The form, now called Joget Pahang, was firmly established at the Pekan palace under the royal patronage of Bendahara Wan Ahmad. His interest in the form was keen. He obtained three separate sets of gamelan instruments and established three groups of four dancers each. Of his five wives, three maintained a group each: one group was under his royal wife, Tengku Ampuan Fatimah, another under Che Besar and the third under Che Zubedah. Sultan Ahmad and his third wife, Che Zubedah, were particularly interested in Joget Pahang. Che Zubedah was a Chinese, and it is believed that she greatly influenced the development of Joget Pahang, spending much time and effort particularly in perfecting the dances.
One can clearly identify many 'Chinese' characteristics in Joget Gamelan. For example, elements of the costume like the manner in which the sarong is tied, and the particularities of the unusual headdress are a clear deviation from other Malay classical dance costume styles and from Serimpi and Bedaya. Also, the music of the dance Timang Burung, one of the most popular from the Joget Gamelan repertoire is, in fact, an old and familiar Chinese folk song.
During the reign of Sultan Ahmad of Pahang, Joget Pahang was introduced into the state of Terengganu. In 1885, a marriage took place between Sultan Zainal Abidin (1881-1918) of Terengganu and Tengku Long, daughter of Sultan Ahmad of Pahang. At this wedding, Sultan Zainal Abidin witnessed Joget Pahang for the first time and was impressed. Eventually, he borrowed a set of instruments and musicians from Sultan Ahmad and began the playing of gamelan music in his own palace.
In 1914, Sultan Ahmad died and there was no heir to the throne who was interested in maintaining the Pahang Joget tradition. Che Zubedah, Sultan Ahmad's wife also left for Terengganu with her gamelan set to live with her son, Tengku Ampuan Mariam. Tengku Ampuan Mariam was highly trained in the art of the Pahang dance. Armed with the support of Tengku Sulaiman who was also interested in gamelan, Tengku Ampuan Mariam continued this art in Terengganu.
Malay gamelan was first introduced to the public when Tan Sri Mubin Sheppard, a Malay architectural scholar, found a gamelan set at the Pool Terengganu Palace and then asked Tengku Ampuan Mariam's permission to turn on this gamelan in 1966 . The first appearance of the Gamelan Orchestra in Raja Terengganu was in 1969 at the Asian Music and Drama Festival at Universiti Malaya (UM) Kuala Lumpur followed in 1970 in conjunction with Temasha Seni Melayu which also presented a new generation of dancers. Since then, it has become a part of the Malaysian arts and cultural heritage.Gamelan is commonly played during formal occasions like weddings and traditional ceremonies.
In the past, about 80 traditional gamelan music were performed but this has now been reduced to 50, with 12 songs being the common ones, some of them include Timang Burung, Ayak-Ayak and Seri Rama Balik.
In the past, about 80 traditional gamelan music were performed but this has now been reduced to 50, with 12 songs being the common ones, some of them include Timang Burung, Ayak-Ayak and Seri Rama Balik.
Instruments
Based on the gamelan set discovered in 1966 at Istana Kolam, Terengganu, a set of Terengganu Malay gamelan consists of seven basic instruments:
- Keromong, also known as bonang (a set of 10 small kettle gongs)
- Gambang (a wooden xylophone)
- Saron perkin (another set of metallophones, slightly smaller than saron kecil)
- Saron kecil, also known as saron barung (a set of metallophones)
- Saron besar, also known as saron demung (another set of metallophones, slightly bigger than saron kecil)
- Kenong (a set of 5 large kettle gongs)
- A pair of hanging gongs, which are gong kecil and gong besar
- Gendang (a barrel drum)
Joget gamelan
 Dancers performing a Joget Gamelan dance | |
| Etymology | Template:Lang-jv (dance) and Template:Lang-jv (hitting or striking) |
|---|---|
| Genre | Traditional dance |
| Instrument(s) | Malay gamelan |
| Origin | Indonesia, then later introduced to Malaysia |
| Malay gamelan |
|---|
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| Burma |
| Cambodia |
| Indonesia |
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| Laos |
| Malaysia |
| Philippines |
| Singapore |
| Thailand |
|
| Vietnam |
.svg)
According to Tengku Mariam, this dance repository originally consisted of 77 types of gamelan. But today there are only 33 types left as a result of the absence of dance instructors. Among the 33 types of dances that remain are such as Timang Burung, Ayak-ayak, Lambang Sari, Ketam Renjung, Geliung, Lantai Lima, Kending Gajah, Togok Rompin, Kunang-kunang Mabuk, Galuk Merajuk, Silatin, Lolo and Monab.
This dance performed exclusively by female dancers can be staged internally or openly.
See also
References
- "The Malay Gamelan". themalaygamelan. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- "The History of Gamelan's Origin". Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- "Menabuh Gamelan Melayu". 8 July 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- "Gambang Mentuda Diambang Kepunahan". 30 July 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- "Malay Gamelan Music Experience". tourismperakmalaysia.com. Tourism Perak Malaysia. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- "History and Etymology for gamelan". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- Sumarsam (1998). Introduction to Javanese Gamelan. Middletown.
- Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). Javanese Gamelan, p.10. ISBN 0-19-588582-1.
- Milner, Anthony (2010), The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 18–19, ISBN 978-1-4443-3903-1
- Reid, Anthony (2001). "Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 32 (3): 295–313. doi:10.1017/S0022463401000157. PMID 19192500. S2CID 38870744.
- Mohd Anis Md Nor, Stephanie Burridge
Taylor & Francis (29 Nov 2020). "Sharing Identities: Celebrating Dance in Malaysia". Retrieved 5 April 2023.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|author=at position 37 (help) - (M. Sheppard, Joget Gamelan of Trengganu', Straits Times Annual, Kuala Lumpur: New Straits Times Press, 1969, p. 81.
- "JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU DARI ASPEK PENCERITAAN DAN CABARAN PEMELIHARAANNYA" [JOGET GAMELAN TERENGGANU FROM THE ASPECT OF STORYTELLING AND THE CHALLENGES OF ITS MAINTENANCE] (PDF). 2012.
- FarizanM. Razuri, 2010
- Aziz, Ninot (1 February 2015). "Living the Gamelan". New Straits Times.
- "Good vibrations: how to unite people through gamelan music | The Star". www.thestar.com.my.
- David, Adrian (August 22, 2017). "Renewing the love for gamelan | New Straits Times". NST Online.
- Aziz, Ninot (1 February 2015). "Living the Gamelan". New Straits Times.
- "Good vibrations: how to unite people through gamelan music | The Star". www.thestar.com.my.
- David, Adrian (August 22, 2017). "Renewing the love for gamelan | New Straits Times". NST Online.
- Zainudin, Aniza (April 3, 2019). "Memartabatkan gamelan". HM Online.
- Norsafini, Jafar; Rahmah, Bujang (2015). "Creative Reinvention of Joget Gamelan in Malaysia". International Journal of Cultural and Creative Industries. 3 (1). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- Norsafini, Jafar; Rahmah, Bujang (2015). "Creative Reinvention of Joget Gamelan in Malaysia". International Journal of Cultural and Creative Industries. 3 (1). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
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| Theory |   | ||||||||||
| Genres & ensembles |
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| Musicians | |||||||||||
| Instruments |
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| Traditional musical instruments of Indonesia | |
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| Gamelan • Kulintang • Kolintang • Talempong • Totobuang | |
| Aerophones | |
| Chordophones | |
| Idiophones | |
| Membranophones | |
| Related articles | |
| List of traditional Malaysian musical instruments by classification | |
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| Gamelan • Ghazal • Kulintangan • Caklempong | |
| Aerophones | |
| Chordophones | |
| Idiophones | |
| Membranophones | |