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== Composition == == Composition ==
Fyappin society consists of following ]s, as well as the ]s and ''nyaqhash''/''vyarash'' that live/lived there:{{NoteTag|The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the ''Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug''" (1859),{{sfn|Сборник документов и материалов|2020|pp=486–487 (]. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)}} "List of residents of the '']'' of the '']'', with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864){{sfn|Сборник документов и материалов|2020|pp=596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.)}} and "List of mountain villages of the ] and ] '']s''" (1869){{sfn|Сборникъ статистическихъ свѣдѣній о Кавказѣ|1869|p=44}}. The orthography of the ]s and ''nyaqhash''/''vyarash'' was based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia".{{sfn|Ономастикон Ингушетии|2021|pp=16–33}}}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; text-align:center;"
|- style="background: #3A8F3C; text-align: center"
| <small><span style="color:#FFFFFF">'''Auls'''</span></small>
| <small><span style="color:#FFFFFF">'''Teips'''<br> and ''nyaqhash''/''vyarash''</span></small>
|-
| '''Angenty''' (''Ангенте'') ||
|-
| Érzi (''Аьрзи'') || Aldaganovs (''ӏалдагӏнаькъан''), Burazhevs (''Буражнаькъан''), Evkurovs (''Евкурнаькъан''), Mamilovs (''Мамилнаькъан''), Yandievs (''Янднаькъан'')
|-
| ''']''' (''Баьлгӏане'') ||
|-
| ''']''' (''Бейни'') || Keligovs (''Келигнаькъан''), Murzabekovs (''Марзбикнаькъан''), ] (''Тӏоаршхой''){{NoteTag|Including Bersanovs (''Берсанаькъан''), Mestoy (''Местой'') and Shovkhalovs (''Шовхалнаькъан'').}}
|-
| '''Bisht''' (''Бишт'') || Beshtoy (''Бештой'')
|-
| '''Garak''' (''Гаракх'') ||
|-
| '''Goust''' (''Гӏовзтӏе'') ||
|-
| '''Gu''' (''Гув'') ||
|-
| Dukhargisht (''Духьаргишт'') ||
|-
| '''Kasheti''' (''Кашетӏе'') ||
|-
| '''Kerbite''' (''Кербӏитӏе'') ||
|-
| '''Keyrakh''' (''Кхерахье'') ||
|-
| '''Koshk''' (''Къоашке'') ||
|-
| '''Kyazi''' (''Каьзи'') || Kodzoyevs (''Коазой'')
|-
| '''Lyalakh''' (''Лаьлах'') ||
|-
| ''']''' (''Лаьжг'') || Khautiyevs (''Ховтнаькъан'')
|-
| ''']''' (''Мецхал'') || Dzhabagiyevs (''Джабагӏнаькъан''), Kotiyevs (''Котнаькъан''), Kusievs (''Кусенаькъан''), Tochiyevs (''Тоачанаькъан'')
|-
| '''Morch''' (''Морч'') ||
|-
| ''']''' (''Эбане'') ||
|-
| ''']''' (''Олгатӏе'') || Evkurovs (''Евкурнаькъан'')
|-
| '''Salgi''' (''Салги'')||
|-
| ''']''' (''Тӏаьрш'') || Gudantovs (''Гӏудантнаькъан''), Daskievs (''Даскенаькъан''), Doskhoy (''Досхой''), Murzabekovs (''Марзбикнаькъан''), Torshkhoy (''Тӏоаршхой'')
|-
| ''']''' (''Фалхан'') || Azhigovs (''ӏажнаькъан''), Bersanovs (''Берсанаькъан''), Keligovs (''Келигнаькъан''), Kotiyevs (''Котнаькъан''), Dzarakhovs (''Зарахнаькъан''), Umarovs (''ӏумарнаькъан'')
|-
| '''Khamishk''' (''Хьамишк'') ||
|-
| '''Khani''' (''Хаьни'') ||
|-
| '''Khastmak''' (''Хьастмоаке'') ||
|-
| ''']''' (''Хьули'') ||
|-
| '''Kharp''' (''Хьарп'') ||
|-
| '''Shoan''' (''Шоане'') || Shoankhoy (''Шоанхой'')
|-
|- style="background: #3A8F3B3D"
| colspan="78" | <center>Note: Gu, Lyalakh, Magote, Salgi, Khanikal and Khyani are in actuality Chulkhoy auls. However, some documents{{NoteTag|For example: "List of populated locations of the ''Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug''" (1859),{{sfn|Сборник документов и материалов|2020|pp=486–487 (]. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)}} "List of residents of the '']'' of the '']'', with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864){{sfn|Сборник документов и материалов|2020|pp=596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.)}} and "List of mountain villages of the ] and ] '']s''" (1869){{sfn|Сборникъ статистическихъ свѣдѣній о Кавказѣ|1869|p=44}}.}} indicate them as Fyappin. Later on (1870 upwards) those auls are shown as part of the ] society, similarly ] is shown as part of the Khamkhins.{{NoteTag|It's good to mention the opinion of Anatoly Genko regarding ]. He stated: "From a recently published archival document, we know that Gerchoch, on which, according to Shteder, the Weppins were located, was considered in 1904 to have belonged "from time immemorial" to the family of the Khulokhoevs, the inhabitants of the villages Khuli, Khamkhin Society.³ How to explain this contradiction? Villages of the Upper and Lower Khuli, unlike most of the villages of the Khamkhin Society, are located in the basin of the upper reaches of the Armkha, adjacent directly to the Metskhalin Society inhabited by the Veppins, and perhaps, at the end of the 18th century, belonged to the Metskhalins."{{sfn|Генко|1930|p=696}}}}</center>
|}


== Demographics == == Demographics ==

Revision as of 19:29, 2 July 2023

Ingush society Ethnic group
Fyappiy
Fäppiy
Фаьппий
Total population
Regions with significant populations
 Russia?
     Ingushetia?
     Dagestan?
Languages
Ingush
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bats people

The Fyappiy (Template:Lang-inh; Гӏалгӏай, romanized: Ghalghaai), exonym: Kists/Nearby Kists, were an Ingush society. The centre of the society was the aul of Metskhal, after which it was simultaneously called Metskhalin society and the inhabitants Metskhalins (Template:Lang-inh) in the 2nd half of the 19th century. The region of historical settlement of Fyappiy was Fyappiy Mokhk.

Etymology

The name Fyappiy in their native Ingush language is "Фаьппий", written as "Fäppij" in old Ingush latin writing system. According to some authors, it means "inhabitants of the western part of the country (Ingushetia)". Historically the Fyappins were mentioned as Nearby Kists or just simply Kists (exonym). Later the meaning of this ethnonym expanded and covered all Nakh peoples, despite originally being the ethnonym of Fyappins. The Kist ethnonym was replaced by the ethnonym "Metskhalins" in the 19th century and the Kistin society became known as the "Metskhalin society" respectively, after the chancellery of the society was transferred to Metskhal. According to German academic J. A. Güldenstädt the district of Fyappins (Fyappiy Mokhk) was called Makal by Circassians and Ossetians, although according to some other sources, the Ossetians also called Fyappins as "Fappi".

History

Early History

FyappinsWapi (or Fapi) on the map of Julius Klaproth in 1823Kistins (Кистинцы) on a map of the Caucasus region with border lands in 1834.Kistin (Fyappin) society (1838)Makarl (Fyappins) on a map of Heinrich Kiepert in 1854

Historically, Fyappins were referred as "Kists" or Nearby "Kists" and the historical area where they lived was called "Kistetia", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia". The Georgian prince, historian and geographer of the 18th century Vakhushti Bagrationi localizes it along the gorge of the Armkhi river (historical "Kistinka"), that is in mountainous Ingushetia. In 1733 fearing the expansion of Ottoman Turks, Kists (Fyappiy) wrote Vakhtang VI a letter requesting for alliance, in which 16 Fyappin representatives from different surnames signed the letter.

According to German academians Johann Anton Güldenstädt and Georg Hassel, Fyappiy were part of the Big Ingush. Another German researcher Julius von Klaproth had also mentioned the Fyappiy as Ingush and claimed that Durdzuketi was located on the river Makaldon (Armkhi).

In January 8 1811, foremen of 13 Kistin (Fyappiy) villages made act of oath for the Russian Empire. However it is worth saying that even after the oath of individual Ingush society or clans, the former Russian-Ingush relations remained the same. In fact, both sides took these type of oaths as a conclusion union treaties.

Caucasian War

On July of 1830, two Russian columns under the command of Major General Abkhazov made a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian troops went through the Darial and Assa gorges. Especially the inhabitants of Eban put up a courageous resistance, however the Eban towers were blown up, which killed all the people in the tower except a single Ingush, who was later exiled to Siberia. As a result of this expedition, the Kists (Fyappins) were briefly subdued by Russia, while district courts were established and a civil system was introduced to mountainous Ingushetia. On November 12, 1836, Baron Rosen also reported in letter to count Alexander Chernyshyov that in 1830, the highlanders of Dzherakh, Kist, and Ghalghaï societies were briefly subdued by Russia.

In July of 1832, Russian troops consisting also of Ossetian and Georgian detachments made another punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia, this time under the command of Baron Rosen, who at the time was commander-in-chief of the troops in the North Caucasus. The reason of this expedition was the murder of bailiff Konstantinov by the inhabitants of the village of Khuli. As a result of the expedition, many Ingush villages were exterminated with the arable lands being spoiled and a large number of livestock being stolen.

After the general uprising of Chechnya on March of 1840, Chechens joined Caucasian Imamate. Relating to this incident, General Pavel Grabbe reported in March 30, 1840, that Kists are either in great agitation or they openly participate on the side of Caucasian Imamate:

"Whole Greater Chechnya was transferred to him, as well as the Michik and Ichkerin residents and many Aukhites; the Kachkalyks are kept in obedience only by the presence of our detachment. Some of the Karabulak and Ingush villages, all the Galgai and Kists are also in great agitation and are secretly or openly assisting the rebel."

As a part of Russian Empire

After the end of Caucasian War in the west region of Caucasus, the Kist (Fyappiy) society, as part of Ingushetia, was part of the, the Ossetian-Military Okrug, Ingushskiy Okrug, Vladikavkazsky Okrug, Sunzhensky Otdel and Nazranovskiy Okrug.

Composition

Fyappin society consists of following auls, as well as the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash that live/lived there:

Auls Teips
and nyaqhash/vyarash
Angenty (Ангенте)
Érzi (Аьрзи) Aldaganovs (ӏалдагӏнаькъан), Burazhevs (Буражнаькъан), Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан), Mamilovs (Мамилнаькъан), Yandievs (Янднаькъан)
Byalgan (Баьлгӏане)
Beyni (Бейни) Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)
Bisht (Бишт) Beshtoy (Бештой)
Garak (Гаракх)
Goust (Гӏовзтӏе)
Gu (Гув)
Dukhargisht (Духьаргишт)
Kasheti (Кашетӏе)
Kerbite (Кербӏитӏе)
Keyrakh (Кхерахье)
Koshk (Къоашке)
Kyazi (Каьзи) Kodzoyevs (Коазой)
Lyalakh (Лаьлах)
Lyazhgi (Лаьжг) Khautiyevs (Ховтнаькъан)
Metskhal (Мецхал) Dzhabagiyevs (Джабагӏнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Kusievs (Кусенаькъан), Tochiyevs (Тоачанаькъан)
Morch (Морч)
Eban (Эбане)
Olgeti (Олгатӏе) Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан)
Salgi (Салги)
Tyarsh (Тӏаьрш) Gudantovs (Гӏудантнаькъан), Daskievs (Даскенаькъан), Doskhoy (Досхой), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)
Falkhan (Фалхан) Azhigovs (ӏажнаькъан), Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Dzarakhovs (Зарахнаькъан), Umarovs (ӏумарнаькъан)
Khamishk (Хьамишк)
Khani (Хаьни)
Khastmak (Хьастмоаке)
Guli (Хьули)
Kharp (Хьарп)
Shoan (Шоане) Shoankhoy (Шоанхой)
Note: Gu, Lyalakh, Magote, Salgi, Khanikal and Khyani are in actuality Chulkhoy auls. However, some documents indicate them as Fyappin. Later on (1870 upwards) those auls are shown as part of the Khamkhin society, similarly Khuli is shown as part of the Khamkhins.

Demographics

Year Population Source
1838 2071 Document
1857 1269 Adolf Berge
1859 c. 1300 Voenny-Sbornik
1883 1749 Census
1890 1924 Census
1915 880 Census
Note: The information in the table is about the Fyappiy living in the mountainous region but not about the Fyappiy living in lowlands of Ingushetia. Historically some Fyappiy migrated from the mountains to other places, for example to Tarskaya valley, Nazran and Aukh.

Anthropology

"The Kists are brave, always armed, strong, tall, well-built, enterprising and cunning Caucasians who, according to ancestral custom, bear the shield before all other peoples of this region. Secured by high mountains, they rob people and cattle in neighbouring regions, live roughly and without instruction under elders or princes, and consider their freedom more valuable than silver and gold."

— Dietrich Christoph von Rommel [de], Die Völker des Caucasus nach den Berichten der Reisebeschreiber [The peoples of the Caucasus according to the travelogues' reports] (in German). Weimar: Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. 1808. p. 57.

"The population of the Metskhalin society belongs to the Ingush tribe. The Ossetians call them Fappi, the Georgians call them Kistins. In terms of language, mores and customs are no different from the common Ingush people of the Galgai."

— Commission for the Study of the Current Situation of Land Use and Ownership in the Upland Strip of the Terek Region, Труды Комиссіи по изслѣдованію современнаго положенія землепользованія и землевладѣнія въ Нагорной полосѣ Терской области [Commission for the Study of the Current Situation of Land Use and Ownership in the Upland Strip of the Terek Region] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Электропечатня П. К. Григорьева. 1908. p. 176.

Notable people

Aukh Fyappiy

Fyappiy, Vyappiy (Template:Lang-inh, Template:Lang-ce) — Ingush and Chechen teip living in Aukh, a region in Dagestan. The cultural center of the Vyappiy (Fyappiy) was Ärzi, located in Ingushetia. According to the teptar of the Vyappiy, they once lived in the village Tyarsh, located in Ingushetia.

Notes

  1. See also the section demographics to see estimates and censuses in different periods of time.
  2. Also known as Fappiy, Fapi, Feappi, Feppi, Fepi, Feppins etc.
  3. Albert Starchevsky gives in his work a different variant of the endonym Ghalghaai: hалhьа
  4. Fyappiy were mentioned as an Ingush society by J. A. Güldenstädt, Klaproth, S. M. Bronevsky, "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840", "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851", Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, V. A. Volkonsky, V. Chudinov, G. A. Vertepov, Tersky Sbornik, I. Pantyukhov, P. I. Kovalevsky, Dmitry Milyutin, Gorepekin, G. K. Martirosian, E. I. Krupnov, N. G. Volkova, Alexandre Bennigsen, S. Enders Wimbush, Dagestani branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, V. A. Kuznetsov and O. S. Pavlova.
  5. According to Julius von Klaproth, the Circassians called the Ingush – "Anguishte", and the Southern Ingush – "Makkal".
  6. The 13 villages: Arzi, with 50 households, Tarsh – 29, Big Ulay (Upper Khuli) – 29, Small Ulay (Lower Khuli) – 20, Khorp (Kharp) – 18, Kashkuye (Koshke) – 15, Morosho (Morch) – 10, Gorokay (Garak) – 28, Mertskhlemi (Metskhal) – 10, Fitkhal (Falkhan) – 30, Bayn (Beyni) – 20, Lazukin (Lyazhgi) – 30, Aratay (Furtoug) – 29.
  7. Rosen explained the presence of the Ossetian and Georgian highlanders with his army as follows:

    "Similar to the highest permission to use the mountain dwellers alone against others to strengthen mutual their hatred, are with my detachment Ossetians living near Vladikavkaz, and militia from mountaineers living in the Military Georgian Road from Lars to Pasanaur, belonging to Georgia, under the name mountain peoples."

  8. The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859), "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864) and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869). The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia".
  9. Including Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Mestoy (Местой) and Shovkhalovs (Шовхалнаькъан).
  10. For example: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859), "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864) and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).
  11. It's good to mention the opinion of Anatoly Genko regarding Khuli. He stated: "From a recently published archival document, we know that Gerchoch, on which, according to Shteder, the Weppins were located, was considered in 1904 to have belonged "from time immemorial" to the family of the Khulokhoevs, the inhabitants of the villages Khuli, Khamkhin Society.³ How to explain this contradiction? Villages of the Upper and Lower Khuli, unlike most of the villages of the Khamkhin Society, are located in the basin of the upper reaches of the Armkha, adjacent directly to the Metskhalin Society inhabited by the Veppins, and perhaps, at the end of the 18th century, belonged to the Metskhalins."
  1. 952 men and 797 women.
  2. 1001 men and 923 women.
  3. 468 men and 412 women.

References

  1. Старчевскій 1891, p. 164.
  2. ^ Волкова 1974, p. 159.
  3. ^ Klaproth 1814a, p. 350.
  4. Броневскій 1823, p. 165.
  5. "Обзор политического состояния Кавказа 1840 года" [Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840]. www.vostlit.info (in Russian). (ЦГВИА Ф. ВУА, Д.6164, Ч.93, лл. 1-23.):

    "V. Племя ингуш: 1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты"

  6. Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи 1851, p. 137:

    "Къ племени Ингушей, занимающихъ плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) дальніе Кисты…"

  7. Кавказскій отдѣл Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества 1885, p. 102.
  8. Волконскій 1886, p. 54:

    "Ингушевское племя состояло изъ слѣдующихъ обществъ: кистинскаго, джераховскаго, назрановскаго, карабулакскаго (впослѣдствіи назвавшегося галашевскимъ), галгаевскаго, цоринскаго, акинскаго и мереджинскаго; всѣ эти общества вмѣстѣ имѣли свыше тридцати тысячъ душъ."

  9. Чудинов 1889, p. 82.
  10. ^ Вертепов 1892, p. 75.
  11. Вертепов, Г. А., ed. (1893). Терскій сборник [Tersky Collection] (in Russian). Vol. 3: Part 2. Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго Областнаго Правленія. p. 100.
  12. Пантюхов 1901, p. 2.
  13. Ковалевскій 1914, p. 150:

    "Ингуши длятся на пять обществъ: джираховцы, кистины, галгаевцы, назрановцы и галашевцы"

  14. Милютин 1919, p. 277.
  15. Горепекин 2006, p. 14.
  16. Мартиросиан 1928, p. 12.
  17. Крупнов 1971, p. 37.
  18. Волкова 1973, p. 151, 160–161.
  19. ^ Волкова 1974, p. 153.
  20. Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1985). Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 185. ISBN 1-85065-009-8.
  21. Дагестанский филиал АН СССР (1989). Народно-освободительное движение горцев Дагестана и Чечни в 20-50-х годах XIX в: Всесоюзная научная конференция, 20-22 июня 1989 г.: тезисы докладов и сообщений [The people's liberation movement of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya in the 20-50s of the XIX century: All-Union Scientific Conference, June 20-22, 1989: abstracts of reports and messages]. Махачкала: Дагестанский филиал АН СССР. p. 106.
  22. Кузнецов 2004, p. 41.
  23. Павлова 2012, p. 34.
  24. Сулейманов 1978, p. 17.
  25. Робакидзе 1968, pp. 28–29, 36.
  26. Мальсагов 1963, p. 144.
  27. Куркиев 2005, p. 413.
  28. Барахоева, Кодзоев & Хайров 2016, p. 62.
  29. Мальсагов 1925, p. 149.
  30. Ужахов 1927, p. 62.
  31. ^ Генко 1930, p. 696.
  32. Дзарахова 2016, p. 22 (1 as PDF).
  33. Далгат 1934, p. 4–5.
  34. Гюльденштедт 2002, p. 309.
  35. Klaproth 1814a, p. 39.
  36. Труды Комиссіи по изслѣдованію современнаго положенія землепользованія и землевладѣнія въ Нагорной полосѣ Терской области 1908, p. 176.
  37. Klaproth 1814b, p. 358.
  38. Багратіони 1904, p. 151.
  39. Робакидзе 1968, p. 18.
  40. Крупнов 1971, p. 29.
  41. Письма старшин горных провинций Гудамакари, Мтиулети, Кистетии, Тагаури и Хеви к царю Вахтангу VI, с изъявлением своей верноподданности 1733, 3rd letter.
  42. Hassel 1821, p. 724.
  43. Волкова 1973, p. 139.
  44. Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии 2021, p. 82 (referring to РГВИА Ф. ВУА Д. 6184, Ч. 72, Л. 85; АКАК, Т. IV, Д. 1389, p. 904).
  45. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 236.
  46. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 260.
  47. Baddeley 1940, p. 224.
  48. Мартиросиан 1928, p. 48.
  49. ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 277.
  50. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею 1881, p. 714.
  51. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 260–261.
  52. Кодзоев 2002.
  53. Сборник документов и материалов 2014, pp. 484–485 (referring to Список населённых местностей "Военно-осетинского округа 1859 г." (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)).
  54. Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 485–489 (referring to "Список населённых местностей Военно-осетинского округа 1859 г." (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)).
  55. ^ Сборникъ статистическихъ свѣдѣній о Кавказѣ 1869, p. 44.
  56. Дубровин 1871, pp. 381, 412.
  57. Терская область. Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ по свѣдѣніямъ 1874 года 1878, pp. 21–23 (PDF).
  58. ^ Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области: По свѣдѣніям къ 1-му января 1883 года 1885, pp. 16–17.
  59. ^ Статистическиія таблицы населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области 1890, pp. 40, 42, 44.
  60. ^ Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области: (По даннымъ къ 1-му іюля 1914 года) 1915, pp. 336–339.
  61. ^ Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 486–487 (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111).
  62. ^ Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.).
  63. Ономастикон Ингушетии 2021, pp. 16–33. sfn error: no target: CITEREFОномастикон_Ингушетии2021 (help)
  64. Сборник документов и материалов 2020, p. 466 (Описание народов обитающих в Кавказских горах разных племен по правую и левую стороны Военно-грузинской дороги, принадлежащих к Владикавказскому округу и зависящих от управления Владикавказского коменданта).
  65. Берже 1857, p. 270.
  66. Берже 1992, p. 6.
  67. Военный Сборникъ 1859, p. 153 (referring to Берже 1857, p. 270)
  68. Натаев, С. А. К вопросу об этносоциальной структуре Чечни в XVIII-XIX вв.(по данным этнонимики и фольклора чеченцев) //Теория и практика общественного развития.
  69. Зязиков 2004, p. 93.
  70. Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии 2021, p. 68.

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