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| ]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-date = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |access-date=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 | s2cid = 71515470 }}</ref> | ]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-date = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |access-date=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 | s2cid = 71515470 }}</ref>
| 1917–1922
| 1913–1922
| ] | ]
| 500,000–900,000 | 500,000–900,000
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| ]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055| title="Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I| year=2006| last1=Travis| first1=Hannibal| journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention| volume=1| issue=3| pages=327–371| url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=gsp}}</ref> | ]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055| title="Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I| year=2006| last1=Travis| first1=Hannibal| journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention| volume=1| issue=3| pages=327–371| url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=gsp}}</ref>
| 1917–1918
| 1914–1918
| Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Empire
| 270,000 | 270,000
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|- |-
| ] | ]
| 1895–1918
| 1915–1918
| Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Empire
| 850,000–1,800,000 | 850,000–1,800,000

Revision as of 09:04, 16 June 2023

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2016)
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011)

The following is a list of massacres that occurred in Anatolia (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Antiquity

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Fall of Miletus 494 BC Miletus Most Milesian men Persian Empire Greeks
Battle of Aegospotami 405 BC Aegospotami 3,000 Sparta Athenian sailors 3,000 Athenian sailors executed
Fall of Sestos 353 BC Sestos All males of Sestos Athens Greeks
Asiatic Vespers 88 BC Asia (Roman province) 80,000–150,000 Mithridates VI of Pontus Romans and Italians

Middle Ages

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Nika Revolt January 532 Constantinople 30,000 Byzantine Empire Byzantines About thirty thousand rioters were reportedly killed.
Sack of Amorium August 838 Amorium 30,000–70,000 Abbasid Caliphate Byzantines
Battle of Levounion 29 April 1091 Enez tens of thousands Byzantine Empire & Cumans Pechenegs The Pechenegs consisting of 80,000 warriors and their families invaded the Byzantine Empire. Near Enez they were ambushed by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army, fighting soon turned into wholesale slaughter. Warriors and civilians were killed and the Pecheneg people were nearly wiped out.
Siege of Antioch 3 June 1098 Antioch Muslim and Christian population Crusaders Muslim and Christian population
Massacre of the Latins May 1182 Constantinople Uncertain – tens of thousands Byzantine mob Roman Catholics The bulk of the Latin community, estimated at over 60,000 at the time, was wiped out or forced to flee; some 4,000 survivors were sold as slaves to the Turks. The massacre further worsened relations and increased enmity between the Western and Eastern Christian churches, and a sequence of hostilities between the two followed.
Siege of Constantinople (1204) 8–13 April 1204 Constantinople many civilians killed Crusaders Byzantines The city was sacked and looted.
Siege of Antioch (1268) 18 May 1268 Antioch 14,000 Mamluk Sultanate Christians 14,000 Christians slaughtered by the forces of Baibars.
Fall of Constantinople 1453 Constantinople 4,000 Ottomans Byzantines 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages were massacred during these days. Moreover, the dwellings and the churches were plundered. Some 30,000 were enslaved.
Siege of Trebizond 1461 Trabzon Ottomans Trebizonds

Ottoman Empire

Before 1914

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Massacres during the Greek War of Independence 1821–1829 Ottoman Empire Unknown Ottoman government Greeks
Massacres of Badr Khan 1840 Hakkari 10,000 Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Badr Khan and Nurullah Assyrians Many who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident).
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896 Eastern Ottoman Empire 100,000–300,000 Ottoman Empire
Hamidiye,
Turkish, Kurdish tribes 		Armenians
Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895) 1895 Diyarbakır Vilayet 25,000 Young Turks and Kurdish irregulars Armenians and Assyrians
Adana massacre April 1909 Adana Vilayet 15,000–30,000 local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to Young Turk government Armenians
Ethnic cleansing of Turks in Edirne during First Balkan War October 1912-June 1913 Edirne Vilayet 5,000 (excluding Edeköy Massacre) Bulgarian army Turks
Havsa Massacre 1912 Havsa in Edirne Vilayet 10 Bulgarian army Turks Turkish quarter was almost entirely burnt.
Edeköy Massacre November 1912 Edeköy (nowadays Kadıdondurma) in Edirne Vilayet Thousands Bulgarian army Turks Many incidents of torture and robbery.
Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians 1913 Thrace; Bulgarköy, Edirne 60,000 Young Turk government, Ottoman army Bulgarians

World War I (1914–1918)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek genocide 1917–1922 Ottoman Empire 500,000–900,000 Young Turk government Greeks Reports detail massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities.
Seyfo 1917–1918 Ottoman Empire 270,000 Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes Assyrians Denied by the Turkish government.
Armenian genocide 1895–1918 Ottoman Empire 850,000–1,800,000 Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes Armenians The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. It is the second most publicised case of genocide after the Holocaust.
Massacres in Eastern Anatolia 1915-1916 Eastern Anatolia 128,000+ Russian army and possibly Armenian irregulars Muslim population According to J. Rummel at least 128,000 Muslims were killed (death toll includes death by famine and diseases) by Russian troops and possibly Armenian irregulars during the period between 1915 and 1916.
Massacres in the Çoruh River valley 1916 Çoruh River valley 45,000 Cossack regiments Muslim population During WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his Cossacks from Batum with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the Chorokh valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'"

Post-World War I (1919–1923)

Main article: List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Massacre in Marash 1920 Marash, Aleppo Vilayet 5,000–12,000 Turks Armenians
Massacre in Birecik February 11–24, 1920 Birecik, Aleppo Vilayet 280 French Turks 70 wounded, many women were raped
Kahyaoğlu Farm Massacre [tr] June 11, 1920 Yeşiloba, Adana Vilayet 64+ to ~200 Armenians Turks Report which was given to Mustafa Kemal Pasha included 43 men, 21 women and tens of children. Other estimates are up to 200.

Republic of Turkey (1923–present)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Diyarbakir massacre 1925 Diyarbakir Province, Elazığ Province 15,200 (206 villages destroyed) Turkish security forces Kurds Part of Deportations of Kurds between 1916 and 1934.
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 4,500–15,000 Turkish security forces Kurds 5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed
1934 Thrace pogroms 21 June-4 July 1934 Thrace 1 Local people Jews Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from region
Dersim rebellion Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 13,806–70,000 Turkish security forces Alevi Kurds The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide
Zini Rift Massacre 6 August 1938 Erzincan Province 95 Turkish villagers Kurds
Muğlalı incident July 1943 Van Province 32 Turkish Soldiers Kurds 32 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı for smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.
Istanbul pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul 13–30 Turkish government primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians, Jews The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the non-Muslim minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34-42 Some unidentified armed people (claimed that they are related to CIA) Leftist demonstrators, civilians
Ümraniye massacre March 1978 Ümraniye in Istanbul 5 Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist Workers (claimed that they were related to Nationalist Movement Party) Victims were badly tortured
Beyazıt massacre March 16, 1978 Istanbul 7 university students killed, 41 injured , Grey Wolves, Turkish Police, Deep State Leftist university students Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Malatya massacre April 17, 1978 Malatya Province 8 Salafists Alevi Turks Salafist groups attacked Alevi regions of city after assassination of Hamit Fendoğlu [tr] leaving 8 dead, including 3 children and 100 wounded. 1000 shops were looted and destroyed.
Balgat massacre August 10, 1978 Çankaya, Ankara 5 Grey Wolves Civilians (claimed that they were leftist)
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7 Grey Wolves Workers' Party of Turkey member students
Maraş massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109 Grey Wolves Alevis
Piyangotepe massacre May 16, 1979 Keçiören in Ankara 7 Grey Wolves Civilians (claimed that they were leftist)
Adana massacre September 19, 1979 Adana Construction Vocational High School 6 Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist Idealist teachers Müslüm Teke, Yılmaz Kızılay, Davut Korkmaz, Ahmet Güleç, Özcan Doruk and Mustafa Karaca were killed by 2 Leftist men.
Çorum massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57 Grey Wolves Alevis
Ortabağ massacre [tr] January 23, 1987 Uludere in Şırnak Province 8 dead, 15 injured PKK Civilians
Pınarcık massacre June 20, 1987 Pınarcık in Mardin Province 30 PKK Kurdish civilians
Çevrimli massacre [tr] June 11, 1990 Güçlükonak in Şırnak Province 27 dead, 6 injured PKK Civilians In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member was killed.
Çetinkaya Store massacre [tr] December 25, 1991 Bakırköy in Istanbul 11 (14 injured) PKK Civilians The PKK attacks a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child.
Yolaç Village massacre [tr] June 26, 1992 Silvan in Diyarbakır Province 10 PKK Civilians
Cevizdalı massacre October 21, 1992 Cevizdalı in Bitlis Province 30 PKK Civilians Cevizdali village of Bitlis was raided during the nighttime, PKK militias killed 30 people, including 8 children, and wounded 20 others. Militias then burned whole the village by the news they received that soldiers are on the way to the village.
Çewlik massacre May 24, 1993 Elazığ-Bingöl highway 38 PKK Unarmed recruits and civilians
Sivas massacre

(aka Madımak massacre)

July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey 35 (+2 perperators) Sunni Islamist people Alevi and leftist intellectuals
Başbağlar massacre July 5, 1993 Başbağlar, near Erzincan 33 PKK Turkish civilians
Lice massacre October 20–23, 1993 Lice in Diyarbakır Province 30+ Turkish Armed Forces Civilians of Kurdish origin Turkish security forces attacked the town of Lice, destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving 100 wounded.
Yavi Massacre October 25, 1993 Yavi, Çat, Erzurum Province 38 PKK Turkish civilians
Muş massacre 1993 October 3, 1993 9 Turkish Armed Forces Civilians
Ormancık attack January 21, 1994 Ormancık, Savur, Mardin Province 19 PKK Villagers and Village guards The massacre may have been a chemical attack.
Kuşkonar massacre March 23, 1994 Kuskonar, Sirnak 38 Turkish forces Civilians of Kurdish origin The government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR.
Gazi Quarter massacre March 15, 1995 Istanbul and Ankara 23 Anonymous Alevis More than 400 injured
Güçlükonak massacre [tr] February 15, 1996 Güçlükonak in Şırnak province 11 JİTEM/PKK (disputed) Civilians
Blue Market massacre March 13, 1999 Istanbul 13 (5 injured) PKK Civilians
Operation Back to Life [tr] December 19, 2000 Turkey 32 (Hundreds were injured) Police forces and soldiers Prisoners Deaths include 30 prisoners and 2 soldiers
Şemdinli incident November 9, 2005 Şemdinli 1 JİTEM Civilians
Zirve Publishing House murders April 18, 2007 Malatya 3 Muslims German Christians
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre May 4, 2009 Bilge, Mardin 44 Mehmet Çelebi Civilians of Kurdish origin Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.
Roboski airstrike December 28, 2011 Uludere in Şırnak Province 34 Turkish forces Civilians of Kurdish origin Warplanes killed who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, villagers during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.
Suruç bombing July 20, 2015 Suruç in Şanlıurfa Province 34 ISIL Socialist Party of the Oppressed member university students
2015 Ankara bombings October 10, 2015 Ankara 109 ISIL Protesters, civilians
January 2016 Istanbul bombing January 12, 2016 Istanbul 14 ISIL Foreign tourists
February 2016 Ankara bombing February 17, 2016 Ankara 30 TAK Civilian employees of Turkish Armed Forces and soldiers
March 2016 Ankara bombing March 13, 2016 Ankara 38 TAK Civilians
March 2016 Istanbul bombing March 19, 2016 Istanbul 5 ISIL Foreign tourists
2016 Atatürk Airport attack June 28, 2016 Atatürk Airport, Istanbul 45 ISIL Civilians
2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt July 15–16, 2016 Turkey (Mainly Istanbul, Ankara, Malatya, Kars and Marmaris) 270–350 Peace at Home Council Civilians and soldiers Turkey witnessed the bloodiest coup attempt in its political history on July 15, 2016, when a section of the Turkish military launched a coordinated operation in several major cities to topple the government
2017 Istanbul nightclub attack January 1, 2017 Istanbul 39 ISIS Civilians
2019 Reyhanlı car bombing 5 July 2019 Reyhanlı 3 Civilians

Gallery

  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895) Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"

References

  1. Herodotus 6.19.3;
  2. Valerius Maximus 9.2.3; Memnon 22.9.
  3. Plutarch, 24.4.
  4. This is the number given by Procopius, Wars (Internet Medieval Sourcebook.)
  5. Treadgold, Warren T. (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1462-2.
  6. ^ Grumeza, Ion (2010). The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500. University Press of America. p. 35. ISBN 9780761851356.
  7. Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396. University of Toronto Press. p. 35. ISBN 9781442600584.
  8. Philippides, Marios (2007). Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks : some western views and testimonies. Tempe, Ariz.: ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. 197. ISBN 978-0866983464.
  9. ^ Fuller, J.F.C. (1987). A military history of the Western World (. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press. p. 522. ISBN 0306803046.
  10. William Miller, Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 106
  11. Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGauntBeṯ-Şawoce2006 (help)
  12. Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  13. Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
  14. Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
  15. "Report of the International Commission to inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. (Washington, D. C.: Published by the Endowment. 1914. Pp. 413.)". The American Historical Review. April 1915. doi:10.1086/ahr/20.3.638. ISSN 1937-5239.
  16. Hamza, Jusuf, 1945- (1995). Mladoturskata revolucija vo Osmanskata imperija. Skopje. ISBN 9989-601-21-6. OCLC 40838454. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1914.
  18. ^ "Rum çetelerinin karanlıkta kalan soykırımı: Edeköy Katliamı". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  19. "Carnegie Endowment for International peace, Report to inquire into the causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. CHAPTER III. Bulgarians, Turks and Servians, 2. Thrace, p.130-131".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
  21. Vukov, Nikolai (2015), "Resettlement Waves, Historical Memory and Identity Construction: The Case of Thracian Refugees in Bulgaria", Migration in the Southern Balkans, IMISCOE Research Series, p. 68, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_4, ISBN 978-3-319-13718-6
  22. IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
  23. "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  24. Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  25. Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. S2CID 71515470.
  26. The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  27. Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times Archived 2007-06-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
  28. Travis, Hannibal (2006). ""Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (3): 327–371. doi:10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055.
  29. "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution". Armenian genocide. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  30. Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. p. 177. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.
  31. "A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars" (PDF). Genocide Watch. 13 June 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. Rummel, RJ (1 April 1998), "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective", The Journal of Social Issues, 3 (2)
  33. ^ J. Rummel, Rudolph (1998). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 82, 83. ISBN 9783825840105.
  34. ^ Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
  35. Levene, Mark (2013). Devastation. Oxford University Press. p. 227. ISBN 9780191505546.
  36. Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973). The Lions of Marash. SUNY Press. pp. 195–196. ISBN 9781438408828.
  37. Un épisode de la tragédie arménienne: le massacre de Marache
  38. "Birecik'in Düşman İşgalinden Kurtuluşunun 98. Yıl Dönümü Tören İle Kutlandı". www.birecik.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  39. "ADANA VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ MEZALİMİ". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  40. https://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/varliklar/dosyalar/eskisiteden/yayinlar/osmanli-arsivi-yayinlar/OSMANLI%20BELGELR%C4%B0NDE%20ERMEN%C4%B0-FRANSIZ%20%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C5%9EK%C4%B0LER%C4%B0-3.pdf
  41. YURTSEVER, Cezmi (2015). Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba. pp. 4–22.
  42. Üngör, Ugur Ümit (2011), The making of modern Turkey : nation and state in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950, Oxford University Press, p. 129, ISBN 9780199603602
  43. Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207–208. (in Turkish)
  44. Guttstadt, Corry (2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780521769914. OCLC 870196866.
  45. "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  46. The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) Archived 2016-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141–170.
  47. İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
  48. "1938 Dersim Olayları: 'Zini' gün yüzüne çıkıyor! | Gündem Haberleri". 2015-07-15. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  49. "Zini Gediği katliamına soruşturma". www.demokrathaber.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  50. "'Zini Gediği Katliamı' Dosyası". Haberler.com (in Turkish). 5 October 2011. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  51. Mynet (28 September 2011). "Zini Gediği Katliamı'na soruşturma". Mynet YurtHaber (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  52. oran, süleyman arif (2017-12-18). "TEKKEDE ZAMAN Üsküdar'da Rifâî Sandıkçı Dergâhı ve Vukuât-ı Tekâya, Muharrem Varol, İstanbul, Dergah Yay., 2017, 284 s." Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD). doi:10.17335/sakaifd.349943. ISSN 2146-9806.
  53. Ritter, H. (1954-01-01). "İstanbulBelediye KütüphanesiAlfabetikKatalogu. I. Osman Ergin Kitaplan. Arapça ve Farsça basma eserler. Tertipliyen M. ORHAN DURUSOY, Istanbul Belediye Kütüphanesi Müdürü. — İstanbul 1953, Millî Egitim basimevi. 16, 298 s.". Oriens. 7 (1): 108. doi:10.1163/1877837254x00440. ISSN 0078-6527.
  54. Aras, Ramazan (2013-11-12). The Formation of Kurdishness in Turkey: Political Violence, Fear and Pain. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-134-64871-9.
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Lists of massacres
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or territory
By country
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By war
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See also
List of massacres in Europe
Sovereign states
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