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1st Division 1st Infantry Division 1st Armoured Division 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division 1st (United Kingdom) Division
Divisional insignia, adopted in 1983.
Active	1809–Present
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	British Army
Type	Infantry Division
Size	Army 2020 size – around eight brigades, including 102 Logistics Brigade
Part of	Field Army
Garrison/HQ	Imphal Barracks, York, United Kingdom
Anniversaries	Peninsular Day
Engagements	Gulf War Iraq War
Website	Official website
Commanders
Current commander	Tom Bateman
Insignia
c. 1939–1960s
c. 1960s–1983

The 1st (United Kingdom) Division is an active infantry division of the British Army. It has been formed and disestablished numerous times between 1809 and the present. In its original incarnation, as the 1st Division, it took part in the Peninsular War (part of the Coalition Wars of the Napoleonic Wars) before being disbanded in 1814, only to be re-formed the following year for service in the War of the Seventh Coalition and fought at the Battle of Waterloo. It remained active, as part of the British occuaption of France, until it was disbanded in 1818 when the British military withdrew. It was then raised as needed and served in the Crimean War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the Second Boer War. In 1902, the British Army formed several permanent divisions, which included the 1st Division. It went on to fight in the First World War, made various deployments during the interwar period, and then took part in the Second World War (by then known as the 1st Infantry Division).

In the post-war period, the division was deployed to Mandatory Palestine on internal security operations during the Jewish insurgency. In 1948, when all British troops left, the division transferred to Tripoli, Libya, which was then under occupation by Anglo-French forces following the conclusion of the Second World War. With rising tension in Egypt, the division was moved there to defend the Suez Canal. It remained until 1955 when it was withdrawn to the UK, as Britain removed its military from the area. The stay in the UK was short as there was little need for an additional divisional headquarters, and the division was disbanded on 30 June 1960. The following day, it was reformed as the 1st Division (by the renaming of the 5th Division) in Germany and served as part of the British Army of the Rhine and helped pioneer new tactics. On 1 April 1978, the name was again changed, and the division became the 1st Armoured Division.

The 1st Armoured Division went on to fight in the Gulf War before returning to Germany. With the end of the Cold War, the British government released the Options for Change plan, which ultimately saw the division disbanded by the end of 1992. The division was revived the next year, as the 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division, when the 4th Armoured Division was redesignated. The division took part in the peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and in the 2000s took part in the Iraq War. In 2014, the division relocated from Germany to the UK and was then renamed as the 1st (United Kingdom) Division.

Divisional history 1809–1945

The 1st Division was formed on 18 June 1809, by Lieutenant-General Arthur Wellesley, commander of British forces in Spain and Portugal, for service during the Peninsular War (part of the Napoleonic Wars). After the conclusion of the War of the Sixth Coalition, the division was broken-up in France and its troops dispersed to the UK or were dispatched to North America to take part in the War of 1812. The division was reformed the following year, when the War of the Seventh Coalition began and it subsequently fought at the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. The latter battle saw the division help repulse the final attack of the day, which had been launched by the French Imperial Guard. With the end of the war, the division became part of the Army of Occupation based in France. It remained there until December 1818, when it was disbanded upon the British withdrawal and the end of the occupation.

During the mid- to late-19th century, several formations bearing the name 1st Division were formed, each for a particular conflict. Per the division's official website, three such formations form part of its lineage: those that fought in the Crimean War (1854–1856), the Anglo-Zulu War (1879), and the Second Boer War (1899–1900). In 1902, the division was reformed as a permanent formation within the British Army, and was stationed at Aldershot. During the First World War (1914–1918), it was deployed to France and fought on the Western Front throughout the conflict. In 1918, following the Armistice of 11 November 1918, it marched into Germany and became part of the occupation force, the British Army of the Rhine. In March 1919, the 1st Division was redesignated as the Western Division and ceased to exist. It was then reformed on 4 June 1919, at Aldershot, and was the only division maintained in a state of readiness in the immediate post-war years; detachments were dispatched to take part in the Irish War of Independence, to reinforce the Occupation of Constantinople, and to help oversee the 1935 Saar status referendum. From September to December 1936, the entire division was deployed to Palestine during the opening stages of the Arab revolt. The majority were sent back to the UK by the end of the year, with the remaining troops returning in 1937. During the Second World War, the division took part in the Battle of France, the Tunisian campaign, and the Italian campaign. In February 1945, it was transferred from Italy to the Palestine and remained for the duration of final stages of the war.

Post War and Cold War

With the exception of the period December 1945–March 1946, when the division moved to Egypt to reorganise, the 1st Infantry Division remained in Palestine until May 1948. During this time, it was assigned to internal security operations, during the Jewish insurgency. Its forces were deployed to Haifa, Galilee, and to guard the northern border. As part of the general British withdrawal from Palestine, in May 1948, the division relocated to Tripoli, Libya (at the time, occupied by Anglo-French forces). During August 1951, during the Korean War, the 1st Commonwealth Division was activated. Due to a lack of troops in the theatre, engineer and signal personnel were taken from the 1st Infantry Division and sent to join the newly formed formation in Korea. The 1st Infantry Division's time in Libya lasted until November 1951, when it moved and joined the 80-000 strong British garrison in Egypt. Located in the Ismailia region, it was tasked with the defence of the Suez Canal and British interests in the Middle East. This came shortly after the Egyptian government abrogated the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, which was the basis for British troops to remain in the canal area. The ensuing political landscape saw increased animosity to the British presence, eventually resulting in an agreement to withdraw. The division departed for the UK in November 1955, and then formed the British Army's strategic reserve. However, after its return to the UK, it was used as a source of manpower for formations overseas and was never brought up to full strength. On 30 June 1960, by which point there was no need for an additional divisional headquarters in the UK, the 1st Infantry Division was disbanded.

In Germany, on the following day, 1 July 1960, the 5th Division was redesignated as the 1st Division. The renamed formation took on the 1st Division's lineage and insignia. Located at Verden an der Aller, Germany, it formed part of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). At the end of the decade, the formation conducted divisional wide trials using the 'square brigade' concept. When they were deemed successful, in 1970, all brigades within the BAOR were reorganised accordingly. In the late 1960s, new anti-tank and defense in depth concepts were developed, as fears of a possible surprise attack by the Warsaw Pact grew within the BAOR. These new ideas were promoted by Major-General Edwin Bramall, when he took command of the 1st Division in January 1972. Bramall felt that there was an over reliance on the arrival of reinforcements to resist an offensive by the Soviet Union, rather than the BAOR being able to do so itself. Using the division, the new tactics were refined before being adopted by the BAOR and further worked on at a higher level in the mid-1970s.

Transition to armoured division

During the 1970s, the UK had to reconcile its decreased resources with its commitments, as well as the increased threat from the Soviet Union. The 1975 Mason Review, a government white paper, outlined a new defence policy and called for BAOR to be restructured that also included the elimination of the brigade level of command. This political change allowed the BAOR to restructure based on the anti-tank concepts that the 1st Division had pioneered. The BAOR increased to four divisions as a result, for the first time since the end of the 1950s, with each composed of two armoured regiments, three mechanised infantry battalions, and two artillery regiments.

On 1 April 1978, the 1st Division was redesignated as the 1st Armoured Division. The division's 7th and the 11th Armoured Brigades became defunct and were replaced by Task Force Alpha and Task Force Bravo. It was intended that the division could form up to five battlegroups, with each commanded by either an armoured regiment or an infantry battalion. These groups were to be formed for a specific task and allocated the required forces needed. The reforms intended that the divisional commander (general officer commanding (GOC)) would oversee these battlegroups, but early training showed this to be impractical. To compensate, the divisional headquarters was increased to 750 men (wartime strength) and included two brigadiers. They would each command a flexible task force, which the GOC had formed. This approach intended to allow the GOC to tailor his forces to meet unforeseen events and execute the new developed doctrine. Task forces were not a reintroduction of a brigade command structure, and they had no administrative responsibilities. In structuring the division in this manner, it allowed a reduction of 700 men. David John Anthony Stone, a historian who has wrote about the British Army during the Cold War, commented the system was "designed to allow the commander maximum flexibility and take precise account of the operational or tactical task to be achieved".

In 1981, John Nott, the Secretary of State for Defence for the government elected in 1979, announced the 1981 Defence White Paper. It, like the Mason Review, aimed to balance the British military in line with the nation's financial resources. Nott's paper called for the BAOR to be restructured from four armoured divisions of two brigades, into a force of three divisions of three brigades. The intent was to save manpower and money, while only losing one divisional headquarters. The task force concept was dropped, having been deemed to have not met expectations, and the 1st Armoured Division was reorganised in line with Nott's recommendations. It then commanded the 7th, 12th, and 22nd Armoured Brigades. Each brigade contained either two armoured regiments and one mechanised infantry battalion, or two mechanised infantry battalions and one armoured regiment. On 11 November 1983, the divisional insignia was changed. Major-General Brian Kenny decided to merge the then current insignia with that used by the Second World War-era 1st Armoured Division. This combined the triangle and red outline with a charging rhino motif. Starting that year, the first Challenger tanks were provided to the BAOR, to replace the Chieftain, and all armoured regiments had converted by the end of the decade.

Gulf War

Preparation

On 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded their neighboring country of Kuwait starting the Gulf War. They then threatened Saudi Arabia, which controlled the largest proven oil reserve in the world at the time. The invasion sparked international outrage and resulted in the formation of a coalition, led by the United States, that dispatched troops to protect Saudi Arabia. The invasion coincided with the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the subsequent decreased threat from the Soviet Union and ending of the Cold War, which facilitated troops being withdrawn from Europe for deployment to the Middle East.

Operation Granby was the codename assigned to the British role in the conflict. On 14 September, the UK Government announced that the British contingent would be based around the 1st Armoured Division's 7th Armoured Brigade. This was intended as a six-month deployment, with the brigade replaced by another at the end. The brigade group was 9,500-strong and included 117 Challenger tanks, 101 Warrior infantry fighting vehicles, and 28 artillery pieces. The logistical requirement to maintain this force was deemed to be all existing stocks within the BAOR, as well as over 50 per cent of the spare parts that the BAOR had. This forced the cannibalization of some of the BAOR's tanks, in order to obtain the required spares and equipment for the brigade. On 22 November, the decision was made to expand the British contingent to a division sized force. The 4th Armoured Brigade was committed to join the 7th Armoured Brigade in the Middle East (codenamed Granby 1.5), and the entire force was to be overseen by the 1st Armoured Division. With these two brigades and the various supporting units that were attached, the division was 28,000 strong with 7,000 vehicles. This included 179 Challenger tanks, 316 Warriors, 79 artillery pieces, 16 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems, in addition to armoured reconnaissance vehicles, anti-tank helicopters, and anti-aircraft weapon systems. This expansion prompted another major effort to obtain all the required parts and spares needed to maintain the force. The majority of the division's personnel were flown to Saudi Arabia, following a layover in Cyprus. A small number joined the vehicles, which were loaded aboard charted merchant ships and took a roughly two-week journey from Germany to the Middle East. The vehicles were repainted, and once in Saudia Arabia were modified for desert conditions and up-armoured.

The arriving troops were quartered at Jubail, along the coast, and were assigned to the US I Marine Expeditionary Force. As the force expanded, Lieutenant-General Peter de la Billière–the overall British commander–pushed for the division to be employed in the coming campaign's primary effort and not assigned to what was seen as a secondary role. Resultingly, the 1st Armoured Division joined the US VII Corps in December. On 18 January 1991, the division moved into the desert to join the VII Corps, as well as to conduct training that included exercises with American forces. In mid-February, alongside VII Corps, the division conducted daily artillery attacks across the border on Iraqi positions.

Campaign

On 24 February, VII Corps began the ground campaign and US forces breached the Iraqi border positions. This allowed the 1st Armoured Division to move forward, and it entered Iraq the following day. The final elements of the division crossed into Iraqi territory during in the early hours of 26 February. The division's objective was to prevent the redeployment of Iraqi mobile forces, to destroy encountered armour and artillery positions, and seek out and destroy the local tactical reserve that consisted of the 52nd Armored Division. Various identified and named objectives were all based around known Iraqi troop deployments. As the capture of territory was not necessarily important, these objectives did not need to be secured as long as Iraqi forces left behind in them had been rendered immobile.

The division's first attack was conducted mid-afternoon on 25 February, by the 7th Armoured Brigade. Four hours later, the 4th Armoured Brigade entered the fray. Sandstorms and rain limited visibility and caused vehicles to engage at closer ranges than expected, however the British held a tactical advantage over the Iraqi forces through the widespread use of thermal and night vision equipment. By dawn on 26 February, the two brigades had overrun the immobile 48th Infantry Division and captured its commanding officer, mauled elements of the 31st Infantry Division, and destroyed the majority of the 52nd Armored Division–that had attempted to reinforce the assaulted formations or counterattack the British moves–over the course of three engagements. During the course of the 26th, the division moved towards the Wadi al Batin, further isolating the Iraqi VII Corps frontline troops. Several VII Corps reserve positions were assaulted, resulting in the destruction of the remains of the 80th Armored Brigade, of the Iraqi 12th Armored Division, the 25th Infantry Division, the headquarters and logistical base of the 52nd Armoured Division that had previously avoided combat, as well as several artillery battalions. During the day, two Warriors were destroyed by US A-10 Thunderbolts in a friendly fire incident. With little organised resistance left between the British troops and the Persian Gulf, the division undertook an unopposed advance over the next two days until it reached the Kuwait City–Basra highway (Highway 80), just north of Kuwait City, where it linked up with US and Egyptian forces.

During the course of the campaign, this road had become known Highway of Death as coalition aircraft had destroyed large numbers of Iraqi vehicles fleeing Kuwait City. The 1st Armoured Division was tasked with clearing the highway: moving vehicles off the road, removing unexploded munitions, rounding up scattered Iraqi troops, searching for and providing medical treatment to the wounded, and burying the dead. By 16 March, the 7th Armoured Brigade had been withdrawn to Al Jubayl and started to return to Germany. Divisional headquarters followed on 23 March, and by early April only a battalion sized British formation remained in the theater.

Stephen Alan Bourque, who wrote the history of the US VII Corps during the Gulf War, highlighted that "in only forty-eight hours", the division had "eliminated the greater part of five divisions of the Iraqi VII Corps" and took over 7,000 prisoners. In total, the division inflicted over 4,000 materiel (tanks, APCs, artillery, and other vehicles) losses upon the Iraqi army. British casualties (including the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force) amounted to 47. Bourque explained that the one-sided nature of the fight was due to ineptness of the Iraqi forces, who undertook "minimal local security", had "firing positions oriented in the wrong direction, poorly planned artillery fire, and miserable tank gunnery". He did, however, laud the Iraqi tank companies "who fought bravely". Patrick Cordingley, who led the 7th Armoured Brigade during the fighting, commented that the war "was not the clean, high-technology conflict portrayed by the news media. It was dirty, confusing, and bloody. Only training and discipline limited the amount of friendly engagements and presented the illusion of simplicity."

End of the Cold War

Following the Iraqi defeat and liberation of Kuwait, the division returned to Germany. Overlapping the Gulf War, was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. In July 1990, the British government announced Options for Change. This framework sought to restructure the British military based on the new strategic situation and allow for further cost saving measures to be enacted. The military was to be decreased by 18 per cent (56,000 personnel) by the mid 1990s, with the BAOR to be reduced in half. This resulted in the division being disbanded on 31 December 1992, and its headquarters became HQ Lower Saxony District.

Further BAOR restructuring followed, and in July 1993 the 4th Armoured Division was redesignated as the 1st (UK) Armoured Division. The reformed division then controlled the 4th, 7th, and 20th Armoured Brigades, each with two mechanised infantry battalions and two Challenger tank-equipped armoured regiments. The reformed formation maintained the 4th Division's HQ presence at Herford, with the rest of the division spread across various sites of the Westfalen Garrison area. Between 1992 and 1994, the 1st (British) Corps and BAOR were disbanded and replaced by the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, a newly formed NATO HQ that was administered by the UK. The division came under its command and was deployed on a number of peacekeeping operations.

Most notably, in 1995, the Multi-National Division (South-West) was formed by the British Army, to support peacekeeping operations in Bosnia. Forces were drawn from the 1st Armoured Division and the 3 (UK) Division, with each headquarters controlling the division as their forces rotated through the command. This lasted until 1999, when force contributions changed and different commanders were selected from outside either division. Other peacekeeping operations included providing troops to Kosovo Force and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. In addition to these efforts, detachments were also deployed to the Falkland Islands and Northern Ireland. In 1998, the division received the first Challenger 2 tanks to replace the former model, and these were first used in Kosovo. During 2001, Exercise Saif Sareea II was conducted in Oman. This included the division's 4th Armoured Brigade with 66 Challenger 2s. No funding was provided by the government, to the division, in order to undertake the required desert modifications of the tanks, such as sand filters, and this resulted in widespread breakdowns.

Iraq War

The Division headquarters again deployed to the Persian Gulf area in 2003. It again commanded British forces in the area, this time with three full brigades under its control. Those were 7th Armoured Brigade again, along with 16 Air Assault Brigade, and 3 Commando Brigade. In a combined arms operation, the division secured southern Iraq, including the city of Basra during the invasion. It came under I Marine Expeditionary Force during the 2003 conflict.

Current status

Under Army 2020, the division was renamed 1st (United Kingdom) Division in July 2014 and given responsibility for commanding the Adaptable Force; and then in June 2015, the divisional headquarters moved to Imphal Barracks in York.

Under the Future Soldier programme, the divisional headquarters will move from their current base at Imphal Barracks in York to Catterick Garrison not before 2028. In addition, the 2nd Medical Brigade (to be reduced to 2nd Medical Group) and 1st Military Police Brigade (to be reduced to 1st Royal Military Provost Group) will both move under control of Commander Field Army.

Organisation

The brigades currently assigned to the division are:

• 4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East, at Peronne Lines, Catterick Garrison
• 7th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters East, at Kendrew Barracks, Cottesmore
• 11th Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Roebuck House, Aldershot Garrison
• 51st Infantry Brigade and Headquarters Scotland, at Redford Barracks, Edinburgh
• 8th Engineer Brigade, at Gibraltar Barracks, Minley
• 102nd Logistic Brigade, at Prince William of Gloucester Barracks, Grantham
• 2nd Medical Brigade, at Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall
• 1st Military Police Brigade, at Marlborough Lines, Andover (since 1 December 2020)

See also

• List of commanders of the British 1st Division
• List of Victoria Cross recipients from the British 1st Division
• British Forces Germany

Notes

Footnotes

1. Not to be confused with the Second World War-era 1st Armoured Division.
2. According to defence analyst Charles Heyman, the 1st Armoured Division was formed in 1940. He has attributed the fighting at the First and the Second Battle of El Alamein to the same formation that fought in the 1990 Gulf War. Per the British official order of battle for the Second World War, the 1st Armoured Division (which had been formed in 1937 as the Mobile Division) and fought at El Alamein, was disbanded on 11 January 1945 and not reformed.
3. The 1st Infantry Division's insignia was a white triangle. The red outline appears to have been adopted in the 1960s, and was later referenced as looking like a give way sign by German officials. The British Army, in the 2000s on their website, highlighted the link between the division and Germany: "The Division has existed in the British Army since 1809" and included "one Hanoverian brigade of the King's German Legion. Therefore, since its inception in the 1800s the 1st (UK) Armoured Division has had strong links with this part of Germany."
4. The square brigade was initially developed in the 1950s. It called for a brigade to contain two armoured regiments and two mechanized infantry battalions. This layout differed from the brigade structure used within the BAOR at the time, which had divisions made up of infantry and armoured brigades. The former contained three infantry battalions and one tank regiment, while the latter contained three armoured regiments and one infantry battalion.
5. The basic concept was to draw Soviet armoured forces into kill zones along their anticipated route of advance. These zones would be mined, and Soviet tanks engaged by anti-tank guided missile-equipped infantry and tanks in hull down positions to inflict heavy casualties. The BOAR would conduct a fighting withdrawal, as needed, using its own reinforcements to counterattack any Soviet breakthroughs. It was expected that such methods would allow the BAOR to resist an offensive for five days without receiving external reinforcements. As this called for tanks to be used in a more defensive manner, it ran counter to the then established doctrine that called for tanks to be used in a more offensive and in a local counterattack role.
6. Around 1,000 female personnel served with the division during the Gulf War, marking the first time women had been deployed within a British combat division during a time of war. Around 80 per cent formed part of the medical staff, with the remainder serving in the supporting units such as signals, ordnance, and intelligence.

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References

• Becke, Archibald Frank (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1: The Regular British Divisions. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office. OCLC 929528172.
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Further reading

• Wilson, Peter Liddell (1985). The First Division 1809-1985: A Short Illustrated History. Viersen, Germany: 1st Armoured Division. OCLC 500105706.
• Wilson, Peter Liddell (1993). The First Division 1809-1993: A Short Illustrated History (2nd ed.). Herford, Germany: 1st Division. OCLC 29635235.

External links

• 1 (UK) Division. "Division's official Twitter".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Imperial War Museam. "Memorial: 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
• War Memorials Online. "1st Division Porchway". War Memorials Online. Retrieved 27 June 2022.

52°07′00″N 8°41′49″E / 52.11667°N 8.69694°E / 52.11667; 8.69694

• Armoured divisions of the British Army in World War II
• British armoured divisions
• British forces in Germany
• 1939 establishments in the United Kingdom
• Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
• Military units and formations established in 1960