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Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah
Fifth Sultan of Qutb Shahi dynasty
5th Sultan of the Qutb Shahi Sultanate of Golconda
Reign	1580–1612
Coronation	Unknown
Predecessor	Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah
Successor	Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah
Born	4 April 1565 Golkonda, Golconda Sultanate (now in Telangana, India)
Died	11 January 1612(1612-01-11) (aged 46) Daulat Khan-e-Ali Palace, Hyderabad (now in Telangana, India)
Spouse	Bhagmati
Issue	Hayat Bakshi Begum (wife of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah)
House	Qutb Shahi dynasty
Father	Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah
Mother	Bhagirathi
Religion	Shia Islam

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (4 April 1565 – 11 January 1612) was the fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golkonda and founded the city of Hyderabad, in South-central India and built its architectural centerpiece, the Charminar. He was an able administrator and his reign is considered one of the high points of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. He ascended to the throne in 1580 at the age of 15 and ruled for 31 years.

Birth, early life and personal life

Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah was the third son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali and Hindu Mother Bhagirathi. He was an accomplished poet and wrote his poetry in Persian, Telugu and Urdu. As the first author in the Urdu language, he composed his verses in the Persian diwan style, and his poems consisted of verses relating to a single topic, gazal-i musalsal. Muhammad Quli's Kulliyat comprised 1800 pages, over half were gazals, qasidas on one hundred pages, while the rest contained over 300 pages of matnawi and marsiyas.

Reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah succeeded his father Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah in the year 1580 at the age of 15 years. His rule lasted for 31 years, his contemporaries were Akbar the Great, Jagat Guru and Ibrahim Adil Shah. He faced minor rebellions in eastern and western fronts during the initial years of his rule, he lead the troops himself and defeated Ali Khan Loor and Yashwant Raj.

In 1592 further disturbance was created by Shah Saheb for ascending the throne. During this time he sent he Aitbar Khan with a large troop and he defeated Shah Saheb. Amidst the chaos Muhammad Quli was still able to patronage art and establish the city of Hyderabad. His reign is considered the high point of Qutb Shahi dynasty.

City of Hyderabad

From the period of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah there was a high influx in the Golkonda city which lead to congestion and unhygienic condition which created the need of an extension or new city. Construction of hyderabad was initiated in 1591, on the southern bank of river Musi. Before construction he prayed by reciting the following couplet for the welfare of the city " Make my city full of people, like you keep the river full of fish"

There is a folklore associated with selection of the land for the new city of Hyderabad. It is said that once the king was coming back from a hut he crossed the bridge across rive Musi and arrived at the flat land which pleased him. However, Muhammad Quli must be aware of the land and the story is romanticised version.

The city was planned in a grid-ion manner with charminar in the centre and other important palaces and administrative building along the surrounding axis. Other important buildings which were constructed in the following years are Darulshafa, Mecca Masjid, Badshahi Ashurkhana and several palaces which have been demolished over the years.

Muhammad Quli also planned several gardens throughout the city, which came to be known as "Garden City" and same is mentioned in several traveller accounts. Rafi-uddin Shirazi mention in Tazkiratul Muluk that the entire city looked likes a vast garden.

Patronage of Art and Literature

Muhammad Quli was very passionate about poetry,paintings, calligraphy and architecture. His talent as a calligrapher is evident from the inscriptions on the buildings constructed in his era, major scripts used in this period are -Nastaliq, Naksh, Kufi, Tughra and Sulus. One of the unique inscription is seen on Mecca Masjid in Nastaliq, which is not discovered anywhere in Deccan. Another beautiful inscription seen in the same mosque is the verse of Holy Quran carved in Naksh style.

Poetry was another fotre of Muhammad Quli, he is considered one of the first poets to write in Dakhni. He had the skill to write in wide range of genre from religious to romantic to profane. One of the most prominent work written by him which still survives is the Diwan, and the original copy of this manuscript is exhibited at Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad. Apart from Dakhni-Urdu, he also wrote in Telugu, considering he was born and brought up in Hyderabad, he must be fluent in Telangana. His poetry has been compiled into a volume entitled "Kulliyat-e-Quli Qutub Shah." He had the distinction of being the first Saheb-e-dewan Urdu poet and is credited with introducing a new sensibility into prevailing genres of Persian/Urdu poetry.

Several notable physicians wrote Persian language books on Unani medicine during the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah. These included Mir Momin (Ikhtiyarat-i Qutub Shahi), Shamsuddin Ali Husain al-Jurjani (Tazkirat-i Kahhalin), Hakim Shamsuddin bin Nuruddin (Zubdat-ul Hukama), Abdullah Tabib (Tibb-i Farid), Taqiuddin Muhammad bin Sadruddin Ali (Mizan-ul Tabai'), Nizamuddin Ahmad Gilani (Majmu'a-i Hakim-ul mulk), and Ismai'l bin Ibrahim Tabrezi (Tazkirat-ul Hukama).

Notes

1. Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
2. Pillai, Manu S. (15 November 2018). "Opinion: A Hyderabadi conundrum". Mint.
3. ^ "Muhammad-Quli Qutb Shah: Founder of Haidarabad". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
4. Luther, Narendra (1991). Prince;Poet;Lover;Builder: Mohd. Quli Qutb Shah - The founder of Hyderabad. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123023151.
5. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (1975). Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 143.
6. ^ K̲h̲ān̲, Masʻūd Ḥusain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0233-7.
7. ^ Weinstein, Laura (2014). "Variations On A Persian Theme". The Visual World of Muslim India.
8. "Quli Qutub Shah remembered on his 400th death anniversary". The Siasat Daily. 14 January 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
9. Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2015). "Rise and Decline of Surgery in Indigenous Medicine with Emphasis on Unani-tibb". In Saha, Mohit; Hussain, Syed Ejaz (eds.). India's Indigenous Medical Systems: A Cross-disciplinary Approach. Primus. p. 68. ISBN 9789380607627.

References

• Sangaychay Mala by Gajanan Pole
• Prime Ministers of Qutubshhs by Sri Bhopal Rao
• Luther, Narendra (1991). Prince, Poet, Lover, Builder: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, The Founder of Hyderabad (PDF). Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123023151.
• Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1967). Muhammad-Quli Qutb Shah, founder of Haidarabad. Asia Publishing House.
• Books on Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
• Chopra, R.M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, Iran Culture House, New Delhi, 2012.
• https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/landmarks-deccan-comprehensive-guide-archaeological-remains-city-and-suburbs-hyderabad

External links

• 1565 births
• 1612 deaths
• People from Hyderabad district, India
• Kings of Golconda
• Telugu people
• Qutb Shahi dynasty
• Urdu-language poets
• 1611 in India
• 1580 in India
• Urdu-language writers from Mughal India