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The Vistulan dialect (Template:Lang-de) was a dialect of Low Prussian, which belongs to Low German. The dialect was spoken in West Prussia, today in Poland. It had a border to Mundart der Weichselwerder. It was spoken around Jezioro Żarnowieckie (Zarnowitzer See), Gdańsk (Danzig) and Grudziądz (Graudenz).

Geography

It was geographically close to a transitional area of East Pomeranian dialect and Low Prussian, which is part of East Pomeranian. The transitional area would end at about Chojnice (Konitz). Other places within this area included Bytów (Bütow), Lębork (Lauenburg), Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) and Toruń (Thorn). Within Low German in West Prussia, there was a major bundle of isoglosses in roughly the line Brodnica-Gardeja-Nowe and continuing somewhere between Kościerzyna and Chojnice.

Phonology

In Gdańsk, it had High German a as ǫ before l in words such as ǫl for High German alt and hǫle for High German halten. Another typical example is mǫn for High German Mann. The dialect of Gdańsk also has mǭke for High German machen High German, nǭˠel for High German Nagel, šlǭˠen for High German schlagen inter alia. It had a and ä in cases such as nat and nät for High German Netz. It had ek ben I am for ek sī.

History

Already in the age of the Teutonic Order there were Dutch colonists in Danzig. By 1586 there were Mennonite congregations in both Graudenz and Danzig. Within the coastal area from Gdańsk to Elbląg, the denomination Flemish Mennonites once predominated among the Mennonites, whereas in Vistula valley the denomination Frisian Mennonites did. Some of the Flemish colonists of Chortitza Colony were from the Danzig area. Low German with Dutch remnants was often still spoken in Danzig by Mennonite families at home in the first half of the 19th century. In 1780 a German hymnbook was introduced, partly translated from Dutch. Until then, the Danzig congregation had used Dutch songbooks. Until the second half of the 18th century, Mennonite sermons were in Dutch. Numerous words in the Danzig area were from Dutch, in particular nautical and commercial vocabulary. Towards the end of the 18th century, the language spoken at home in long-established merchant families in Danzig was still Low German, this changed. Use in Danzig has since then been restricted to workers and small artisans. It was barely understood in privileged circles, but best by those who had the opportunity to hear it with their subordinates every day. In the countryside, Low German was still spoken by the landowners, if they preserved the rural way of life. In the second half of the 19th century, Low German had a considerable decline. Dialekt des Weichselgebietes is among the varieties on which Plautdietsch is based and has the greatest phonetic similarity to. There were Frisian Mennonites in Rudniki, Kwidzyn County (Rudnerweide), Sporowo (Sparrau), Pastwa (Pastwa), Kowalewo Pomorskie (Schönsee), Barcice, Pomeranian Voivodeship (Tragheimerweide) and Mała Nieszawka (Obernessau). In Gdańsk and Stogi, in originally open syllables before k and x, a became o:. There were congregations of Frisian Mennonites in Gdańsk, Mątawy, Kowalewo Pomorskie and Barcice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. There was a congregation of Flemish Mennonites in Dziewięć Włók. Gdańsk and Przechówko had an Old Flemish congregation each. Some members of the Old Flemish Mennonite congregation of Przechówko moved to Błotnica, Lubusz Voivodeship (Brenkenhoffswalde) and Głęboczek (Franztal), now in Poland, where they lived until 1945. Mennonites who were descendants of Groningen Old Flemish from the Netherlands moved from Poland to near Ostrog in Russia. The members of the Emmanuel Mennonite Church (General Conference Mennonite) were of Karolswalde background, Karolswalde being settled by Mennonites from Graudenz, Culm, and Thorn areas. Pawnee Rock was founded in 1875 by Mennonite immigrants originating from Karolswalde. Most of the 175 inhabitants of 1956 were Mennonites of Polish and Russian Mennonite descent, and members of the New Hopedale Mennonite Church (General Conference Mennonite Church). Gnadenfeld, Waldheim and Alexanderwohl were Old Flemish settlements on Molotschna in Ukraine. A variety in Molotschna not being part of Molotschna-Plautdietsch was the one of Waldheim, Gnadenfeld and Alexanderwohl originating from an area near Świecie in Poland. The switch from Dutch to High German as language of worship was earlier among Frisian Mennonites, which probably was due to High German refugees in the same area. In urban congregations, the change of language of worship from Dutch to High German was later, which possibly was caused by contact to Dutch congregations.

Hüttenpommersch

The area of Hüttenpommersch is not always included in its entirety within Low Prussian. It was spoken of both sides of the border of Free City of Danzig. It was spoken around Przywidz (Mariensee). it had a transitional area to Low Prussian. Within its area, Kashubian was spoken. Palatal k becomes an affricate tx. G of High German is realized as j.

See also

• Danzig German

References

1. ^ Besch, Werner; Knoop, Ulrich; Putschke, Wolfgang; Wiegand, Herbert E. (14 July 2008). Dialektologie. 2. Halbband. ISBN 9783110203332. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
2. "Dialekt-Karte_neu « atlas-alltagssprache". Archived from the original on 2021-01-10. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
3. Walther Mitzka: Kleine Schriften zur Sprachgeschichte und Sprachgeographie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1968, p. 185
4. ^ Bernhard Jähnig and Peter Letkemann (eds.): Danzig in acht Jahrhunderten. Nicolaus-Copernicus-Verlag, 1985, p. 325
5. ^ "Mennonitische Geschichte | Chortitza" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
6. Horst Penner:Weltweite Bruderschaft Heinrich Schneider, Karlsruhe, 1952, p. 75
7. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2021-02-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
8. Walther Ziesemer: Die ostpreußischen Mundarten Ferdinand Hirt, Breslau, 1924, p. 132
9. ^ Horst Penner:Weltweite Bruderschaft Heinrich Schneider, Karlsruhe, 1952, p. 72
10. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Danzig_Old_Flemish_Mennonite
11. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Przechovka_(Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship,_Poland)
12. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Przechovka_(Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship,_Poland)
13. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Brenkenhoffswalde_and_Franztal_(Lubusz_Voivodeship,_Poland)
14. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Church_of_God_in_Christ,_Mennonite_(CGC)
15. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Karolswalde_(Rivne_Oblast,_Ukraine)
16. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Canton_(Kansas,_USA)
17. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Bergthal_Mennonite_Church_(Pawnee_Rock,_Kansas,_USA)
18. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Meno_(Major_County,_Oklahoma)
19. Benjamin Heinrich Unruh, ed. (1955). Die niederisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. p. 153
20. Siemens (2012), p. 47. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSiemens2012 (help)
21. ^ Penner, Nikolai (2009). The High German of Russian Mennonites in Ontario (PDF) (PhD). University of Waterloo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
22. ^ Walther Mitzka: Kleine Schriften zur Sprachgeschichte und Sprachgeographie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1968, p. 252
23. Walther Mitzka: Kleine Schriften zur Sprachgeschichte und Sprachgeographie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1968, p. 263
24. Walther Mitzka: Kleine Schriften zur Sprachgeschichte und Sprachgeographie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1968, p. 265
25. Walther Mitzka: Kleine Schriften zur Sprachgeschichte und Sprachgeographie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1968, p. 266

• Low Prussian dialect
• German dialects
• Languages of Poland
• Languages of Ukraine