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A '''vice president''', also '''director''' in ], is an ] in ] or ] who is below the ] (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on the executive branch of the government, university or company. The name comes from the ] term '']'' meaning "in place of" and typically serves as '']'' (]: ’for the time being’) to the president.<ref>, etymologyonlive.com</ref> In some countries, the vice president is called the ''deputy president''. In everyday speech, the abbreviation ''VP'' is used. A '''vice president''', also '''director''' in ], is an ] in ] or ] who is below the ] (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on the executive branch of the government, university or company. The name comes from the ] term '']'' meaning "in place of" and typically serves as '']'' (]: ’for the time being’) to the president.<ref>, etymologyonlive.com</ref> In some countries, the vice president is called the ''deputy president''. In everyday speech, the abbreviation ''VP'' is used.
{{Short description|Proposed state consisting of the Western New Guinea region}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = {{lang|id|Republik Papua Barat}}
|conventional_long_name = Republic of West Papua
|common_name = West Papua
|status = ]
|image_flag = Flag_of_West_Papua.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Republic of West Papua.svg
|coat_alt =
|symbol_type = ]
|national_motto = ''One People One Soul''
|national_anthem = {{native name|id|]}} <br/>{{small|(English: "Oh My Land Papua")}}
|image_map = File:LocationWestPapua.svg
|image_map_caption =
|capital = ]
|common_languages = ], ], and ]<br> ] and ] (in exile)
|demonym = ]
|religion = ], ] ], ] ] ] ] ] Dll
|government_type = ]<ref name="Provisional (in waiting) government proclaimed">{{cite news |title=West Papua independence leaders declare 'government-in-waiting' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/01/west-papua-independence-leaders-declare-government-in-waiting |access-date=28 May 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Benny Wenda proclaimed provisional (in waiting) government"|author1=Namita Singh |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/west-papua-independence-government-indonesia-b1764472.html |access-date=28 May 2021 |publisher=Independent.co.uk |date=1 Dec 2020}}</ref>{{efn|The ] of ] has recognised the Republic of West Papua as a legitimate government since 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/457115/vanuatu-s-shefa-province-recognises-west-papua-government | title=Vanuatu's Shefa province recognises West Papua government | website=] | date=3 December 2021 }}</ref>}}
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title6 =
|leader_name6 =
|life_span =
|established_event1 = ] To ] And ] ] To ]
|established_date1 = 27 December 1949
|established_event2 = Inauguration ceremony and proclamation
|established_date2 = 1 December 1961
|established_event3 = ]
|established_date3 = 1 October 1962
|established_event4 = ]
|established_date4 = 1 May 1963
|established_event5 = ]
|established_date5 = 19 November 1969
|established_event6 = ] proclaimed republic
|established_date6 = 1 July 1971
|established_event7 = ] proclaimed republic
|established_date7 = 14 December 1988
|established_date8 = ] Proclaimed ] ] And ] ] For ] ]
|established_event9 = West Papua National Authority proclaimed federal republic<ref name="West Papua National Authority proclaimed a federal republic under provisional government">{{cite web |title=Provisional government of west papua |url=https://federalstateofwestpapua.org/ |website=federalstatesofwestpapua |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref>
|established_date8 = 19 October 2011
}}

The '''Republic of West Papua''' ({{lang-id|Republik Papua Barat}}) is a ] consisting of the ] region, which is currently part of ] in the continent of ]. The region has been part of ] since 1 May 1963 under several names in the following order, West Irian, Irian Jaya, and Papua. Today the region comprises six Indonesian provinces: ], ], ], ], ], and ].

The proposal is supported by ] and ] with the ] passing the ] (Our Close Friends) in 2010 officially declaring that Vanuatu's foreign policy is to support the achievement of the independence of West Papua.<ref name="Radion17">{{cite news|title=Fiery debate over West Papua at UN General Assembly|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201860156/fiery-debate-over-west-papua-at-un-general-assembly|access-date=7 October 2017|work=Radio New Zealand 2017|date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Radionz17-2">{{cite news|title=Indonesia hits back at Melanesian leaders on West Papua|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/340298/indonesia-hits-back-at-melanesian-leaders-on-west-papua|access-date=7 October 2017|work=Radio New Zealand|date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Manning|first1=Selwyn|title=Vanuatu to seek observer status for West Papua at MSG and PIF leaders summits|url=http://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2010/06/vanuatu-to-seek-observer-status-for-west-papua-at-msg-and-pif-leaders-summits/|access-date=20 October 2017|work=Pacific Scoop|date=22 June 2010}}</ref> The parliament has proposed requesting that West Papua be granted observer status at the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/indonesia-vanuatu-vanuatu-parliament-passes-resolution-on-west-papua-independence/|title=Indonesia; Vanuatu: Vanuatu Parliament Passes Resolution on West Papua Independence|date=2010-07-21|website=www.loc.gov|language=en|author=Buchanan, Kelly|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/191049/vanuatu-to-seek-un-general-assembly-support-for-icj-opinion-on-indonesia's-papua|title=Vanuatu to seek UN General Assembly support for ICJ opinion on Indonesia's Papua|date=2010-06-21|work=Radio New Zealand|access-date=2018-05-02|language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2010/06/vanuatu-to-seek-observer-status-for-west-papua-at-msg-and-pif-leaders-summits/|title=Pacific.scoop.co.nz » Vanuatu to seek observer status for West Papua at MSG and PIF leaders summits|website=pacific.scoop.co.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>

The Republic of West Papua has been a member state of the ] (UNPO) since the organization's founding in 1991.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Simmons|title=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook 1995|date=14 August 1996 |publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=90-411-0223-X|pages=1–3}}</ref>

] Sampai ]
] ] ]
]
]
]
]
] ]
]
]
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(] ])
Not to be confused with ].
] or ] (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, Indonesian: ]) was the western half of the island of ] that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now Indonesia's six easternmost provinces, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name Irian Jaya, and now comprise the Papua region of the country.

]
]
1949–1962
Flag of Dutch New Guinea

Flag of the Netherlands

Morning Star flag

(1961–1962)
Coat of arms (1961–1962) of Dutch New Guinea
Coat of arms

(1961–1962)
Motto: Setia, Djudjur, Mesra (Indonesian)

Pius, Honestus, Amica (Latin)

"Loyal, Honest, Affectionate"
Anthem: "Wilhelmus" (Dutch)

(English: "William")



Hai Tanahku Papua (Indonesian)

(English: "Oh My Land Papua")
Map of the Dutch possession in the New Guinea
Map of the Dutch possession in the New Guinea
Status
Rump colony of the Dutch East Indies (1949–1954)

Overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1954–1962)
Capital
Hollandia
Common languages
Dutch

Papuan Malay

Papuan languages

Austronesian languages
Religion
Christianity

Animism (folk / ethnic)
Government
Colonial administration
Monarch
• 1949–1962
Juliana
Governor
• 1950–1953 (first)
Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg
• 1958–1962 (last)
Pieter Johannes Platteel
Historical era
Cold War
• Established
27 December 1949
• Disestablished
1 October 1962
Area
• Total
421,981 km2 (162,928 sq mi)
Population
• 1955
321,000
Currency
NNG gulden
Preceded by Succeeded by
Dutch East Indies
Great East
United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
Today part of
Indonesia (claimed by the Republic of West Papua)

Steamboat connections in Ambon Residence, Dutch East Indies in 1915
During the Indonesian Revolution, the Dutch launched a police action ("Operation Product") to capture territory from the Indonesian Republic. However, the harsh methods of the Dutch had drawn international disapproval. With international opinion shifting towards support of the Indonesian Republic, the Dutch managed in 1949 to negotiate for the separation of Dutch New Guinea from the broader Indonesian settlement, with the fate of the disputed territory to be decided by the close of 1950. However, the Dutch in coming years were able to argue successfully at the UN that the indigenous population of Dutch New Guinea represented a separate ethnic group from the people of Indonesia and thus should not be absorbed into the Indonesian state.

In contrast, the Indonesian Republic, as successor state to the Netherlands East Indies, claimed Dutch New Guinea as part of its natural territorial bounds. The dispute over New Guinea was an important factor in the quick decline in bilateral relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia after Indonesian independence. The dispute escalated into low-level conflict in 1962 following Dutch moves in 1961 to establish a New Guinea Council.

Following the Vlakke Hoek incident, Indonesia launched a campaign of infiltrations designed to place pressure on the Dutch. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962, agreeing to the Bunker Proposal on condition that a referendum to determine the final fate of the territory be conducted at a later date. The territory was administered by the UN temporarily before being transferred to Indonesia on 1 May 1963. A plebiscite, the Act of Free Choice, was eventually held in 1969, but the fairness of the election is disputed.

Pre-World War II
Until after World War II the western part of the island of New Guinea was part of the Great East (Groote Oost) governorate of the Dutch East Indies. The Netherlands claimed sovereignty over New Guinea within the colony through its protection over Sultanate of Tidore, a sultanate on an island west of Halmahera in the Maluku Islands. In a 1660 treaty the Dutch East India Company (VOC) recognised the Sultanate of Tidore's supremacy over the Papuan people, the inhabitants of New Guinea. Probably this referred to some Papuan islands (Raja Ampat) near the Maluku Islands as well as coastal areas like Fakfak, through familial relations with local rulers although Tidore never exercised actual control over the interior and highlands of New Guinea. In 1872 Tidore recognised Dutch sovereignty and granted permission to the Kingdom of the Netherlands to establish administration in its territories whenever the Netherlands Indies authorities would want to do so. This allowed the Netherlands to legitimise a claim to the New Guinea area.


Dutch district officer Jean Victor de Bruijn, with Moluccan police and highland companions, on patrol east of Beoga, c. 1941
The Dutch established the 141st meridian as the eastern frontier of the territory. In 1898 the Netherlands Indies government decided to establish administrative posts in Fakfak and Manokwari, followed by Merauke in 1902. The main reason for this was the expansion of British and German interests in the east. The Dutch wanted to make sure the United Kingdom and Germany would not move the border to the west. This resulted in the partition of the island of New Guinea.

In reality the most part of New Guinea remained outside colonial influence. Little was known about the interior; large areas on the map were white and the number of inhabitants of the island was unknown, and numerous explorations were made into the interior from the turn of the 20th century on. The indigenous inhabitants of New Guinea were Papuans, living in tribes. They were hunter-gatherers.

Pre-World War II economic activity was limited. Only coastal and island dwellers traded to some extent, mostly with the Maluku Islands. A development company was founded in 1938 to change this situation, but it was not very active. So, until World War II, New Guinea was a disregarded and unimportant territory within the Netherlands Indies.

Homeland for the Eurasians
The group that was most interested in New Guinea before the war were the Eurasians or Indo people. Before the war some 150,000 to 200,000 Eurasians were living in the Netherlands Indies. They were of mixed European and Indonesian descent and identified with the Netherlands and the Dutch way of life. In the colonial society of the Netherlands Indies, they held a higher social status than indigenous Indonesians ("inlanders"). They were mostly employed as office workers. As the educational level of indigenous Indonesians was on the rise, more and more Indonesians got jobs previously held by Eurasians. These had no other means of making a living, because, as Europeans, they were forbidden to buy land on Java. This situation caused mental and economic problems to the Eurasians. In 1923, the first plan to designate New Guinea as a settlement territory for Eurasians was devised. In 1926, a separate Vereniging tot Kolonisatie van Nieuw-Guinea (Association for the Settlement of New Guinea) was founded. In 1930, it was followed by the Stichting Immigratie Kolonisatie Nieuw-Guinea (Foundation Immigration and Settlement New Guinea). These organisations regarded New Guinea as an untouched, almost empty land that could serve as a homeland to the sidelined Eurasians. A kind of tropical Holland, where Eurasians could create an existence.

These associations succeeded in sending settlers to New Guinea and lobbied successfully for the establishment of a government agency to subsidise these initiatives (in 1938). However, most settlements ended in failure because of the harsh climate and natural conditions, and because of the fact the settlers, previously office workers, were not skilled in agriculture. The number of settlers remained small. In the Netherlands proper, some organisations existed that promoted a kind of "tropical Holland" in New Guinea, but they were rather marginal. They were linked to the NSB party and other fascist organisations.

Administrative divisions
Departments of Papua
Department Capital 1955 Population
1. Hollandia Hollandia 57,000
2. Geelvinkbaai Biak 78,000
3. Centraal Nieuw-Guinea Wamena 52,000
4. Zuid Nieuw-Guinea Merauke 78,000
5. Fak-Fak Fak-Fak 28,000
6. West Nieuw-Guinea Sorong-Doom 95,000
Total: -- 420,000
Departments of Papua
Departments of Papua
Origin of the dispute over New Guinea
In 1942, most parts of the Netherlands Indies were occupied by Japan. Behind Japanese lines in New Guinea, Dutch guerrilla fighters resisted under Mauritz Christiaan Kokkelink. During the occupation the Indonesian nationalist movement went through a rapid development. After Japan's surrender, Sukarno issued the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, which was to encompass the whole of the Netherlands Indies. The Dutch authorities returned after several months under the leadership of Lieutenant-Governor-General Hubertus van Mook. Van Mook decided to reform Indonesia on a federal basis. This was not a completely new idea, but it was contrary to the administrative practice in the Netherlands Indies until then and contrary to the ideas of the nationalists, who wanted a centralist Indonesia.

Linggadjati agreement
The ethnic diversity of Indonesia was initially discussed at two conferences in Malino and Pangkalpinang. During the Pangkalpinang conference, the right of self-determination of the Eurasian, Chinese, and Arab ethnic minorities was discussed. The new Grooter Nederland-Actie (Extended Netherlands Action) send delegates to this conference, who opined that New Guinea should be declared as separate entities in a similar manner to Surinam. Furthermore, this conference stipulated specific territories could have special relations with the Kingdom of the Netherlands if they wanted to.

Van Mook's plan was to divide Indonesia into several federal states, negaras, with possible autonomous areas, daerahs. The whole would be called the United States of Indonesia and would remain linked to the Netherlands in the Netherlands-Indonesian Union. The Indonesian side agreed to this plan during the Linggadjati conference in November 1946. Van Mook thought a federal structure would safeguard Indonesia's cultural and ethnic diversity. Van Mook and his supporters referred to the right of self-determination in this respect: the different ethnic communities of Indonesia should have the right to govern themselves.

The unilateral amendment of 'Linggadjati'
To many Dutchmen, the idea of parting with Indonesia was shocking. Many Dutch thought their country had a mission to develop Indonesia. The Indonesian wish for independence to many Dutch came as a complete surprise. Because Indonesian nationalists, which had no electoral or official legitimacy—save ethno-state nationalism, under Sukarno cooperated with the Japanese, they were branded as traitors and collaborators. Almost every Dutch political party was against Indonesian independence. The Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) were very supportive of the Dutch Ethical Policy in Indonesia. The newly established liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy campaigned for a hard-line policy against the nationalists. Even the Labour Party, which supported Indonesian independence in principle, was hesitant, because of the policies of Sukarno.

Minister of Colonies Jan Anne Jonkman defended the Linggadjati Agreement in Parliament in 1946 by stating that the government wished for New Guinea to remain under Dutch sovereignty, arguing it could be a settlement for Eurasians. A motion entered by the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the Labour Party, which was accepted by parliament, stated that the declaration of Jonkman in parliament should become a part of the Linggadjati agreement. Duly accepted, the Netherlands thus unilaterally 'amended' the Linggadjati agreement to the effect that New Guinea would remain Dutch. Labour parliamentary group leader Marinus van der Goes van Naters said afterwards the Labour Party entered the motion with the KVP because it feared the Catholics otherwise might reject the Linggadjati agreements.

The Indonesians did not accept this unilateral amendment. In order not to jeopardise the scheduled transfer of sovereignty, the Indonesian vice-president Mohammad Hatta offered to maintain Dutch sovereignty over New Guinea for one year and reopen the negotiations afterwards.

1949–1956
Thus in 1949, when the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia, the Dutch retained sovereignty over western New Guinea, and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. Some five thousand teachers were flown there. The Dutch put an emphasis upon political, business, and civic skills. On 8 February 1950 Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg was appointed the first Governor (De Gouverneur) of Dutch New Guinea. The first local naval cadets graduated in 1955 and the first army brigade become operational in 1956.

1957–1961

Dutch colonial civil servant in the Baliem Valley, 1958
Tensions regarding the Dutch-Indonesian dispute over Dutch New Guinea escalated in December 1957 following Indonesia's defeat in the UN General Assembly on 29 November 1957 to pass a resolution in favour of Indonesia's claim to the territory. Sukarno responded by allowing the seizure of Dutch enterprises operating in Indonesia and announcing the intended expulsion of Dutch residents from Indonesia. The increased tensions surrounding the dispute encouraged the Dutch to accelerate their plans to move the disputed territory towards an act of self-determination. Elections were held in January 1961 and the New Guinea Council officially took office on 5 April 1961, to prepare for full independence by the end of that decade. The Dutch endorsed the council's selection of a new national anthem and the Morning Star as the new national flag on 1 December 1961.

Following the raising of the Papuan National Flag on 1 December 1961, tensions further escalated. On 19 December 1961 Sukarno issued the Tri Komando Rakjat (People's Triple Command), calling the Indonesian people to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in that country, and be ready for mobilisation at any time.

Since 1962
Escalation to low-level conflict
In 1962 Indonesia launched a significant campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations against the disputed territory, beginning with a seaborne infiltration launched by Indonesian forces on 15 January 1962. The Indonesian attack was comprehensively defeated by Dutch forces including the Dutch destroyers Evertsen and Kortenaer, the so-called Vlakke Hoek incident. Amongst the casualties was the Indonesian Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff; Commodore Yos Sudarso. Unbeknown to the Indonesians, Dutch Signals Intelligence had been able to intercept Indonesian communications, allowing Dutch forces to successfully anticipate Indonesia's infiltration attempts throughout 1962. Forced to regroup, the Indonesians relaunched their campaign of infiltrations in March 1962. In the coming months over 500 Indonesian paratroops and special forces were covertly inserted into Dutch New Guinea, only to be decisively defeated by Dutch forces with the assistance of the indigenous population.

Ellsworth Bunker proposal
Facing mounting international diplomatic pressure and the prospect of an Indonesian invasion force, the Dutch conceded to re-entering negotiations and agreed to the Ellsworth Bunker proposal on 28 July 1962, for a staged transition from Dutch to Indonesian control via UN administration, on the condition that a plebiscite would be held in future in the territory. The agreement was signed on 15 August 1962 at the UN Headquarters in New York and the territory was placed under the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in October 1962. It was subsequently transferred to Indonesia in May 1963.

The territory formally became part of Indonesia in 1969 after the Indonesian government, who shifted to New Order under President Suharto starting from 1966, conducted a Bunker proposal-based plebiscite termed the Act of Free Choice. The result, which under strong pressure from the military, unanimously wanted to become part of Indonesia. The UN General Assembly later accepted the result via the UN Resolution 2504. This act has been criticised by some in the international community, including the group International Parliamentarians for West Papua, which has termed the act "the act of no choice".

]
For governors before 1949, see List of governors of the Dutch East Indies.
Jan Pieter Karel van Eechoud (29 December 1949 – 8 February 1950; acting)
Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg (8 February 1950 – 24 April 1953)
Jan van Baal (24 April 1953 – 31 March 1958)
Jan Christoffel Baarspul (31 March 1958 – 1 May 1958; acting)
Pieter Johannes Platteel (1 May 1958 – 28 September 1962)
Henk Veldkamp (28 September 1962 – 1 October 1962; acting)

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Klemen, L (1999–2000). "The Fall of Dutch New Guinea, April 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
Womack, Tom (1999). "The capture of Manokwari, April 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 63
J.D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography, 402–03.
Ron Crocombe, Asia in the Pacific Islands, pp. 286–87.
Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung, Twenty years of Indonesian Foreign Policy 1945–1965, p. 303.
Sukarno's "Trikora"-Speech Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The commands are at the end of the speech.
Penders, "The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 344
Platje, Weis; 'Dutch Sigint and the Conflict with Indonesia 1950–1962', Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2001, pp. 285–312
Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 366.
Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 375
Further reading
Bone, Robert C. The Dynamics of the Western New Guinea (Irian Barat) Problem (Cornell U.P. 1958)
Finney, B.R. "Partnership in developing the New Guinea Highlands 1948–68," Journal of Pacific History 5 (1970),
Henderson, William, West New Guinea. The dispute and its settlement (1973).
Lijphart, Arend, The trauma of decolonisation. The Dutch and West New Guinea (New Haven 1966).
Markin, Terence. The West Irian Dispute (U of Michigan Press, 1996).
Penders, C.L.M., The West New Guinea debacle. Dutch decolonisation and Indonesia 1945–1962, Leiden 2002 KITLV
Ploeg, Anton. "Colonial land law in Dutch New Guinea," Journal of Pacific History (1999) 34#2 pp 191–203
Pouwer, Jan. "The colonisation, decolonisation and recolonisation of West New Guinea," Journal of Pacific History (1999) 34#2 pp 157–79
Saltford. John. The United Nations and the Indonesian Takeover of West Papua, 1962–1969 (2003)
In Dutch
Doel, H.W. van den, Afscheid van Indië. De val van het Nederlandse imperium in Azië (Amsterdam 2001).
Drooglever, P.J., Een daad van vrije keuze. De Papoea’s van westelijk Nieuw-Guinea en de grenzen van het zelfbeschikkingsrecht (Amsterdam 2005).
Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt, J.F. Bastiaans, Patrouilleren voor de Papoea's: de Koninklijke Marine in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea (Amsterdam 1989).
Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt, Operaties in de Oost: de Koninklijke Marine in de Indische archipel (1945–1951) (Amsterdam 2003).
Huydecoper van Nigteveld, J.L.R., Nieuw-Guinea. Het einde van een koloniaal beleid (Den Haag 1990)
Gase, Ronald, Misleiding of zelfbedrog. Een analyse van het Nederlandse Nieuw-Guinea-beleid aan de hand van gesprekken met betrokken politici en diplomaten (Baarn 1984).
], ], ] kwestie. Aspecten van buitenlands beleid en militaire macht (Leiden 1984).
], ], Ons laatste oorlogje. ]: de Pax Neerlandica, de diplomatieke kruistocht en de vervlogen droom van een Papoea-natie (Weesp 1984).
Klein, W.C. e.a., Nieuw-Guinea, 3 dln. (Den Haag 1953/1954).
Meijer, Hans, Den Haag-Djakarta. De Nederlands Indonesische betrekkingen 1950–1962 (Utrecht 1994).
Idem, "`Het uitverkoren land'. De lotgevallen van de Indo-Europese kolonisten op Nieuw-Guinea 1949–1962", Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 112 (1999) 353–384.
Schoorl, Pim (red.), Besturen in ] 1945 -1962 (Leiden, 1996).
Smit, C., De liquidatie van een imperium. Nederland en Indonesië 1945–1962 (Amsterdam 1962).
van Holst-Pellekaan, R.E., de Regst, I.C. and Bastiaans, I.F.J. (ed.), Patrouilleren voor de Papoea's: de Koninklijke Marine in ] ] (]).
Vlasblom, Dirk, ]. Een geschiedenis (]).
Wal, ], Een aanvechtbare en onzekere situatie. De Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk en ] ] (Hilversum 2006).

]

] ] has ] related to ].
The ] Dispute – Operation Trikora 1961–1962
Dutch New Guinea in HD Color 1949–1962
] Dispute 1949–1962
] at ] ]

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Revision as of 23:34, 10 July 2023

Officer in government or business For the Canadian mountain, see The Vice President (mountain). "VP" redirects here. For other uses, see VP (disambiguation).
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Find sources: "Vice president" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A vice president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on the executive branch of the government, university or company. The name comes from the Latin term vice meaning "in place of" and typically serves as pro tempore (Latin: ’for the time being’) to the president. In some countries, the vice president is called the deputy president. In everyday speech, the abbreviation VP is used.

In government

See also: List of current vice presidents

In government, a vice president is a person whose primary responsibility is to act in place of the president on the event of the president's death, resignation or incapacity. Vice presidents are either elected jointly with the president as their running mate, or more rarely, appointed independently after the president's election.

Most governments with vice presidents have one person in this role at any time, although in some countries there are two or more vice presidents–an extreme case being Iran's 12 vice presidents. If the president is not present, dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to fulfill their duties, the vice president will generally serve as president. In many presidential systems, the vice president does not wield much day-to-day political power, but is still considered an important member of the cabinet. A few vice presidents in the Americas also hold the position of president of the senate; this is the case, for example, in Argentina, the United States, and Uruguay. The vice president sometimes assumes some of the ceremonial duties of the president, such as attending diplomatic functions and events that the actual president may be too busy to attend; the Vice President of the United States, for example, often attends funerals of world leaders on behalf of the president. In parliamentary or semi-presidential systems, a vice president may coexist with a prime minister, as is the case in India and Namibia, but the presence of both offices concurrently is rare.

In business

Further information: Director (business)

In business, "vice president" refers to hierarchical position that ranges from extremely senior positions directly reporting to C-level executives (in non-financial companies), to junior non-management positions with four to 10 years of experience (in financial companies).

In non-financial businesses, vice presidents often report directly to the president or CEO of the company and are members of the executive management team. Some corporations that use this term may have individuals with the title of vice president responsible for specific business divisions (e.g., vice president for legal, vice president for sales and marketing, vice president for finance, and vice president for human resources).

When there are several vice presidents in a company, these individuals are sometimes differentiated with titles denoting higher positions such as executive vice president or senior vice president, with the remaining management team holding the title vice president. The title of assistant vice president or associate vice president is used in large organizations below vice president and there can be a very convoluted list of other types of VPs as seen in the next section.

As many of these VPs have minimal employees reporting to them, their necessity has been questioned, with for example Inc. magazine arguing to flatten the corporate hierarchy. Similarly, as universities have adopted a corporate structure there is concern over administrative bloat and over-paying VPs. Benjamin Ginsberg, a political scientist and professor, has claimed the proliferation of VPs and other administrators is destroying universities. "Corporate vice president" is an older term that usually denotes a vice president that is named as a corporate officer by the board of directors. Not all vice presidents in a company in the modern business environment are named as an official corporate officer.

Hierarchy of vice presidents

Depending on the specific organization, the following may be an example of the hierarchy of the vice presidents. Also below list explains where VP sits in organization job level:

  • President
  • Joint President
  • Deputy President
  • First Executive Vice President (FEVP)
  • Senior Executive Vice President (SEVP)
  • Executive Vice President (EVP)
  • Senior Vice President (SVP)
  • Group Vice President (GVP)
  • Vice President (VP)
  • Additional Vice President (Addl. VP)
  • Joint Vice President (Jt. VP)
  • Deputy Vice President (Deputy VP)
  • Associate Vice President (Asso. VP)
  • Assistant Vice President (Asst. VP)
  • Chief General Manager (CGM)
  • Senior General Manager (SGM)
  • General Manager (GM)
  • Deputy General Manager (DGM)
  • Assistant General Manager (AGM)
  • Chief Manager (CM)
  • Senior Manager (SM)
  • Manager (M)
  • Deputy Manager (DM)
  • Assistant Manager (AM)
Rank U.S. executive officer UK executive officer Investment bank executive officer India Senior Management Hierarchy Asia Pacific executive officer
1 President (second to Chief Executive Officer) Managing Director (second to CEO or CxO) President Managing Director (third to Chairman, equal or sometimes second to CEO) President
2 Deputy President Deputy Managing Director Deputy President Deputy Managing Director or Group Executive or Group Head Deputy President
3 First Executive VP or Senior EVP Executive Director SEVP Joint President or SEVP Deputy President
4 Executive VP, Group VP EVP EVP EVP or Director EVP
5 Senior VP Senior Director Senior Managing Director Senior VP Senior VP
6 Corporate VP Director Managing Director Group VP Corporate VP
7 Vice President Deputy Director Executive Director Vice President Corporate VP

This comparison is not strictly correct, as director is a legal term, meaning someone registered with the relevant country's company registrar (or simply named in the legal documents, for countries not having company registration) as having managerial control of the company, and having legal responsibility for its operation, whilst a vice president does not. In either case the responsibilities may be overall to the company, a region (US, EMEA, CEE...), business unit or function such as sales, marketing, IT etc.

In financial services companies

In financial companies, a "vice president" is usually a seniority rank that denotes higher responsibility, though such may not be leadership. The title does not denote a leadership position within the company, but often a role relatively junior to the executive board. Financial services companies have multiple vice presidents, possibly because the title is a form of delayering when an employee can not be moved higher in the organization but still deserves recognition. In most cases, the title merely implies that someone is in a medium-seniority individual contributor role. Larger financial institutions have thousands of employees with the title "Vice President".

In other organizations

In other organizations (e.g., trade unions, societies, clubs) one or multiple vice presidents are elected by the members of the organization. When multiple vice presidents are elected, the positions are usually numbered to prevent confusion as to who may preside or succeed to the office of president upon vacancy of that office (for example: first vice president, second vice president, and so on). In some cases vice presidents are given titles due to their specific responsibilities, for example: vice president of operations, finance, etc. In some associations the first vice president can be interchangeable with executive vice president and the remaining vice presidents are ranked in order of their seniority. Sometimes a vice president is also called presidium member, especially when there are more than person holding the post.

The primary responsibility of the vice president of a club or organization is to be prepared to assume the powers and duties of the office of the president in the case of a vacancy in that office. If the office of president becomes vacant, the vice president (or in clubs with multiple vice presidents, the VP that occupies the highest-ranking office), will assume the office of president, with the lower vice presidents to fill in the remaining vice presidencies, leaving the lowest vice presidency to be filled by either election or appointment. If the bylaws of a club specifically provide of the officer title of president-elect, that officer would assume the powers and duties of the president upon vacancy of that office only if specified in the bylaws.

References

  1. "vice", etymologyonlive.com
  2. "3 Reasons to Eliminate Hierarchy in Your Company". Inc.com. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  3. "The Slow Death of the University". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  4. "Research scores of US top brass fail to shine". Timeshighereducation.com. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  5. Pearce, Joshua (2016). "Are you overpaying your academic executive team? A method for detecting unmerited academic executive compensation". Tertiary Education and Management. 22 (3): 189–201. doi:10.1080/13583883.2016.1181198. S2CID 148102314.
  6. Benjamin Ginsberg. The Fall of the Faculty: The Rise of the All-Administrative University and Why It Matters (2011). Oxford University Press.
  7. According to The Economist, on the website LinkedIn, the title of vice-president grew 426% faster than website membership growth, from 2005 to 2009
  8. "The Legal Pitfalls of Job Title Inflation (Part I): Apparent Authority and Employee Misclassification". Association of Corporate Counsel. 2013.
  9. "Goldman Plays Damage Control - WSJ".
  10. ^ Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. 457–458. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.

Further reading

  • National Association of Parliamentarians® (1993). Spotlight on You the Vice-President or President-Elect. Independence, MO: National Association of Parliamentarians®. ISBN 978-1-884048-203.

External links

Corporate titles
Chief officers
Senior executives
Mid-level executives
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